OUTOFPAPUA database: Lexicons of the West Papuan language area

‘(interjection; exclamation of surprise or shock), surprised, startled, for instance when something makes it come out of our mouth’

‘a picky eater (?), really want to eat xxx, for instance having been ill and then getting better, some people's mouths only want to have meat’

‘mouth, used for the lips or the mouth of a person or an animal’

‘have bad breath (?), not xxx one's mouth, inside one's mouth is smelly’

‘randomly put something hot, bitter or poisonous in one's mouth and eat it’

‘alive, live, said about a person who has almost broken their neck and their friends ask each other, they say this’

‘capable of speaking, knowledgeable about rituals (?), able to talk, able to forbid, able to call out, able to produce sounds’

‘eloquent, smooth talker (?), good at speaking’

‘blunt blade, not sharp, said about a machete or small knife’

‘polite (?), when asking for something, not ask fully, not say it completely’

‘adopt an orphan (?), for instance if there is an orphaned child, xxxwe call them and adopt them’

‘keep secret (?), not disclose it when one's friends ask something’

‘jokester, teaser, person who is a jokester and teases anybody’

‘container (basket; bag) with a short (narrow?) opening., bag or basket with a short mouth’

‘machete/knife with a short blade, about a machete or a small knife with a short body (blade?)’

‘kind of snare/trap with four loops (?), said about a snare which has four places (loops?)’

‘pig whose mouth is xxx is called this, but sometimes also a person eats something like a pig their mouth is like xxx, so their friends will reprimand them like this’

‘open one's mouth, open one's mouth in order to put something in’

‘to (verbally) harass people (?), shout (?) after random people’

‘food taboo (?), xxx to not eat’

‘if someone constantly xxx, their friends reprimand them, saying: your mouth has no dirt, why do you keep speaking’

‘xxx which is planted in the field’

‘xxx one's friends, red and sitting together are very sick’

‘a very good speaker, people speak with him, then he suddenly calls out (?)’

‘well-spoken (?), speaking only good and nice word, but sometimes when someone says bad things only, their friends will say this to them’

‘have a fuzzy mouth (?), for instance if someone constantly chews betelnut only, their mouth will be rough or raw (?)’

‘xxx beating some children, something with areca??’

‘noisy (as in children) (?), constantly make noise and call out, for instance if children are naughty and xxx’

‘medicinal plant that is used for young babies (?), after children are born, medicinal plant is put in water and (they) are washed with it, and after a month is over (?), something with the mouth and then they are given food to eat’

‘forbidden from eating (as in observing a taboo?), forbid so that one isn't allowed to eat it’

‘maize cob that is almost ripe (?), maize that is ripening but is not yet xxx’

‘blunt, not sharp, said about a machete or small knife’

‘when asking something, not ask totally, not say it totally, not break in one's mouth (??)’

‘talk at the same time, talk over one another, interrupt (?), for instance if some siblings talk and they don't talk separately but only talk together’

‘body ??’

‘place a taboo on a subject, forbid or place a taboo, establish a boundary, so that something is not talked about’

‘severly disabled person (?), cannot do (things), cannot speak’

‘able to talk loudly (?), have a strong voice, have a strong mouth’

‘?, not search,’

‘idle, lazy (?), person is there not doing anything but just leaning there’

‘voice, larynx (?), we breathe against it and sing, and if we breathe inside we are strong and alive’

‘saliva, liquid with bubbles and when it comes out of the mouth then you spit’

‘vomit??, for instance if xxx the dregs of the betelnut? where one is sick? spit against it?’

‘snare with multiple loops (?), set a snare with a given number of loops’

‘talk over each other (?), many people being there and talking’

‘hungry for, crave (?), for instance to crave (?) breastmilk, food, water’

‘bad relation between clans (?), when the wife-givers and wife-takers step on each other with their feet’

‘feel hot, parched (?), feel very hot (?)’

‘open one's mouth, with open mouth, open one's mouth to yawn, or to eat something’

‘saying something and following their mouth well, then for instance someone asks but they lift ???’

‘food (?), said about food’

‘inanimate entity (trees; rocks et c), said about plants, rocks etc.’

