OUTOFPAPUA database: Lexicons of the West Papuan language area

‘(interjection; exclamation of surprise or shock), surprised, startled, for instance when something makes it come out of our mouth’

‘a picky eater (?), really want to eat xxx, for instance having been ill and then getting better, some people's mouths only want to have meat’

‘mouth, used for the lips or the mouth of a person or an animal’

‘have bad breath (?), not xxx one's mouth, inside one's mouth is smelly’

‘randomly put something hot, bitter or poisonous in one's mouth and eat it’

‘alive, live, said about a person who has almost broken their neck and their friends ask each other, they say this’

‘capable of speaking, knowledgeable about rituals (?), able to talk, able to forbid, able to call out, able to produce sounds’

‘eloquent, smooth talker (?), good at speaking’

‘blunt blade, not sharp, said about a machete or small knife’

‘polite (?), when asking for something, not ask fully, not say it completely’

‘adopt an orphan (?), for instance if there is an orphaned child, xxxwe call them and adopt them’

‘keep secret (?), not disclose it when one's friends ask something’

‘jokester, teaser, person who is a jokester and teases anybody’

‘container (basket; bag) with a short (narrow?) opening., bag or basket with a short mouth’

‘machete/knife with a short blade, about a machete or a small knife with a short body (blade?)’

‘kind of snare/trap with four loops (?), said about a snare which has four places (loops?)’

‘pig whose mouth is xxx is called this, but sometimes also a person eats something like a pig their mouth is like xxx, so their friends will reprimand them like this’

‘open one's mouth, open one's mouth in order to put something in’

‘to (verbally) harass people (?), shout (?) after random people’

‘food taboo (?), xxx to not eat’

‘if someone constantly xxx, their friends reprimand them, saying: your mouth has no dirt, why do you keep speaking’

‘xxx which is planted in the field’

‘xxx one's friends, red and sitting together are very sick’

‘a very good speaker, people speak with him, then he suddenly calls out (?)’

‘well-spoken (?), speaking only good and nice word, but sometimes when someone says bad things only, their friends will say this to them’

‘have a fuzzy mouth (?), for instance if someone constantly chews betelnut only, their mouth will be rough or raw (?)’

‘xxx beating some children, something with areca??’

‘noisy (as in children) (?), constantly make noise and call out, for instance if children are naughty and xxx’

‘medicinal plant that is used for young babies (?), after children are born, medicinal plant is put in water and (they) are washed with it, and after a month is over (?), something with the mouth and then they are given food to eat’

‘forbidden from eating (as in observing a taboo?), forbid so that one isn't allowed to eat it’

‘maize cob that is almost ripe (?), maize that is ripening but is not yet xxx’

‘blunt, not sharp, said about a machete or small knife’

‘when asking something, not ask totally, not say it totally, not break in one's mouth (??)’

‘talk at the same time, talk over one another, interrupt (?), for instance if some siblings talk and they don't talk separately but only talk together’

‘body ??’

‘place a taboo on a subject, forbid or place a taboo, establish a boundary, so that something is not talked about’

‘severly disabled person (?), cannot do (things), cannot speak’

‘able to talk loudly (?), have a strong voice, have a strong mouth’

‘?, not search,’

‘idle, lazy (?), person is there not doing anything but just leaning there’

‘voice, larynx (?), we breathe against it and sing, and if we breathe inside we are strong and alive’

‘saliva, liquid with bubbles and when it comes out of the mouth then you spit’

‘vomit??, for instance if xxx the dregs of the betelnut? where one is sick? spit against it?’

‘snare with multiple loops (?), set a snare with a given number of loops’

‘talk over each other (?), many people being there and talking’

‘hungry for, crave (?), for instance to crave (?) breastmilk, food, water’

‘bad relation between clans (?), when the wife-givers and wife-takers step on each other with their feet’

‘feel hot, parched (?), feel very hot (?)’

‘open one's mouth, with open mouth, open one's mouth to yawn, or to eat something’

‘saying something and following their mouth well, then for instance someone asks but they lift ???’

‘food (?), said about food’

‘inanimate entity (trees; rocks et c), said about plants, rocks etc.’

‘have halitosis, bad breath (?), in children's mouths xxx’

‘speak softly, have a soft voice, if (we?) are far away and don't hear properly’

‘sit and sing (?) and speak, but not think about xxx, so their friends scold (?) them and say why are you xxx’

‘animal with a big mouth, animal which has a big wide mouth is called this’

‘oral cavitiy, place through which food passes, we eat it and then we chew and swallow’

‘have a changing taste, come to like some food (?), xxx if someone doesn't eat something but then starts to eat it again’

‘able to object (?), able to call out against, able to forbid, able to speak against (?)’

‘speak angrily, sharply, speak fiercely or angrily, with a hard voice’

‘have halitosis, bad breath (?), xxx inside a child's mouth, bad (?) smell inside a child's mouth’

‘gargle with water, put water in one's mouth and gargle’

‘sing playfully (?), sing and play with one's mouth, xxx’

‘food (?), word for what is inside one's mouth, food that is inside one's mouth’

‘have teeth (?)’

‘foul-mouthed (?), randomly swear (at people?) but is not totally angry but his words are always like this, his mouth is always delicate (??)’

‘for instance if a child takes something but xxx, so we don't know if they want it or not’

‘trembling lips/voice (?), saying something with trembling lips’

‘cry a lot, cry constantly, so people will scold (?) them and say why do you constantly have your mouth open’

‘open one's mouth, about to eat, open one's mouth to spoon food into it’

‘consume chewing tobacco (?), squeeze tobacco and put it under one's lip’

‘heckle, harass (?), call out to, harass random people walking by (?)’

‘quick to talk or complain (?), know how to scold, call at, talk’

‘polite (?), when asking something, not say it fully’

‘stuff one's mouth so that one's cheeks are bulging, put rice into one's mouth so that it is bulging (?)’

‘ruminate (?), buffalo that is resting (?) constantly...’

‘a picky eater (?), having a hateful inside and not eating just anything’

‘noise of many people speaking (?), many (people) speak and (we) don't hear all of it’

‘a fast speaker (?), someone's mouth is fast when saying something or when calling out to people’

‘leftover food (?), xxx rice which is not eaten (?)’

‘mango, name of a tree/plant’

‘young mango fruit (literally goat's bottom mango), mango fruits which are still very small, about as big as a goat's bottom/buttocks’

‘mango fruit at a certain stadium of ripeness, xxx small goat's bottom mangoes which have grown big xxx’

‘mango skin / peel, mango which has been peeled with a knife, its skin is called this’

‘mango flower, before the mango tree has fruit, first it has flowers and after that will have fruit’

‘ripe mango, mango which is just ripe and very sweet is called this’

‘orphan, (someone) whose mother and father have both died is called this’

‘sour, if a fruit is not yet ripe it is still sour’

‘skin condition (psoriasis?), psoriasis, which covers a person's body and is very itchy so we scratch’

‘window, that which is open in the wall of a house to look through’

‘type of grass (?), xxx grass which grows around a spring (?)’

‘sit around (aimlessly) (for plural subject), sitting there for no reason, if it is many people’

‘apply a herbal mix to an infected wound (?), mix medicine so that a person whose wound is infected xxx’

‘seal something that is leaking (?), for instance if a pan is leaking (?) we seal (?) it and then use it to cook in’

‘walk/stand around aimlessly, just stand around but not go for anything’

‘wild vine, wild vine the seeds of which are similar to that of the kalan, and the seeds can make one itch’

‘meek, quiet, shy, calm (?), know a little but not speak out in public’

‘spotted, colourful (?), like a xxx (ada tui), dog's, cat's, or cuscus' skin is spotted (?)’

‘snake species, like a ratsnake (Coelognathus subradiatus?), but it is small and its skin is similar to a xxx (adatui)’

‘calm (a person or animal), when they are about to be scared, children go to stand on (?) their fathers/uncles’

‘click/cluck one's tongue (?), remembering back, for instance when one was small and had no money, so one clucks one's tongue’

‘curse, frustrated (?), for instance when one is aiming for something but does not reach it, when one thinks about it one is disappointed/laments (?), but one already missed it so one is disappointed (?)’

‘work song, adi songs are sung when pulling the xxx, pulling the xxx’

‘plantation, orchard, planted areca or coconut palms that live together are called areca plantations or coconut plantations’

‘sad, disappointed (?), for instance if an orphan is walking alone and is xxx (sad?) thinking about their situation’

‘spring in an orchard/plantation, spring located inside an orchard, so we fetch water and drink’

‘rain, when it is hot and the sky xxx falls down xxx and the water that is inside falls down’

‘wind blows xxx’

‘rain, water which is up in the sky falls to the ground and makes the ground wet’

‘expectorate, clear one's throat (?), have a scratchy throat and to clear one's throat so that the phlegm (?) comes out’

‘cotton, cultivated plant out of the seeds of which (we) make yarn’

‘month in which it doesn't rain (?)’