‘have halitosis, bad breath (?), in children's mouths xxx’

‘speak softly, have a soft voice, if (we?) are far away and don't hear properly’

‘sit and sing (?) and speak, but not think about xxx, so their friends scold (?) them and say why are you xxx’

‘animal with a big mouth, animal which has a big wide mouth is called this’

‘oral cavitiy, place through which food passes, we eat it and then we chew and swallow’

‘have a changing taste, come to like some food (?), xxx if someone doesn't eat something but then starts to eat it again’

‘able to object (?), able to call out against, able to forbid, able to speak against (?)’

‘speak angrily, sharply, speak fiercely or angrily, with a hard voice’

‘have halitosis, bad breath (?), xxx inside a child's mouth, bad (?) smell inside a child's mouth’

‘gargle with water, put water in one's mouth and gargle’

‘sing playfully (?), sing and play with one's mouth, xxx’

‘food (?), word for what is inside one's mouth, food that is inside one's mouth’

‘have teeth (?)’

‘foul-mouthed (?), randomly swear (at people?) but is not totally angry but his words are always like this, his mouth is always delicate (??)’

‘for instance if a child takes something but xxx, so we don't know if they want it or not’

‘trembling lips/voice (?), saying something with trembling lips’

‘cry a lot, cry constantly, so people will scold (?) them and say why do you constantly have your mouth open’

‘open one's mouth, about to eat, open one's mouth to spoon food into it’

‘consume chewing tobacco (?), squeeze tobacco and put it under one's lip’

‘heckle, harass (?), call out to, harass random people walking by (?)’

‘quick to talk or complain (?), know how to scold, call at, talk’

‘polite (?), when asking something, not say it fully’

‘stuff one's mouth so that one's cheeks are bulging, put rice into one's mouth so that it is bulging (?)’

‘ruminate (?), buffalo that is resting (?) constantly...’

‘a picky eater (?), having a hateful inside and not eating just anything’

‘noise of many people speaking (?), many (people) speak and (we) don't hear all of it’

‘a fast speaker (?), someone's mouth is fast when saying something or when calling out to people’

‘leftover food (?), xxx rice which is not eaten (?)’

‘mango, name of a tree/plant’

‘young mango fruit (literally goat's bottom mango), mango fruits which are still very small, about as big as a goat's bottom/buttocks’

‘mango fruit at a certain stadium of ripeness, xxx small goat's bottom mangoes which have grown big xxx’

‘mango skin / peel, mango which has been peeled with a knife, its skin is called this’

‘mango flower, before the mango tree has fruit, first it has flowers and after that will have fruit’

‘ripe mango, mango which is just ripe and very sweet is called this’

‘orphan, (someone) whose mother and father have both died is called this’

‘sour, if a fruit is not yet ripe it is still sour’

‘skin condition (psoriasis?), psoriasis, which covers a person's body and is very itchy so we scratch’

‘window, that which is open in the wall of a house to look through’

‘type of grass (?), xxx grass which grows around a spring (?)’

‘sit around (aimlessly) (for plural subject), sitting there for no reason, if it is many people’

‘apply a herbal mix to an infected wound (?), mix medicine so that a person whose wound is infected xxx’

‘seal something that is leaking (?), for instance if a pan is leaking (?) we seal (?) it and then use it to cook in’

‘walk/stand around aimlessly, just stand around but not go for anything’

‘wild vine, wild vine the seeds of which are similar to that of the kalan, and the seeds can make one itch’

‘meek, quiet, shy, calm (?), know a little but not speak out in public’

‘spotted, colourful (?), like a xxx (ada tui), dog's, cat's, or cuscus' skin is spotted (?)’

‘snake species, like a ratsnake (Coelognathus subradiatus?), but it is small and its skin is similar to a xxx (adatui)’

‘calm (a person or animal), when they are about to be scared, children go to stand on (?) their fathers/uncles’

‘click/cluck one's tongue (?), remembering back, for instance when one was small and had no money, so one clucks one's tongue’

‘curse, frustrated (?), for instance when one is aiming for something but does not reach it, when one thinks about it one is disappointed/laments (?), but one already missed it so one is disappointed (?)’

‘work song, adi songs are sung when pulling the xxx, pulling the xxx’

‘plantation, orchard, planted areca or coconut palms that live together are called areca plantations or coconut plantations’

‘sad, disappointed (?), for instance if an orphan is walking alone and is xxx (sad?) thinking about their situation’

‘spring in an orchard/plantation, spring located inside an orchard, so we fetch water and drink’

‘rain, when it is hot and the sky xxx falls down xxx and the water that is inside falls down’

‘wind blows xxx’

‘rain, water which is up in the sky falls to the ground and makes the ground wet’

‘expectorate, clear one's throat (?), have a scratchy throat and to clear one's throat so that the phlegm (?) comes out’

‘cotton, cultivated plant out of the seeds of which (we) make yarn’

‘month in which it doesn't rain (?)’

‘token/totem/taboo to stop rain (?), tie a xxx so that it doesn't keep raining’

‘wild cotton seed (?), seed of a wild (not domesticated) plant, similar to domesticated cotton but it doesn't have branches (?)’

‘raincoat? shelter from the rain?, if it keeps raining, we tie it xxx so it won't rain anymore’

‘cotton leaf, leaf of the plant out of the seeds of which (we) make yarn’

‘rainless, hot (?), when it doesn't rain so it is hot’

‘for instance if it doesn't rain anymore we put a xxx on a tree and then make an xxx so that xxx sacred so that it cries (??)’

‘rain heavily, torrentially, work in the field, plant corn on a hot day’

‘when rain falls on the ground, cut the bamboo for it, xxx the bamboo for it xxx plant the maize’

‘-, try to move or bend a heavy rock or a heavy piece of wood in order to xxx’

‘drizzle, rain lightly, rain falls but not fast’

‘wild, untamed, not domesticated, said about a bird, pig, horse, buffalo or goat which is wild, for instance an animal that lives in the forest is wild’

‘plant species, plant that when it has seeds, its seeds xxx’

‘not volunteer, contribute (?), not go to the front, when doing some work in the village/clan there, one is not joining in’

‘leaves (rotten; fallen), leaves of a plant are called this’

‘dry leaves, leaves of a plant that are ripe (?), have fallen to the ground and are dry are called this’

‘young leaves, shoots, leaves of a plant that have just come out are called this’

‘earlier, recently (on the same day) (?), in the past but within the day, for instance earlier at night, earlier in the evening (?)’

‘slightly sloping (land), type of land that is sloping upwards a bit or leaning up (?)’

‘fish, animal that lives in the water or in the sea’

‘bake fish in a wooden shell (?), take a fish and put it into an xxx of the aalasa tree, then put it on top of the hot part of the fire until it's cooked, then eat it’

‘bake/roast a fish, clear the branches off a stick (?) and skewer a fish on it, then put (?) it on the hot fire’

‘dried fish, for instance if fish has been caught, we come and xxx and put it in the sun for it to dry’

‘fishbones (?), they follow a fish's back, are similar to thorns and very sharp’

‘small fish, small fish are called this’

‘big fish, fish which is (unexpectedly?) big is called this’

‘fish (with a net), throw down on many fish and then pull them all out’

‘fish, angle, hunt meat by taking a hook and throwing it in the sea, fish swallows it and it is stuck in its throat’

‘eight (numeral), carry, when counting, e.g. one, two, eighth, or to carry, so to carry children on one's hip’

‘round (?), said about a ball or a fruit which is round (?)’

‘pregnant (?), said about an animal’

‘pregnant, said about a person’

‘impregnate, male gets a female pregnant’

‘healthy, in good physical shape, inside one's body is not sick’

‘whole (?), not cut/chopped up yet’

‘chorus/refrain/words of a song (?), song's chorus/refrain that people dance to’

‘lament (?), lament (?) for instance when someone has died we call out (?)’