‘token/totem/taboo to stop rain (?), tie a xxx so that it doesn't keep raining’

‘wild cotton seed (?), seed of a wild (not domesticated) plant, similar to domesticated cotton but it doesn't have branches (?)’

‘raincoat? shelter from the rain?, if it keeps raining, we tie it xxx so it won't rain anymore’

‘cotton leaf, leaf of the plant out of the seeds of which (we) make yarn’

‘rainless, hot (?), when it doesn't rain so it is hot’

‘for instance if it doesn't rain anymore we put a xxx on a tree and then make an xxx so that xxx sacred so that it cries (??)’

‘rain heavily, torrentially, work in the field, plant corn on a hot day’

‘when rain falls on the ground, cut the bamboo for it, xxx the bamboo for it xxx plant the maize’

‘-, try to move or bend a heavy rock or a heavy piece of wood in order to xxx’

‘drizzle, rain lightly, rain falls but not fast’

‘wild, untamed, not domesticated, said about a bird, pig, horse, buffalo or goat which is wild, for instance an animal that lives in the forest is wild’

‘plant species, plant that when it has seeds, its seeds xxx’

‘not volunteer, contribute (?), not go to the front, when doing some work in the village/clan there, one is not joining in’

‘leaves (rotten; fallen), leaves of a plant are called this’

‘dry leaves, leaves of a plant that are ripe (?), have fallen to the ground and are dry are called this’

‘young leaves, shoots, leaves of a plant that have just come out are called this’

‘earlier, recently (on the same day) (?), in the past but within the day, for instance earlier at night, earlier in the evening (?)’

‘slightly sloping (land), type of land that is sloping upwards a bit or leaning up (?)’

‘fish, animal that lives in the water or in the sea’

‘bake fish in a wooden shell (?), take a fish and put it into an xxx of the aalasa tree, then put it on top of the hot part of the fire until it's cooked, then eat it’

‘bake/roast a fish, clear the branches off a stick (?) and skewer a fish on it, then put (?) it on the hot fire’

‘dried fish, for instance if fish has been caught, we come and xxx and put it in the sun for it to dry’

‘fishbones (?), they follow a fish's back, are similar to thorns and very sharp’

‘small fish, small fish are called this’

‘big fish, fish which is (unexpectedly?) big is called this’

‘fish (with a net), throw down on many fish and then pull them all out’

‘fish, angle, hunt meat by taking a hook and throwing it in the sea, fish swallows it and it is stuck in its throat’

‘eight (numeral), carry, when counting, e.g. one, two, eighth, or to carry, so to carry children on one's hip’

‘round (?), said about a ball or a fruit which is round (?)’

‘pregnant (?), said about an animal’

‘pregnant, said about a person’

‘impregnate, male gets a female pregnant’

‘healthy, in good physical shape, inside one's body is not sick’

‘whole (?), not cut/chopped up yet’

‘chorus/refrain/words of a song (?), song's chorus/refrain that people dance to’

‘lament (?), lament (?) for instance when someone has died we call out (?)’

‘year, count the months and the days, if it's 12 months then it is a year’

‘put here, show the place of plates, xxx, candles (?), so they can be put or thrown there’

‘door, house's door is opened to walk through’

‘tamarind, name of a tree, its fruit is small, and if it is picked with a stick and then eaten it is sour, but if it is cooked with meat it is nice’

‘babble, talk pointlessly (?), say something, (but) not say in one's mouth (?), then their friends say this to them’

‘run around (?), (if) a person or animal is afraid of something and just runs around we say this’

‘come here, show (?) that (someone) comes, show the place’

‘sit here, say to someone that they sit in a place which is shown to them’

‘be/put here, here on the ground, show the place to put something on’

‘stand here, we say this when showing a place to a friend to stand in’

‘die here (?), show a place, for instance an animal or a person died in this place we say this to our friend’

‘go without a purpose (?), go somewhere for no reason’

‘smoke/cure here, show a place where meat, coconuts or Pacific rosewood leaves (?) are smoked’

‘meet here (?), for instance if an animal or a person meets/runs into us on the road we say this’

‘go/come out here (from below), some animal which is in a stable and comes out or is in its shelter and comes out’

‘together, spend time together here (?), if saying to a person, showing a place where many people are together’

‘search here, search for a thing which is (one has lost sight of?), then if one sees it one is about to take it’

‘jump here, person or an animal who goes up and then comes to the ground, who jumps to/on the grond here, when (someone) shows them the place’

‘release here (?), show a place so that children, horses, buffaloes, chicken are released’

‘crawl around here, small children who recently crawl around (?) here are called this’

‘meet each other here, show a place were to meet each other’

‘recently, little while ago (recent past), if a friend is there first and asks a friend something, then their friend will say this: (they) passed by just just a little while ago’

‘defecate here, show the place where a wild pig or a wild boar defecated’

‘snake species, big snake with a short tail, it runs near where we pound cereal, and when it is afraid it stands up on its tail/raises its tail up (?)’

‘afraid, scared, does not dare’

‘sigh, gasp, breathe loudly (?), exhale (?) with audible voice’

‘vomit, throw up, vomit up again, eat something and then throw it up again (?)’

‘to (always?) be afraid, does not dare, is not able’

‘lontar palm (Borassus flabellifer), name of a tree, this tree's stem is straight and tall, its stem is like a coconut tree's stem’

‘lontar leaf, akadiru leaves which are standing against xxx are called this’

‘lontar stem (with no leaves; presumably dead), lontar palm's stem that is still standing there is called this’

‘lontar fruit, fruit of the lontar palm is called this’

‘avoid doing something, try to get out of doing something?, not want to, when ordered to do something, as if one was a fraid of it’

‘wild vine, wild vine (?) that grows on a tree, its flowers (?) are edible and its tendrils (?) are used to weave a fence’

‘akal vine leaves, leaves of the akal vine are called this’

‘nest/burrow of the aka snake, hole of the aka snake, in which aka snakes sleep’

‘small-ish, on the small side (??), not really big’

‘grass species, type of grass which lives around the water’

‘steal, xxx, then take it’

‘thief, person who takes things without asking’

‘thief, robber, person who is a fierce thief?’

‘ear condition associated with itching in the ear canal (and earwax or other discharge?), (when) it is very itchy in the ear canal’

‘pestle, take a straight piece of wood and make it very smooth and pound rice or maize with it, this is its name’

‘sleep very deeply (?)’

‘forest, big trees which stand close to each other (?) are called this’

‘old-growth forest (?), big trees which are standing close to each other, making wide pieces of land difficult to get through (?)’

‘cut up the branches of felled trees, big trees which have been cut down, cut their branches into short bits’

‘burn dry trees and other vegetation which has previously been cut, forest which has been totally cleared / cut down, if it is dry (we) burn it’

‘make/prepare a garden/field (?), xxx and make a garden/field in order to plant maize, beans, pumpkins, cassava’

‘burn any wood which has not been consumed by the previous burning, pieces of wood that aren't totally burnt, (we) gather them and throw them (in a pile?) and burn them up’

‘wild, go around still go (??), it lives only in the grass’

‘cut undergrowth (?), cut (?) young trees that are underneath big trees’

‘cut/fell (old trees in the forest), cut down big trees which are already xxx’

‘spring in a forest, spring which emerges in a forest is called this’

‘plant species, name of a plant/tree’

‘far away’

‘go far away (?), if someone is sitting under something (?), we tell them so they run far away’

‘put (something) far away’

‘put something somewhat far away, about to put a thing far away is called this’

‘order somewhat closer (?), for instance if someone has gone far away and then they order their friend, it's called this’

‘released/abandoned far away, child or bird which is released far away is called this’

‘skin condition affecting the head, similar to psoriasis on (in?) the head, it is very itchy and in a while xxx’

‘run somewhat closer (?), for instance so that someone stands xxx, we tell them to go stand far away’

‘hard, chewy (?), eating the skin of the meat and it is hard, we say this’

‘go far away (?), not arrive (?)’

‘roll away, so to roll a stone and roll it far away is called this (?)’

‘roll, slide away, for instance being on sloping land a rock rolls and goes far’

‘fall down far away, lost (?), (something) is lost and (we) don't see it, something falls far away and when we look for it, we can't see it’

‘fly (far) away, if a bird or a plane which flies flies away fast it is called this’

‘run (far) away, for instance there is a buffalo and we are afraid of it and run far away, it's called this’

‘phlegm (that is coughed up), discharge that comes out when you are coughing is called this’

‘fast asleep, someone is sleeping and their friend (tries to) wake them up, but they don't wake up, then their friend will say this’

‘get lost in the forest, go into the forest and not find the way to go out is called this’

‘think back, remember, lost in tought (?), person who is there and just remembers’

‘eat apart from others, take food or water and go far away before you eat or drink it’

‘heart, person or animal's heart is called this’

‘hide, hide (oneself) somewhere far away so that people can't see’

‘disease (bubonic plague?), epidemic or disease where people have wounds on the (nape of?) the neck xxx’

‘trees shedding their foliage (?), wild plants' leaves, their leaves are dry and fall off (?)’