‘year, count the months and the days, if it's 12 months then it is a year’

‘put here, show the place of plates, xxx, candles (?), so they can be put or thrown there’

‘door, house's door is opened to walk through’

‘tamarind, name of a tree, its fruit is small, and if it is picked with a stick and then eaten it is sour, but if it is cooked with meat it is nice’

‘babble, talk pointlessly (?), say something, (but) not say in one's mouth (?), then their friends say this to them’

‘run around (?), (if) a person or animal is afraid of something and just runs around we say this’

‘come here, show (?) that (someone) comes, show the place’

‘sit here, say to someone that they sit in a place which is shown to them’

‘be/put here, here on the ground, show the place to put something on’

‘stand here, we say this when showing a place to a friend to stand in’

‘die here (?), show a place, for instance an animal or a person died in this place we say this to our friend’

‘go without a purpose (?), go somewhere for no reason’

‘smoke/cure here, show a place where meat, coconuts or Pacific rosewood leaves (?) are smoked’

‘meet here (?), for instance if an animal or a person meets/runs into us on the road we say this’

‘go/come out here (from below), some animal which is in a stable and comes out or is in its shelter and comes out’

‘together, spend time together here (?), if saying to a person, showing a place where many people are together’

‘search here, search for a thing which is (one has lost sight of?), then if one sees it one is about to take it’

‘jump here, person or an animal who goes up and then comes to the ground, who jumps to/on the grond here, when (someone) shows them the place’

‘release here (?), show a place so that children, horses, buffaloes, chicken are released’

‘crawl around here, small children who recently crawl around (?) here are called this’

‘meet each other here, show a place were to meet each other’

‘recently, little while ago (recent past), if a friend is there first and asks a friend something, then their friend will say this: (they) passed by just just a little while ago’

‘defecate here, show the place where a wild pig or a wild boar defecated’

‘snake species, big snake with a short tail, it runs near where we pound cereal, and when it is afraid it stands up on its tail/raises its tail up (?)’

‘afraid, scared, does not dare’

‘sigh, gasp, breathe loudly (?), exhale (?) with audible voice’

‘vomit, throw up, vomit up again, eat something and then throw it up again (?)’

‘to (always?) be afraid, does not dare, is not able’

‘lontar palm (Borassus flabellifer), name of a tree, this tree's stem is straight and tall, its stem is like a coconut tree's stem’

‘lontar leaf, akadiru leaves which are standing against xxx are called this’

‘lontar stem (with no leaves; presumably dead), lontar palm's stem that is still standing there is called this’

‘lontar fruit, fruit of the lontar palm is called this’

‘avoid doing something, try to get out of doing something?, not want to, when ordered to do something, as if one was a fraid of it’

‘wild vine, wild vine (?) that grows on a tree, its flowers (?) are edible and its tendrils (?) are used to weave a fence’

‘akal vine leaves, leaves of the akal vine are called this’

‘nest/burrow of the aka snake, hole of the aka snake, in which aka snakes sleep’

‘small-ish, on the small side (??), not really big’

‘grass species, type of grass which lives around the water’

‘steal, xxx, then take it’

‘thief, person who takes things without asking’

‘thief, robber, person who is a fierce thief?’

‘ear condition associated with itching in the ear canal (and earwax or other discharge?), (when) it is very itchy in the ear canal’

‘pestle, take a straight piece of wood and make it very smooth and pound rice or maize with it, this is its name’

‘sleep very deeply (?)’

‘forest, big trees which stand close to each other (?) are called this’

‘old-growth forest (?), big trees which are standing close to each other, making wide pieces of land difficult to get through (?)’

‘cut up the branches of felled trees, big trees which have been cut down, cut their branches into short bits’

‘burn dry trees and other vegetation which has previously been cut, forest which has been totally cleared / cut down, if it is dry (we) burn it’

‘make/prepare a garden/field (?), xxx and make a garden/field in order to plant maize, beans, pumpkins, cassava’

‘burn any wood which has not been consumed by the previous burning, pieces of wood that aren't totally burnt, (we) gather them and throw them (in a pile?) and burn them up’

‘wild, go around still go (??), it lives only in the grass’

‘cut undergrowth (?), cut (?) young trees that are underneath big trees’

‘cut/fell (old trees in the forest), cut down big trees which are already xxx’

‘spring in a forest, spring which emerges in a forest is called this’

‘plant species, name of a plant/tree’

‘far away’

‘go far away (?), if someone is sitting under something (?), we tell them so they run far away’

‘put (something) far away’

‘put something somewhat far away, about to put a thing far away is called this’

‘order somewhat closer (?), for instance if someone has gone far away and then they order their friend, it's called this’

‘released/abandoned far away, child or bird which is released far away is called this’

‘skin condition affecting the head, similar to psoriasis on (in?) the head, it is very itchy and in a while xxx’

‘run somewhat closer (?), for instance so that someone stands xxx, we tell them to go stand far away’

‘hard, chewy (?), eating the skin of the meat and it is hard, we say this’

‘go far away (?), not arrive (?)’

‘roll away, so to roll a stone and roll it far away is called this (?)’

‘roll, slide away, for instance being on sloping land a rock rolls and goes far’

‘fall down far away, lost (?), (something) is lost and (we) don't see it, something falls far away and when we look for it, we can't see it’

‘fly (far) away, if a bird or a plane which flies flies away fast it is called this’

‘run (far) away, for instance there is a buffalo and we are afraid of it and run far away, it's called this’

‘phlegm (that is coughed up), discharge that comes out when you are coughing is called this’

‘fast asleep, someone is sleeping and their friend (tries to) wake them up, but they don't wake up, then their friend will say this’

‘get lost in the forest, go into the forest and not find the way to go out is called this’

‘think back, remember, lost in tought (?), person who is there and just remembers’

‘eat apart from others, take food or water and go far away before you eat or drink it’

‘heart, person or animal's heart is called this’

‘hide, hide (oneself) somewhere far away so that people can't see’

‘disease (bubonic plague?), epidemic or disease where people have wounds on the (nape of?) the neck xxx’

‘trees shedding their foliage (?), wild plants' leaves, their leaves are dry and fall off (?)’

‘run away, flee (?), go far away and not come back is called this’

‘run away, flee, animal or a person is scared of something and runs far away is called this’

‘look emaciated (due to a disease?) (?), animal or a person that is afflicted by a disease and is losing a lot of weight, looking emaciated (?)’

‘rich people (?), person whose life is nice, who has horses, buffaloes, money, necklaces and everything’

‘hidden (?), for instance taking a xxx and hiding it, if people look for it and don't see it we say this’

‘fly (far) away, if a bird or a plane which flies far away it is called this’

‘come loose, fall off, carrying some ripe bananas and there is one underneath which comes off and falls off (?)’

‘sleep very deeply (?), many people sleeping/resting together and not waking up when awakened’

‘blown away, carried away (by the wind), if the wind takes something and blows it far away, it is called this’

‘tree species, name of a tree, if the stem is big it is cut for wine to drink, that is called alasa ponu’

‘rain shelter, rain coat made from an alasa leaf (?), cut an alasa branch (?) and cut off the end part and the leftovers, then sew (??) and shelter from the rain (?)’

‘unripe alasa leaf/branch (?), leaf/branch (?) of the alasa tree which has not yet ripened is called this (?)’

‘jump away, if you are scared of something and run away’

‘roll (something) away (?), push something without xxx, push it along’

‘tie up far away, tie e.g. a horse or a bird up so that it is hidden, when we look for it we cannot see it’

‘calm (someone) down, calm a dog, big dog that is vicious’

‘hide (from something scary), hide (oneself) if one is afraid of something is called alasut’

‘go die young (a curse), tell one's friend to run far away and hide, this word is about cursing/swearing’

‘go carrying heavy things, carry somthing that's heavy, but then put something on top of it again is called this (?)’

‘push over, fell (a tree or rock), push over a rock (?) or a tree so that it lies on the ground flat’

‘rice (plant), name of a food that is sown in a rice paddy, and then is planted in a (dry) field’

‘hulled rice, rice that has already been pounded is called eraha only’

‘weed, tear out grass growing in the rice field/paddy, tear out/weed grass which grows all over the rice’

‘rice plants whose leaves are hanging down (??), rice whose leaves are sagging (?), (when) the wind blows through the young rice plants the leaves move’

‘(dry) rice field, garden/field where rice is planted’

‘stem of the rice plant (?) but the small ones / shoots that grow at it are xxx’

‘empty rice husk, rice husk that is empty, that doesn't have a grain in it’

‘unhusked rice, still carrying the skin/husk, not pounded yet’

‘plant rice, xxx then plant them again is called this’

‘clean husked rice (?), xxx rice which has already been pounded in order to clean it, xxx the seeds’

‘winnow rice, put rice that has already been xxx in a flat basket (?) and throw it up so that the empty husks are thrown on top’