‘run away, flee (?), go far away and not come back is called this’

‘run away, flee, animal or a person is scared of something and runs far away is called this’

‘look emaciated (due to a disease?) (?), animal or a person that is afflicted by a disease and is losing a lot of weight, looking emaciated (?)’

‘rich people (?), person whose life is nice, who has horses, buffaloes, money, necklaces and everything’

‘hidden (?), for instance taking a xxx and hiding it, if people look for it and don't see it we say this’

‘fly (far) away, if a bird or a plane which flies far away it is called this’

‘come loose, fall off, carrying some ripe bananas and there is one underneath which comes off and falls off (?)’

‘sleep very deeply (?), many people sleeping/resting together and not waking up when awakened’

‘blown away, carried away (by the wind), if the wind takes something and blows it far away, it is called this’

‘tree species, name of a tree, if the stem is big it is cut for wine to drink, that is called alasa ponu’

‘rain shelter, rain coat made from an alasa leaf (?), cut an alasa branch (?) and cut off the end part and the leftovers, then sew (??) and shelter from the rain (?)’

‘unripe alasa leaf/branch (?), leaf/branch (?) of the alasa tree which has not yet ripened is called this (?)’

‘jump away, if you are scared of something and run away’

‘roll (something) away (?), push something without xxx, push it along’

‘tie up far away, tie e.g. a horse or a bird up so that it is hidden, when we look for it we cannot see it’

‘calm (someone) down, calm a dog, big dog that is vicious’

‘hide (from something scary), hide (oneself) if one is afraid of something is called alasut’

‘go die young (a curse), tell one's friend to run far away and hide, this word is about cursing/swearing’

‘go carrying heavy things, carry somthing that's heavy, but then put something on top of it again is called this (?)’

‘push over, fell (a tree or rock), push over a rock (?) or a tree so that it lies on the ground flat’

‘rice (plant), name of a food that is sown in a rice paddy, and then is planted in a (dry) field’

‘hulled rice, rice that has already been pounded is called eraha only’

‘weed, tear out grass growing in the rice field/paddy, tear out/weed grass which grows all over the rice’

‘rice plants whose leaves are hanging down (??), rice whose leaves are sagging (?), (when) the wind blows through the young rice plants the leaves move’

‘(dry) rice field, garden/field where rice is planted’

‘stem of the rice plant (?) but the small ones / shoots that grow at it are xxx’

‘empty rice husk, rice husk that is empty, that doesn't have a grain in it’

‘unhusked rice, still carrying the skin/husk, not pounded yet’

‘plant rice, xxx then plant them again is called this’

‘clean husked rice (?), xxx rice which has already been pounded in order to clean it, xxx the seeds’

‘winnow rice, put rice that has already been xxx in a flat basket (?) and throw it up so that the empty husks are thrown on top’

‘sow rice, take rice (seeds?) that have been soaked and sow them in a prepared rice paddy’

‘winnow rice, put rice in a basket and take it then throw it all over the place so that the seeds rise (?) and the chaff will go seperately’

‘bird species, flying bird that habitually eats rise’

‘half-ripe rice, rice skin on it that has gone yellow is called this’

‘rice which is already xxx, near xxx’

‘broken rice, hulled rice that has been broken into pieces’

‘pound / thresh rice, put rice in a mortar and use a pestle to pound it and smash it so that the husk (?) goes separately and the grain goes separately’

‘guard the rice (to scare away animals), stay near the rice so that nothing comes to eat it’

‘dry rice in the sun, take the winnowed rice, put it under a mat (??) and let it dry in the sun (?)’

‘spill, pour out rice (?), pour out rice that is in a basket or a bag’

‘garden, field, clear forest, burn land, then grow food to eat’

‘abandoned garden/field plot, abandoned field that has bushes/young trees standing in it is called this’

‘have a field, garden, person who works in the field for oneself, who has a field is called this’

‘young grass/weed in the garden/field, small grass/weed plants that are standing around the garden are called this’

‘breadfruit tree, name of a tree, when the month xxx the fruit is eaten’

‘young/small breadfruit, xxx the fruit of the breadfruit which are still very small are called this (?)’

‘ripe breadfruit, breadfruit which is already yellow’

‘cook breadfruit / cooked breadfruit, xxx, cut the breadfruit into small pieces and cook it in a pot’

‘water in which breadfruit is cooked/boiled, water in which the breadfruit is cooked is called this’

‘bake/roast breadfruit, baked/roasted breadfruit, xxx a breadfruit on top, then light a fire underneath’

‘plant, cultivate (crops in a garden/field), plant maize, beans, cassava, taro, it is called this’

‘fruit of the breadfruit tree (?), fruit of the breadfruit tree, there are seeds inside the fruit (?), when it is ripe (we) cook the inside of the fruit and eat it’

‘small garden/field plot, work in a field xxx, then someone that garden is a little xxx, and moves the border (?)’

‘field which is co-owned my multiple people (?), many people looking after a field together (?)’

‘grow produce (?), have maize, have beans, have things that one has planted, eat all or maybe part of it’

‘not have a field, lack a garden, person who does not work in the field, who does not have a field is called this’

‘hut in a field, house / hut inside a garden is called this’

‘survey/appreciate one's field (?), person is standing around on the perimeter of a field (?) in order to be happy to work in the field’

‘gate, door, door of a house or the gate of a buffalo pen is called this’

‘weed, work in the field, clean, tear out the grass / weed that is standing in the garden’

‘rice that is planted in a dry field (?), name of rice, rice which is planted in a (dry) field’

‘burn weeds (in a field), put the weeds that have been torn out in a heap and burn them’

‘garden / field fence, fence that is running around a field is called this’

‘delimit one's field/garden, build a field wall, take rocks and build a wall/field boundary, if someone comes and weeds there we will be angry (??)’

‘guard a field from pests (monkeys), when the maize is all planted, guard it against monkeys (?)’

‘split a field, make a field boundary (?), there is only one field, then we take a wood / logs to separate them and make two out of them’

‘louse, insects on the head, that bite people's heads, xxx’

‘living lice (?), lice which run around on the head are called this’

‘(single; individual) louse, single louse is called this’

‘nit, louse egg, lice eggs that sit against the hair and are white’

‘bear fruit, said about a coconut’

‘oil, fat (?), xxx of cassava, sweet potato or coconut is called this’

‘wax (?), liquid wax which falls down’

‘embarassed, not dare to be in front, in public’

‘stink, smell bad, run in the nose, when rotten meat or faeces is there and it stinks, it is called this, some tree that smells is called this’

‘three people, talking about people, (we) say (one person) alone, two people’

‘healthy, not be affected by any illness’

‘not yet bear fruit, not have fruit, said about maize or cassava which do not have fruit yet’

‘(living) person, people, God's mirror image which lives here on earth and sees it (?) and knows how to speak’

‘four pieces of gold (money?) together are two amu’

‘different (?), different, not each other's friend, other’

‘big knife, machete (?), knife with a big body (blade?) is called this’

‘body, person's body is called this’

‘sore, aching, if one works and then the body is aching/in pain’

‘people (??), take oneself towards (??), for instance why do you keep watching people (??)’

‘birthmark, freckle, similar to a wart (?), it is a black-ish (thing) on people's faces’

‘two pieces, one pair (?), count gold (money?), for instance if you take two pieces together it is called amuu (?)’

‘pus, yellow stuff inside a wound that hurts very much’

‘I, me (1SG pronoun), person talking about themselves’

‘I am full, satiated, if one has eaten some food so that one's belly is swollen/round, we say this’

‘I am hungry, belly is xxx, so (we) cook rice to eat for ourselves’

‘I want, like, oneself want something, order (?) something, walk towards something that makes one happy (?)’

‘follow me, just behind, saying to one's friend so they follow’

‘me only (?), said about oneself alone’

‘I don't want, refuse, say that one doesn't want to, is feeling lazy, (when) ordered (to do something), not get up’

‘only child, no older sibling was born for them before them, no younger sibling was born after’

‘singleton offspring (of an animal), dog is born and it's a single one only, is called this’

‘exclamation for calling a dog, sound of calling a dog, for instance (we) go towards something when hunting (we) call a dog’

‘embarassed (?), embarassed, not have xxx’

‘thick, not see past, through’

‘mango pit (?), mango's xxx that is inside a mango fruit is called this’

‘long-legged (?), animal or person whose foot/leg is long is called this’

‘storm, when rain is falling and there is thunder and lightning’

‘dry, dry rice, dry maize is called this (?)’