‘sow rice, take rice (seeds?) that have been soaked and sow them in a prepared rice paddy’

‘winnow rice, put rice in a basket and take it then throw it all over the place so that the seeds rise (?) and the chaff will go seperately’

‘bird species, flying bird that habitually eats rise’

‘half-ripe rice, rice skin on it that has gone yellow is called this’

‘rice which is already xxx, near xxx’

‘broken rice, hulled rice that has been broken into pieces’

‘pound / thresh rice, put rice in a mortar and use a pestle to pound it and smash it so that the husk (?) goes separately and the grain goes separately’

‘guard the rice (to scare away animals), stay near the rice so that nothing comes to eat it’

‘dry rice in the sun, take the winnowed rice, put it under a mat (??) and let it dry in the sun (?)’

‘spill, pour out rice (?), pour out rice that is in a basket or a bag’

‘garden, field, clear forest, burn land, then grow food to eat’

‘abandoned garden/field plot, abandoned field that has bushes/young trees standing in it is called this’

‘have a field, garden, person who works in the field for oneself, who has a field is called this’

‘young grass/weed in the garden/field, small grass/weed plants that are standing around the garden are called this’

‘breadfruit tree, name of a tree, when the month xxx the fruit is eaten’

‘young/small breadfruit, xxx the fruit of the breadfruit which are still very small are called this (?)’

‘ripe breadfruit, breadfruit which is already yellow’

‘cook breadfruit / cooked breadfruit, xxx, cut the breadfruit into small pieces and cook it in a pot’

‘water in which breadfruit is cooked/boiled, water in which the breadfruit is cooked is called this’

‘bake/roast breadfruit, baked/roasted breadfruit, xxx a breadfruit on top, then light a fire underneath’

‘plant, cultivate (crops in a garden/field), plant maize, beans, cassava, taro, it is called this’

‘fruit of the breadfruit tree (?), fruit of the breadfruit tree, there are seeds inside the fruit (?), when it is ripe (we) cook the inside of the fruit and eat it’

‘small garden/field plot, work in a field xxx, then someone that garden is a little xxx, and moves the border (?)’

‘field which is co-owned my multiple people (?), many people looking after a field together (?)’

‘grow produce (?), have maize, have beans, have things that one has planted, eat all or maybe part of it’

‘not have a field, lack a garden, person who does not work in the field, who does not have a field is called this’

‘hut in a field, house / hut inside a garden is called this’

‘survey/appreciate one's field (?), person is standing around on the perimeter of a field (?) in order to be happy to work in the field’

‘gate, door, door of a house or the gate of a buffalo pen is called this’

‘weed, work in the field, clean, tear out the grass / weed that is standing in the garden’

‘rice that is planted in a dry field (?), name of rice, rice which is planted in a (dry) field’

‘burn weeds (in a field), put the weeds that have been torn out in a heap and burn them’

‘garden / field fence, fence that is running around a field is called this’

‘delimit one's field/garden, build a field wall, take rocks and build a wall/field boundary, if someone comes and weeds there we will be angry (??)’

‘guard a field from pests (monkeys), when the maize is all planted, guard it against monkeys (?)’

‘split a field, make a field boundary (?), there is only one field, then we take a wood / logs to separate them and make two out of them’

‘louse, insects on the head, that bite people's heads, xxx’

‘living lice (?), lice which run around on the head are called this’

‘(single; individual) louse, single louse is called this’

‘nit, louse egg, lice eggs that sit against the hair and are white’

‘bear fruit, said about a coconut’

‘oil, fat (?), xxx of cassava, sweet potato or coconut is called this’

‘wax (?), liquid wax which falls down’

‘embarassed, not dare to be in front, in public’

‘stink, smell bad, run in the nose, when rotten meat or faeces is there and it stinks, it is called this, some tree that smells is called this’

‘three people, talking about people, (we) say (one person) alone, two people’

‘healthy, not be affected by any illness’

‘not yet bear fruit, not have fruit, said about maize or cassava which do not have fruit yet’

‘(living) person, people, God's mirror image which lives here on earth and sees it (?) and knows how to speak’

‘four pieces of gold (money?) together are two amu’

‘different (?), different, not each other's friend, other’

‘big knife, machete (?), knife with a big body (blade?) is called this’

‘body, person's body is called this’

‘sore, aching, if one works and then the body is aching/in pain’

‘people (??), take oneself towards (??), for instance why do you keep watching people (??)’