‘starvation, hungry season (?), there is no food so (people) are hungry is called this’

‘shout, raise one's voice, raise one's voice when one is angry is called this’

‘water buffalo, name of an animal whose body is big, it has horns, and it is used to plow rice paddies’

‘said about cassava, for instance talking about cassava legs (tubers?) (?)’

‘buffalo testicles (?), buffalo's feather (?), buffalo's testicles (?) that hang down are called this’

‘buffalo lungs, buffalo's lungs that are inside are called this’

‘unsuccessful (?), not bring anything down (?)’

‘buffalo belly (?), thing that goes inside the xxx is called this (?)’

‘buffalo horns, buffalo's horns which stand on its head are called this’

‘(if) a buffalo's horns are brushed (??), it is called this’

‘buffalo leg, buffalo's feet/legs are called this’

‘buffalo hoof, buffalo's toenails are called this’

‘saw wood (??), saw wood (?) and throw it down is called this’

‘tall stalk of maize (?), if some maize plant lives in the grass and is not torn out it grows big (?)’

‘stand around (?), just stand around everywhere all over the place’

‘palm species (Arenga pinnata; Arenga saccharifera) (?), name of a plant/tree’

‘naked (?), naked, this is said for a person, for instance if children are naked xxxx this is said’

‘buffalo pen, fence for bufalloes, so we herd them inside’

‘buffalo calf, small buffalo, buffalo that is still little’

‘wire, small (piece of) iron that is long’

‘buffalo fat, buffalo's fat is called this’

‘male buffalo, bull, male buffalo which walks together with a female buffalo of reproductive age is called this’

‘female buffalo of reproductive age, mother buffalo that has given birth / is about to give birth (?) is called this’

‘buffalo dung, buffalo pat, buffalo's excrement, what a buffalo has defecated’

‘herd, guard buffaloes, watch the buffaloes, look after the buffalos’

‘curse word?, xxx long, said about a person only’

‘buffalo dung, buffalo pat, buffalo's excrement is called this’

‘insect species, name of an insect, all of its fur (?) is black’

‘liver, animal's or a person's liver is called this’

‘roots (?), there is only the root, not the tuber/fruit, said about sweet potato and cassava’

‘gallbladder (?), liver's child, if we eat sweet, sour and salty things all mixed together the liver's child will swell and we get sick from it’

‘vagina, female genital area, female animal's or a woman's thing which is near the anus, place through which urine passes, place through which children are born’

‘bird, chicken, name of an animal, for instance a house bird (chicken), wild bird that flies’

‘wild chicken, similar to a domestic chicken, but it lives in the forest’

‘make roosters fight, pit in a cockfight, carry roosters to make them fight, pit them (against each other)’

‘bird species (?), bird whose feathers are all red is called this’

‘young rooster learning how to crow (?), young rooster which is just trying out (?) his voice and is about to crow (?)’

‘chicken (domestic), bird which is domesticated / raised and lives in the house’

‘scare away birds (from crops etc.) (?), guard the rice leaves (?), or things that are left to dry in the sun’

‘deep, low, long way which is going into the earth xxx, tree's roots that go into the earth are said to be deep’

‘high, tall, if we're on the ground and going up (?), for instance a high tree, areca (?), high coconut that (we) go up (?), we say this’

‘long way, long distance (?), go a long way down, up and across on the ground, which we xxx’

‘send, order, send one's friend to something so they fetch it’

‘bird species (?), bird whose feathers are colourful (?)’

‘bird species (?), bird whose feathers are white and black, sometimes we say like this: white bird or black bird, black inside is xxx again (?)’

‘brooding hen (?), bird/chicken which has recently laid eggs (?) and it makes a clucking sound (?)’

‘look at a bird's liver (?), young bird's xxx is torn to look at the liver (?)’

‘make roosters fight, pit in a cockfight, champion roosters have spores tied to their feet, then they are made to fight and kick each other, and the one that does not die is the winner’

‘old, withered leaf/foliage, leaf/foliage that is already old is called this’

‘make roosters fight, pit in a cockfight, move roosters so they kick each other is called this’

‘slaughter, cut a chicken, tie a chicken to a lever/handle (?), xxx (it) at a rock/stone, xxx around it, once that is done, cut the chicken's throat through, then xxx the rock/stone where it will die then xxx it dies on it (?)’

‘chicken coop, make a fence and tie the chickens up in it’

‘basket used as an enclosure for young chicks, take a basket and put young chicks under it, (if) the hen is put in it she sits on them’

‘chick, chicken which has recently hatched and is scratching the ground (?), it makes a kiu-kiu'u sound’

‘chick, bird which has recently (started to?) scratch (?) the ground is called this’

‘ground-nesting birds (?), birds which do not xxx up on trees are called this, for instance quails, ducks, xxx’

‘birds capable of flight, birds which live up on trees, like doves, pigeons, hawks, parrots, and many which live up on trees are all called this’

‘rooster, male chicken, rooster goes together with a hen, rooster has a xxx, big xxx, xxx tail and crows’

‘far away, asking for something, (we) say it is near or far’

‘hen, female chicken, doesn't have a xxx or an xxx tail and clucks’

‘tie a chicken to something, take a string and tie it around a chicken's leg is called this’

‘bird species (?), bird whose feathers are all white is called this’

‘duck, name of a ground-dwelling (?) bird, some live in the water, some on dry ground, but they do not xxx up on trees’

‘order, command (someone to do something), tell one's friend to do their work’

‘young leaf/foliage, leaf/foliage that is still young is called this’

‘bird's nest, old basket (?) that is xxx, that birds lay eggs in’

‘brooding hen, chicken/bird which has laid eggs, and is sitting on its eggs is called this’

‘chicken laying eggs (chicken eggs?), chicken which has laid eggs, its eggs are all white’

‘my mother, said about one's mother who has given birth to one’

‘my father, said about one's father who carried/cradled one’

‘my grandparents, said about our parent's parents’

‘shrimp, name of an animal that lives in the water, rivers, brooks, springs all have them’

‘strong (?), said about a person who is strong (?)’

‘my great-grandparents, said about our parent's grandparents’

‘my sacred place (?), taboo (sacred place?) of a clan where they bake (meat?)’

‘my child, said about a child which was born from (us)’

‘my great-great-grandparents, said about our parent's great-grandparents’

‘my younger sibling, which was born following or next to (a person)’

‘my wealth/belongings/goods, one's horses and one's buffaloes all together are called this’

‘my siblings (?), said about older and younger siblings who (we) live together with’

‘my twin, two are together in one womb/uterus only’

‘flea, dog's insects which stick to its fur and xxx’

‘firewood, wood that is already dry and is used to light a fire’

‘flame, flame which is hot and bright (?) is called this’

‘bake / put in the fire (?), for instance putting some sweet potatoes or cassava in the fire (?)’

‘light a fire, take dry firewood and xxx them towards one another, then set it on fire so it burns is called this’

‘flame (?), a (piece of) firewood that is burning, flame which is very hot’

‘tree/plant, tree which comes up from the ground and lives here is called this’

‘straight tree/wood, tree which is very straight, that has no bends/knots (?)’

‘obdormition, numbness, person's leg or hand which sometimes goes dead if we sleep’

‘thigh (?), person's big tree which goes inside the torso (?)’

‘cut/chop at/on a tree, chop at/on a tree or cut at/on a tree’

‘hang (something) on a tree, for instance hanging a palm wine container made of bamboo or a bag on the tree's surface’

‘having cut a tree short, its xxx are called this’

‘breadfruit tree with small fruit, breadfruit tree whose fruit are small is called this’

‘tree roots, what lives at a tree's forehead (?) and goes into the ground’

‘leaf, foliage, (they) are located at a tree's trunk or branches’

‘roast on a spit, roast a goat, pig or dog on/attached to a (piece of) wood’

‘place with trees, grove (?), place where trees live’

‘rotten log, log/tree trunk that has fallen a long time ago and is all xxx’

‘hitching post, pole (?) that has been driven in the ground and horses and buffalo are tied to it’

‘tree that has been pruned (?), tree which has been cut short so it is very short’

‘shake a tree, shake small trees, xxx’

‘trough, cut down a tree and dig a trough to feed pigs in’

‘sacred tree, big tree the area around which (?) is very fierce’

‘tree/wood used to make guns, tree is cleared of branches (?) and is used to make guns out of to shoot’

‘durable tree/wood, tree which has been cut down and even though it has been long ago it is eaten by woodworms’

‘bunches of flowers, flower plot (?), flowers which have been made to go together’

‘flower (of a tree), fruitbearing tree which is not yet about to have fruit first has flowers’

‘tree stump, tree which has been chopped only the stump is still standing’

‘taboo, prohibitory sign hung on a tree (?), sacred prohibition that is hung on a tree (?)’

‘medicine, (traditional) medicine that (we) take against sickness and xxx, and it makes (us) get healthy, for instance if (we) are ill (we) drink or eat it mxed with betel (?) and then spit, or (we) just xxx’

‘pull a tree (?), for instance if it is cleared of branches near the foot (?) and then a rope is tied to it to pull it it is called this’

‘pull a tree (?), take it and pull the tree across (?) is called this’

‘big tree, big tree trunks that we cannot reach around with our arms are called this’

‘carry a tree trunk, tree which has been chopped down and cleared of branches (?), and then you carry it is called this’

‘clear an area of trees, chop down trees, bit trees which stand close together are all chopped down is called this’

‘branch (?), (things that) branch (?) out from a tree’

‘gather firewood (?), work gathering firewood is called this’

‘plant trees, saplings, plant xxx branches, plant young trees is called this’

‘sap, water which is inside a tree, when we cut across a branch it xxx (?)’

‘living tree, tree which is still alive, whose leaves are still covering it and young’

‘felled tree, log, tree that has been chopped down and has fallen’

‘dead tree, tree whose leaves have withered (?), whose branches and trunk are dry is called this’

‘grove, forest (?), trees that are standing together and form something like a village (?)’

‘clear away fallen trees (?), trees have fallen all over (?), trees are xxx all over (?), tree trunks that have been cut that are there and we just throw them all over the place (?)’

‘speak up it’

‘log, piece of wood (?), big tree trunk which has been cut into small pieces (??)’

‘small trees, young trees, saplings, trees that are still small’

‘fell a tree, cut down a tree with a machete or an axe so it falls over’

‘board, plank (?), tree that has been pulled (?), that has been made flat (?) is called this’

‘straight wood/plank/pole, straight tree which is cut down and used to build some house’

‘tree stump that is sprouting again, tree that has been chopped down whose stump is sprouting again, is living again’

‘young branches of a tree that are cut and used to xxx maize and beans’

‘keel (??), tree's bone that holds together a little boat (??)’

‘small, young trees/plants, trees that are still small are called this’

‘cassava, cultivated plant, when it has tubers we eat the tubers’

‘sandalwood tree, name of a tree that is like a roof (?) and has a strong smell’

‘felled tree, log, tree which has been chopped down and is lying on the ground’

‘big tree, tree which is very big is called this’

‘large intestine, person's or animal's large intestines which are next to the small intestines are called this’

‘tree species, name of a tree whose trunk is big and whose bark is white’

‘dry wood that is piled up (?) and then dug out (?) xxx’

‘terminal bud of a tree/plant, high tree whose tip is alive is called this’

‘twig, small branch, tree's branches that are small are called this’

‘sound of chopping at a tree (?), tree which has been cut, when it is being chopped at it thunders’

‘cut branches off of a felled tree (?), (when) cutting a tree, its branches are cut/broken at the joints (?) and taken away (?), ends of the branches that are on (the tree?) are cut short’

‘carry a tree among many people, many people cutting down a tree and then take it and go together to only one place’

‘make a supporting pillar for a traditional raised house (?), cut a supporting pole for a house, make a xxx and put the stem on top’

‘fell/chop down a tree, chop around a tree trunk with a machete or an axe so it falls over’

‘piece of wood, wood chip (?), cut a tree's branches short is called this’

‘branch, (the things) branching off on a tree are called this’

‘continuously say untrue things (to gossip?), person who keeps talking but does not say anything right/true’

‘rainy day (season?), day (season?) where it rains is called this’

‘cut, chop a tree, cut a tree with a machete or an ax’

‘heavy tree/wood, if a tree has been cut down and we lift it up, we say oh, it's very heavy’

‘dried up/dead tree, dead tree whose branches are wilted (?) and its branches are dry’

‘cut down small trees/plants (to clear a path?), passing by young trees and cutting them down is called this’

‘digging stick (?), a (piece of) wood that is cut xxx that crazy (?) people use to dig/ turn over the soil’

‘unit of 10 (large animals), counting large animals, 10 of them, for instance 10 buffaloes, 10 horses are called this’

‘unit of 10 (maize cobs?), counting cobs (?) of maize, this is used for 10 cobs (?)’

‘cut wood into chips (?), cut a piece of wood into short pieces’

‘cut a tree's branches, prune (?), climb a tree and cut off all of its branches’

‘feces, when you have eaten something then you defecate the waste’

‘vine with foul-smelling leaves (Paederia foetida?), wild vine's leaves which smell like feces’

‘defecate, feces which pass through the anus and is discarded (?) is called this’

‘small intestine, person's or animal's small intestines which are inside are called this’

‘belly, stomach, person's or animal's belly or stomach is called this’

‘bamboo (generic term?), said about xxx, giant bamboo or common bamboo that are xxx are called this’

‘woof, ruff, sound of a dog's bark’

‘penis, male animal's or a man's thing which he urinates through’

‘sea cucumber (?), small animal living in the sea which looks like a penis’

‘makeshift sheath (?), machete or small knife that doesn't have a xxx’

‘friend, (in) a clan or a story, older and younger siblings, or someone close from a wife-giver or wife-taker clan who don't xxx one another are called this’

‘have friends, have people, said about a person who has many friends’

‘friendless, not have friends, not have people, said about a person who does not have friends and is alone’

‘good at something (?)’

‘know how to do one's work, person who knows how to weave, set up the loom, spin yarn, make bags (?), it is said about women, people who know how to build a house or a fence, make rattan, produce food (?)’

‘relative (?), person from the same group, people who (come from) one grandfather and one father, their behaviour, their body and their face is alike’

‘generous (?), not be stingy, if someone asks for something, they do not xxx’

‘candle (?), xxx (we) light it so it is light/bright’

‘pig, name of an animal, but some are domestic and some are wild, its noise is kue-kuee’

‘wild boar, pigs which habitually live in the forest, and their xxx are very long’

‘pig feces, pig's excrement which has dropped (?)’

‘mother sow with young piglets, female pig whose children are still small’

‘boar's den/nest, wild pig's house, where it lives in the forest’

‘pig/sow which has not had piglets, pig which has not yet given birth’

‘pregnant sow, pig which is pregnant, whose children are already inside it is called this’

‘sweet potato cultivar, name of a sweet potato, xxx of this sweet potato are all red but the tuber is red and white running together (?)’

‘sow who has recently given birth (?), a (female) pig which has just given birth, has just reached reproductive age (?)’

‘singleton pig, single pig that is being fed by itself (so) it gets big and fat quickly is called this’

‘boar (?), male pig whose xxx are already alive, xxx’

‘pig pen, fence within which pigs are released’

‘tie a pig's legs together, take a rope/string and tie it to a pig's foot is called this’

‘vine species, name of a wild vine that lives in the forest, its leaves are straight (?)’

‘wet, for instance clothes that have been washed and are still wet are called this’

‘thief, person who steals people's things is called this’

‘curse word (?), word that is usually said to swear/curse (?)’

‘dig a trench (?), dig soil xxx’

‘forbid (?), if a person asks for something for himself but their friend gets angry, it is called this’

‘separate, share', give something to one's friend is called this’

‘about to share, for instance (if someone) is about to share some meat and we tell each other, it is called this’

‘reprimand for someone who has given away a secret (?), repeat a word but for instance this word is still hidden/secret and not (supposed to be) revealed yet, but a friend has already said it, so (we) reprimand (them) saying like this, you xxx, but someone's business is still hidden/secret’

‘for instance the skin of some giant bamboo is xxx, say so that it is xxx separately’

‘build a house separately (not part of a settlement?), build a house that is being made alone’

‘curse or insult ("go die"), word used as an insult (?), for instance if children sit together and constantly call each other names (?), they might say this’

‘die alone/away from people/in the wilderness, said about an animal or person who dies, but not at some place’

‘put something separately, lift it separately (?), xxx something and put it seperately’

‘drop/fall/throw separately, (if) something is dropped (?) separately it is called this’

‘(when) selling sweet potatoes or cassava, one puts them separately (?)’

‘sit separately, sit alone, (if) people sit together (and) tell (somebody) to sit separately’

‘spill /pour out maize / rice into separate portions (?), spill/throw out maize or rice separately’

‘water which is falling out and down with a thud in a separate place’

‘male buffalo which is xxx separate from its pregnant female (?) is called this’

‘pour out maize/rice separately/in portions (?), for instance (when) pouring out some maize or rice to dry and then puring it out separately to dry it is called this’

‘bird which separates xxx rice husks and maize xxx is called this’

‘cut into portions (?), (when someone) is about to cut meat, (and we) tell each other, it is called this’

‘graze a buffalo separately, walk a buffalo separately and watch/guard it separately is called this’

‘animal or a person who xxx and goes separately (?)’

‘take a mat and xxx by oneself’

‘bring something over (?), send one's friend so they bring it near (?)’

‘pick out (unwanted parts such as husks), clean, pick out the husk/peel of maize or beans/nuts’

‘clay pot that has been broken and is just standing alone is called this’

‘increase, multiply (?), increase (?), said about animals or food’

‘increase, multiply (?), many, more, rising, said about people who multiply (?)’

‘name of a beam in a house (?), tree/piece of wood that is xxx located under a house so then afterwards xxx is called this’

‘curse word (?), word that is used for swearing or being angry at (something) (?)’

‘some kind of a pulley (?), tie a rope up in a tree and then tie a piece of wood to the end of the rope which comes down to the ground, it is heavy on top which xxx’

‘stagger, stumble, slip, person who has been drinking alcohol and is dizzy, when walking they stumble or stagger, this is called beli-beli, or if not, sometimes when the ground is slippery (we) slip because of it’

‘heavy (rain), rain which is very fast is called this’

‘plentiful, said about animals, food, or plants/trees’

‘go down deep (?), extend far down (?), used for xxx, sweet yams, or cassava at whose roots there are tubers going in the ground which are big’

‘high, tall, grow tall (?), animal or a plant that is taller than a tall person’

‘grow bigger (a wound), not heal (?), for instance (if) a wounded foot or a wounded hand continues to be wounded (?)’

‘hot, noon when it is hot is called this’

‘hot, spicy (?), xxx, betelnut which is hot/spicy is called this’

‘giant bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper), name of a plant, betun has joints and xxx, but one is hollow (and can be used to transport water in) and the other is wood’

‘bitter (?), not tasty yet, said about xxx, cassava, bitter which is xxx, xxx so that it is not yet nice xxx’

‘goat, name of an animal, but some are domesticated and some wild’

‘domesticated goat with xxx, its fur is xxx, its sound is mo-moo and xxx’

‘goat horn, goat's horns that stand on its head’

‘six-point deer, male deer whose horns branch into 6 points’

‘adult male goat with long horns, male goat whose horns are already long is called this’

‘domesticated goat, lives at the house but...’

‘mother goat with young kids, female goat which has already given birth and whose young are still very small’

‘female goat of reproductive age, goat which has already given birth is called this’

‘pregnant goat (?), female goat which is already pregnant is called this’

‘barren nanny goat, nanny goat that has not yet had kids, female goat of reproductive age that has not yet given birth’

‘domesticated goat with smooth fur, (it goes) me-mee, its fur is smooth’

‘young female goat, goat which is not yet of reproductive age (?)’

‘disease, name of a disease or xxx, when our eyes are xxx, if only the sides are sick xxx’

‘kid, very young goat, young goats that are still very small are called this’

‘young male goat whose horns have recently begun growing (?), goat whose horns have just recently begun to develop joints (?)’

‘deer, wild goat that lives in the forest, its horns are branching into many twigs, its sound is a call/howl’

‘goat feces, goat/deer which has defecated, its feces that have fallen there are called this’

‘wound, jump at one's friend's body and xxx, cut at with a machete or a knife, sometimes a rock or a tree hits a person and injures them’

‘pus (?), small wound that has been there for long, pus (?) that is inside and is already yellow is called this’

‘heavy, strong (water; rain) (?), for instance about rain or a flood’

‘out in the open/in public/publicly known, let a person go between and look at them, (they) say words in front/openly and many people sit around and listen, then say like this: it has been said in front/openly’

‘mat, what we sleep or rest on, (for instance) mats (made from) alasa trees or mats (made from) pineapple’

‘make/weave mats, take alasa (leaves? fibres?) and weave a mat’

‘spread (?) a mat (as) a place to rest and sit and rest on it’

‘mat that is spread (?) and (we) xxx on it is called this’

‘(if) we want to sleep and cover ourselves with a mat and then are deep asleep (but) then our friend reprimands us saying this’

‘use alasa fibres (?) to weave xxx and then see if it is already a mat then the rest (?) of the leaves are harvested all over the place’

‘but, put before (?) a word’

‘tie, tie a person or an animal up with string/rope, tie together firewood’

‘rotten, meat or breadfruit which has gone bad, putrid and stinks is called this’

‘rotten (wood), dead wood/tree which is rotten, xxx’

‘sulk (?), person who is angry about something and is just silent, not saying anything’

‘snare for deer (?), make a sling/snare out of a rope and set it up in the forest for deer so they get caught in it’

‘stingy, miserly, egotistic, thinking only about oneself, not xxx’

‘miser, stingy person, person who is very stingy is called this’

‘type of round dance, sing, if standing there spread out (we) put each other's arms over each other's shoulders and dance, some boi dances are running, others just going/walking’

‘small basket used to hold e.g. betelnut, areca or tobacco, weave alasa or lontar (leaves), making eyes and a backside so they xxx each other, then the name of the one which doesn't have eyes is maluboka, (people) put in betelnut’

‘old (referring to humans), old men or old women who are old are called this’

‘spindle whorl, spindle whorl is xxx under the yarn stick, then the cotton is put in the basket and is spun on it’

‘bump, swelling, for instance if something hits a person's forehead, swollen thing that stands out (?) and is swallen is called this’

‘wet, drenched, xxx, completely wet, for instance if rain falls on us or if we fall in some water we are completely wet’

‘wet, trenched, see the previous entry’

‘young featherless chick, young chick which is bald (?) and doesn't have feathers yet is called this’

‘ball, ball to kick, pass (?) that is round’

‘carry something heavy tied to a stick (?), xxx something heavy to a rope then xxx it on top of a tree/stick, and then xxx the thing on the stick’

‘look/stare at somebody, fix one's gaze on somebody (??), look each other in the eye (?) is called this’

‘hide (oneself), (if) one is scared of something, hide (?) under or hide in a xxx is called this’

‘hide (something from someone), if someone dropped something nice and is looking for it and (we) move it so it is hidden is called this’

‘play hide-and-seek, children playing so that they hide and search for each other is called this’

‘grass used to extract beans/peas from the pod (?), name of a plant, grass whose leaves are used to clean beans when the beans have no seeds (?)’

‘grass used to treat itchy skin (aloe?), grass whose leaves are used to rub against an itchy skin condition (psoriasis?) so it gets better’

‘disease affecting young chicks, sick chick, young chick which is struck by this disease is called xxx’

‘round, oval (?), smooth roundish bodies like eggs, coconuts, roundish stones/rocks’

‘tap an alasa tree to make palm wine (?), alasa wine, wine xxx, cut an alasa and make wine, cutting is called this’

‘round, oval (?), see the previous entry’

‘round, fat (?), said about a fat animal or person, their body is round’

‘not quite dried (?), still not yet entirely dry, so it is said about cassava or sweet potatoes which are xxx and laid out to dry in the sun but they are not entirely dry yet’

‘father, said about a man who already has a wife and a child’

‘stretch the earlobe (?), lock, pierce the earlobe (?) so that the earlobe will be wide’

‘wrap up a tree (?), wrapped up (?) tree, for instance a wrapped up areca palm, giant bamboo, common bamboo, xxx, xxx are called this’

‘piece of fabric given to the wife-giver clan in case of marital problems (?), word used when wife-givers and wife-takers visit each other, for instance when a young woman is released to go live at the man's house, but the man's parents don't look xxx so the woman (?) goes back to stay with her parents, and then her child is born, so his/her uncles come and take it/her (back), so when coming they have to pull a bopika or a traditional fabric sarong before she goes with them (?)’

‘wind string around a stick, wind string (yarn?) around a stick, ball it up around a stick’

‘weave letters into something, weave letters (designs?) into baskets, bags or rattan chairs’

‘water pot (?), container which is xxx that is used to fetch water’

‘foam, froth (saliva), white saliva which comes out of a person's mouth is (called) this’

‘foam, froth (water), spring after heavy rain is called this’

‘old clothes/fabrics (?), clothes that already old, xxx, for instance xxx, women's and men's tais (traditional fabrics)’

‘almost ripe (?), said about plants, for instance a xxx breadfruit, xxx mango, xxx coconut, xxx pumpkin (?)’

‘beginning to show, grow (breasts) (?), said about a person, for instance teenage girls/young women who are already big and whose breasts are just recently growing (?), or also about animals, for instance buffaloes, horses, dogs, goats, bigs whose breasts /udders/nipples are xxx’

‘insect, maize/bean pest, insects which bore into dry maize or dry beans to go inside and xxx, when they have eaten all xxx the skin’

‘insect, plant pest, name of an insect, place insect which bores into trees/plants’

‘hate (?), xxx’

‘bulge, swell (?), bulge out, xxx’

‘swear word, this word refers to a curse or insult’

‘hill, ground which stands up, is high is called this’

‘head, said about a person or an animal’

‘warding/protecting marker (to protect crops?), for instance when planting rice or xxx rice, make a warding sign’

‘tobacco pouch/container, put tobacco inside’

‘bag for rice, bag into (?) which rice is poured’

‘trade, sell, market (?), take something to sell, place for it is called this’

‘edible plant (?), ground xxx, xxx we pull it out to eat’

‘type of grass consumed with areca (?), name of a grass, this grass is usually eaten with areca and mixed with lime’

‘type of grass used in cooking, grass which is similar to the one described above, but its leaves are cooked with meat and eaten’

‘type of raptor, name of a flying bird, raptor which takes chickens (?)’

‘crocodile, name of an animal, this animal lives in the sea or in the water (?)’

‘grandfather/grandmother (term of address), for instance when running level and meeting one's grandparent, xxx meeting one's grandparent, (we say?), sit down, grandfather/-mother, come, go, eat, drink, (we) ask for our grandfather or grandmother or call them’

‘grandparent, our parents' fathers’

‘skin condition characterised by an itch, white stuff that passes over a person's face and body and is very itchy’

‘small drum, (a thing) that (we) carry when going to the sikir dance and beat’

‘bed, tree that is fallen and made level (?) and we lie down (?) on it’

‘king's spoon and plate, spoon and plate with which a king eats are called this’

‘lord's house, house where a lord/respected person lives’

‘bad/cruel/fierce king, king who is very fierce and keeps beating his subjects’

‘kind of wild tuber (?), wild sweet potato which is xxx eaten’

‘work for the king (?), about work, king says to beat the earth (?), then working along is called this (?)’

‘meet the king (?), subjects going to the house of the king to meet (?)’

‘acquatic animal (insect), name of an animal that lives inside a river’

‘tie up one's hair (?), use a leaf of the lontar palm or the alasa, xxx it and use it to tie (?) one's hair’

‘lacerated, wounded?, beat children so that their skin really breaks / tears’

‘chase a horse (?), xxx a horse’

‘have an erection (used for animals) (?), said when a male buffalo's, horse's, pig's, or dog's penis comes out and is erect (?)’

‘have an erection (used for humans) (?), said about a man’

‘coral, sharp branching stones that are in the sea, some are near the shore’

‘abandoned field, site of a field/garden that has been abandoned and small trees are growing in it again’

‘clearing (an old field site?), xxx still live inside an abandoned field’

‘young plants growing in an abandoned field, small trees/plants which are standing in an abandoned field’

‘die young, soon (?), not live long, said about animals, people and plants’

‘reused field, field that has been abandoned and is used again, abandoned field which has been left (?) for a year or two and then is cultivated again’

‘cyclone, bad wind, xxx, wind that blows very fast and demolishes the land (?)’

‘acquatic animal, name of an animal that lives in water’

‘rice which is stored in a bag (?), rice that is dumped in a big bag that is standing there is called this’

‘basket for storing rice (?), basked into which rice is thrown and is placed by a big bag for rice’

‘big bag for storing rice, big bag for rice is called this’

‘eucalyptus, gum tree, name of a tree, its stem is white, its leaves are grey’

‘plant that grows close to a eucalyptus, xxx which lives close to a gum tree is called this’

‘mango tree which flowers but does not bear fruit (?), said about a mango which is flowering and about to have fruit, but then its leaves are young again and it is not flowering (?)’

‘pot for cooking darun grass, big pot/container which is used to cook darun grass in’

‘type of grass used to dye cotton (?), name of a cultivated grass which is used to cook cotton (?)’

‘scratch with a thorn (?), (if) someone's toes itch, we tie them together with a thin string and then use the thorn of a pomela which has fallen down’

‘hitching post (?), cut down a tree, (if) it has branches (we) drive it in the ground and tie horses and buffaloes to it’

‘hate (?)’

‘needle, (the thing) which is used to sew clothes’

‘right way, proper (?), for instance when intending to do/make something, say to each other to do it like that, do it xxx, do it right’

‘suspect (?), suspect / gossip about something (?)’

‘ruminate (?), buffalo which at noon goes to lie in the shade and vibrates’

‘carry on, pass down a name (?), when a person has grown tall, they xxx their grandfathers' and their father's name and carry it’

‘create, creation (?), (things) that God has put on the surface of the earth, this is called creating’

‘plough, turn over earth, said when ploughing, turning over earth’

‘mourning song, song which is sung if an elder has died’

‘squeeze out / extract pus, if a wound is already yellow (infected?), squeeze it out’

‘naughty (?), naughty, (if) a person xxx, they say like this: a xxx young woman xxx runs after her friend and pours water on her (?)’

‘tap one's feet (?), sit dangling one's feet (?)’

‘watch out (?), (if) we pass by something carelessly, (we) move it and call to our friends saying this’

‘rainy season (?), season in which rain falls xxx is called this’

‘squeeze out utahasa (a kind of edible leaf), said about squeezing utahasa leaves’

‘sit (SG form), person who has gone somewhere to sit together and chat’

‘teach (discipline?), one's father who is teaching his children is called this’

‘clay, white or red clay which is used to knead pots out of’

‘red clay, sticky red soil is called this’

‘white clay, sticky white soil which is used to plaster a house (?)’

‘nearby, said about (something) xxx on the ground which is not far’

‘short, low, low/short tree, short person’

‘stick around which yarn is spun, cotton fibres are put in the spinning basket, then are spun onto it’

‘frog, name of an animal that lives in the water, at night their vocalisations are "kete-kete"’

‘abandoned site, plot of land (?), abandoned, cold land (?) that people do not make a sound in, whole clan has left it and it is cold (?), is called this’

‘kind of tree with fragrant flowers, name of a tree, its stem is thorny, and when it blooms its flowers are very fragrant and doves throw them all around (?)’

‘kind of mango tree, name of a mango tree (?), king mango (?), but its fruit are small’

‘container in which rice is stored, rice is stored in it’

‘brush, clean (teeth), person who brushes their teeth is called this’

‘hold/carry under one's armpit (?), carry (?) a bag or a machete under one's armpit’

‘spill, throw out (?), xxx, throw out with a plate (?)’

‘spill (?), spill palm wine or water here and there, all over the place’

‘establish a village (?), roof (?), clan which settles somewhere is said to make a village (?)’

‘drain a cyst (?) using a heated wire, use a sharp piece of wire and put it in the fire, after it is red xxx a thing that is swollen so that the yellow stuff of the swelling comes out’

‘maritime animal, sea xxx, name of an animal that lives in the sea’

‘breast, breastfeed (?), said about people and animals’

‘tree/plant species, name of a tree, its fruit are like xxx, but they are small’

‘light on fire, burn, light a fire, light firewood (?), usually the xxx and the forest are lit on fire, this is also to burn’

‘tree/plant species, name of a tree/plant, this plant is usually planted along a fence’

‘tree/plant species, name of a plant, its stem is like a vine and xxx, its ripe fruit are yellow’

‘bang, lound noise, bang (?), sound of a gunshot is called this’

‘play cards, betting money while playing cards is called this’

‘teach, educate, teaching children so they know is called this’

‘two (in playing cards), playing card which has two eyes’

‘feel dizzy, drunk, when drinking some kind of alcohol and having drunk the rest (?), one feels dizzy as if (?) eating bitter (poisonous?) beans and feeling dizzy’

‘tie a pig or a dog, constantly tie it, killing it, xxx’

‘eat alone (?), eat something alone (?)’

‘xxx some disease which, when a person is affected, make them very dizzy / faint’

‘let go of a pig, only one fire so it is dead is called this (?)’

‘if children are naughty, watch them so they don't xxx’

‘(you are) about to be drunk/dizzy, (if someone) drinks some kind of alcohol and their face is all red, their friends will reprimand them’

‘said about a house which is xxx’

‘very poor (?), badly lacking, really not have anything, not xxx a thing, unable to bring (?) something, really not good, not xxx’

‘dirt (?), dirt which is on a person's body and (when) xxx it falls off is called this’

‘make a bamboo water container (?), use bamboo to make a water container, so to knock through the joint so that water can be carried in it’

‘drinks container made from giant bamboo, (the thing) that's by the joint of a giant bamboo water container and is drilled through there and water or alcohol is poured through’

‘exclamation of surprise, (if someone) suddenly says something new and we're startled, we say this’

‘stay here (?), in order to restrain/keep one's friend at home, we say this to them’

‘here, said about a person, animal or a plant, for instance asking one's friend they would say this’

‘prick/prod here, use a spear, xxx, xxx or a bamboo that is wrapped (?) to prick or prod something, one's friend shows a place to prick or prod something’

‘break here, show a plate or a pot that is broken to a friend and say this’

‘pass here, tell one's friend that the pass by that place’

‘go passing here, pass by here xxx’

‘come passing through here (?), tell one's friend so that they pass through a place’

‘stick (something) here, stick a piece of paper at the wall is called this’

‘come walking/stepping here, come passing by there, xxx’

‘name after (?), naming small children, one's friend (asks) who are they named after, answering that friend (we) say this (?)’

‘lift/take here (?), xxx something, so that one's friend receives it’

‘xxx here, for instance if xxx something, one's friend asks where do we xxx, we say this’

‘bury here, show a place where a dead person will be buried’

‘fall here, thing that is left behind or thrown there’

‘knock here (?), tell one's friend to take a spear, straight piece of wood, piece of bamboo or xxx to xxx one's friend’

‘quiet here (?), show a lot of people to be quiet there so their friends know (?)’

‘break down here (towards us), chop down a tree, then xxx its xxx leaves towards a place is called this’

‘create here (?), things that God created on the surface of the earth’

‘plough here, intend to plough and show the place where to plough’

‘sit here (?), many people who are silent here are called like this’

‘sleep here, said about a place in which to sleep’

‘pour out/spill, said if for instance pouring maize or rice out of a basket’

‘feed here (?), see what is written above’

‘xxx, see what is written above’

‘teach here (?), refers to a place where children are xxx’

‘spit here, place in which (somebody) spits’

‘2SG, you, (of) two people, second one, for instance I, he, they’

‘knock a fruit off a tree with a stick, use a straight piece of bamboo to get down breadfruit/jackfruit (?)’

‘spill/pour out here, spill or pour out something there’

‘refuse here (?), order a person to go, but (they) don't want to and don't get up’

‘calloused (?), drop (?) one's feet, we who usually step/walk there, our feet are calloused (??)’

‘hide here (?), hide something in the place where it belongs, store it there’

‘live here, place where one lives is called this’

‘wares, goods for sale (?), put things together to sell (?)’

‘wave, water which xxx is called this’

‘type of vine, name of a plant or vine, xxx its length is like that of a young rattan vine’

‘mud (?), wet soil that is sticky (?), it is usually in xxx, when it has been raining it gets xxx’

‘come here, tell one's friend that they come to one's house (?)’

‘know here (?), show the place in which to know’

‘stick on, put up here (on a wall?), stick a piece of paper somewhere is called this’

‘sit here, tell one's friend that they sit in the place which is shown to them’

‘put here, put a thing which has been left behind’

‘see, really see something with one's eyes is called this’

‘stand here, show the place in which to stand, but it is said only about one human, animal or plant’

‘stand here, show the place in which to stand, used when it is many people or many animals or things which are there together’

‘going, on the move (?), said about a person or an animal who does not stand around but keeps walking far’

‘eat here, said about a place for eating’

‘sit here (?), show a place in order to sit down at’

‘stay here (?), tell one's friend to stay there, don't go’

‘tie up here, show the place to which horses or buffalo are tied’

‘look here, tell one's friend to look’

‘finished, said when building a house or weaving fabric is finished’

‘meet here, said when a person comes and (we) meet there’

‘this (this is it), said when showing a thing to one's friend’

‘like this, pronounce a word for one's friend (?)’

‘like this, show one's friend how to do a thing’

‘this no, not this, not that, show another think, and one's friend uses this word to say that (?)’

‘woman close to giving birth (?), pregnant women whose time is near, xxx close to giving birth (?)’

‘search here, show something to one's friend so that they look for it at that place’

‘collect, come together here, money and traditional necklaces which are collected in a bag’

‘stretcher for a dead body (?), tie straight pieces of bamboo to put a dead person on top’

‘sharp (?), like a knife but its blade (?) is very sharp’

‘leaves used to make roofs (?), cut xxx to thatch houses are called this’

‘in-law (same generation as ego), cousin's or sister's (?) wife or husband is called this’

‘pig trough made from bamboo, dig a giant bamboo xxx, used to feed pigs in’

‘half of a length of bamboo (split lengthwise), single half of a bamboo that has been split’

‘cat, name of an animal, there are house cats and forest cats, vocalisation of this animal is meo-meo'o’

‘kind of grass, name of a grass, if its seeds come into contact with our skin they stick to us’

‘boast (?), person who is very xxx and constantly praises oneself (?) is called this’

‘teach, teach children who don't know, so that they will know’

‘young female animal who has not had young yet, young adult animal who is not yet of reproductive age, who has not yet been pregnant’

‘adolescent girl, teenager, young girls who are just growing up, their breasts are just beginning to swell (?)’

‘tasty, nice, sweet, food that we eat that is tasty’

‘similar, resemble one another, not different-looking’

‘boat, ship, boat that people are inside to run along the sea’

‘plant species, name of a plant’

‘angry with, insult (?), angry with one's friend is called this’

‘waste, rubbish (?), leaves and rotten foliage that have fallen down’

‘bigamist (?), man who has two wives’

‘sneeze’

‘husk, skin, said about the skin/husk of maize, rice or beans’

‘sit on the naked ground (?), just sit xxx on a ground (?)’

‘lie/sleep on the naked ground (?), sleep xxx to not spread (?) a mat (?) to sleep on’

‘kind of vine, name of a vine, its leaves are red, it's stem (?) is also read and it has thorns’

‘bamboo spear (?), side of a giant bamboo xxx, then a rope is tied to it xxx so a little spear is thrown (?)’

‘sew’

‘curse (?), words that are used to kill one's friend following one's will (?)’

‘beautiful, nice, said about a beautiful person or something that was made that is beautiful’

‘turtle, name of an animal that lives in the sea’

‘try (?), tell one's friend to try to xxx’

‘grass, plants that stand there together and live there together’

‘tight (clothing?), wear clothing which is restricting (?)’

‘swelling, bump (?), beat some children who swell up’

‘we (1PL:INCL), Grandfather, father, mother, older sibling, younger sibling, child’

‘our body, person's body is called this’

‘we people (1PL:INCL), our friends, not anyone else’

‘obedient, polite, listen to someone's words, for instance a child has to listend to their parents' words and follow them’

‘kind of dove, name of a flying bird, similar to a dove, its vocalisation is ku'm-ku'm’

‘kind of bean (?), some beans (?) are wild, some domesticated, domesticated ones are called fragrant beans, wild ones are called bitter beans’

‘plant species, name of a plant’

‘steal (?), cheating (?) a person by just taking their things’

‘populace, subjects, younger sibling, child, mother and father who live together and there is one person who is the head (?) who rules is called this’

‘taboo, prohibited by a sacred landmark (?), for instance a sacred mountain or an old grave (?) stands in the way of something so it cannot be done (?)’

‘peel, take of the skin (of a fruit), take a knife and pass it on the skin of a fruit is called foso’

‘flower, plant which has flowers is called this’

‘fart, sound which passes through the anus which is xxx is called this’

‘bury near, bury a dead person near their grandfathers and fathers’

‘put something near someone, put rice on a plate and put it near/in front of a young child’

‘bird species, name of a flying bird, its vocalisation is kaku'a’

‘together, put something together is called this, or people and animals walking together are called this’

‘watch, look at (?), if going towards some place (?), look along this’

‘kind of insect, small insects which usually xxx towards our lips and our eyes at noon and (we) throw them down (?)’

‘lift/carry together (?), lift something near/with (?) one's friend’

‘bird species, name of a flying bird, this bird's neck xxx is white’

‘ant, termite (?), small insect which makes holes in the ground or in wood, which lives inside hills’

‘exclamation of surprise or shock (?), xxx, startled at something, for instance like ha'a’

‘place, place where we sit or sleep is called this’

‘dry, said about clothes which have been left in the sun and are dry’

‘dry, sheltered, shaded, said about the dryness of a house’

‘lung (?), person's or animal's lungs which is inside and at which we breathe (?)’

‘cotton’

‘broom (?)’

‘lie (?), saying something that is not true’

‘saying, have said, when saying something to someone (?)’

‘have run (away), running, if a person has run far away this is said’

‘finished, gone, it is gone, if something is gone/finished we say this’

‘baking/roasting, have baked/roasted, xxx on the fire’

‘have gone/left, going, if a person has left their place this is said’

‘have come, coming, look towards a person who is coming near us (?)’

‘take, have taken, receive’

‘(it) has been a long time, not fast anymore’

‘finished, gone, no longer be there’

‘search, look for (?), looking for something which has gone up (?) xxxx’

‘doing/making, have done/made something, take, taking something and have done it’

‘feud (?), people who cut/kill each other, who take guns and shoot each other are called this’

‘enemy, other people who don't like each other’

‘kind of grass, name of a grass’