‘birthmark, freckle, similar to a wart (?), it is a black-ish (thing) on people's faces’

‘two pieces, one pair (?), count gold (money?), for instance if you take two pieces together it is called amuu (?)’

‘pus, yellow stuff inside a wound that hurts very much’

‘I, me (1SG pronoun), person talking about themselves’

‘I am full, satiated, if one has eaten some food so that one's belly is swollen/round, we say this’

‘I am hungry, belly is xxx, so (we) cook rice to eat for ourselves’

‘I want, like, oneself want something, order (?) something, walk towards something that makes one happy (?)’

‘follow me, just behind, saying to one's friend so they follow’

‘me only (?), said about oneself alone’

‘I don't want, refuse, say that one doesn't want to, is feeling lazy, (when) ordered (to do something), not get up’

‘only child, no older sibling was born for them before them, no younger sibling was born after’

‘singleton offspring (of an animal), dog is born and it's a single one only, is called this’

‘exclamation for calling a dog, sound of calling a dog, for instance (we) go towards something when hunting (we) call a dog’

‘embarassed (?), embarassed, not have xxx’

‘thick, not see past, through’

‘mango pit (?), mango's xxx that is inside a mango fruit is called this’

‘long-legged (?), animal or person whose foot/leg is long is called this’

‘storm, when rain is falling and there is thunder and lightning’

‘dry, dry rice, dry maize is called this (?)’

‘starvation, hungry season (?), there is no food so (people) are hungry is called this’

‘shout, raise one's voice, raise one's voice when one is angry is called this’

‘water buffalo, name of an animal whose body is big, it has horns, and it is used to plow rice paddies’

‘said about cassava, for instance talking about cassava legs (tubers?) (?)’

‘buffalo testicles (?), buffalo's feather (?), buffalo's testicles (?) that hang down are called this’

‘buffalo lungs, buffalo's lungs that are inside are called this’

‘unsuccessful (?), not bring anything down (?)’

‘buffalo belly (?), thing that goes inside the xxx is called this (?)’

‘buffalo horns, buffalo's horns which stand on its head are called this’

‘(if) a buffalo's horns are brushed (??), it is called this’

‘buffalo leg, buffalo's feet/legs are called this’

‘buffalo hoof, buffalo's toenails are called this’

‘saw wood (??), saw wood (?) and throw it down is called this’

‘tall stalk of maize (?), if some maize plant lives in the grass and is not torn out it grows big (?)’

‘stand around (?), just stand around everywhere all over the place’

‘palm species (Arenga pinnata; Arenga saccharifera) (?), name of a plant/tree’

‘naked (?), naked, this is said for a person, for instance if children are naked xxxx this is said’

‘buffalo pen, fence for bufalloes, so we herd them inside’

‘buffalo calf, small buffalo, buffalo that is still little’

‘wire, small (piece of) iron that is long’

‘buffalo fat, buffalo's fat is called this’

‘male buffalo, bull, male buffalo which walks together with a female buffalo of reproductive age is called this’

‘female buffalo of reproductive age, mother buffalo that has given birth / is about to give birth (?) is called this’

‘buffalo dung, buffalo pat, buffalo's excrement, what a buffalo has defecated’

‘herd, guard buffaloes, watch the buffaloes, look after the buffalos’

‘curse word?, xxx long, said about a person only’

‘buffalo dung, buffalo pat, buffalo's excrement is called this’

‘insect species, name of an insect, all of its fur (?) is black’

‘liver, animal's or a person's liver is called this’

‘roots (?), there is only the root, not the tuber/fruit, said about sweet potato and cassava’

‘gallbladder (?), liver's child, if we eat sweet, sour and salty things all mixed together the liver's child will swell and we get sick from it’

‘vagina, female genital area, female animal's or a woman's thing which is near the anus, place through which urine passes, place through which children are born’

‘bird, chicken, name of an animal, for instance a house bird (chicken), wild bird that flies’

‘wild chicken, similar to a domestic chicken, but it lives in the forest’

‘make roosters fight, pit in a cockfight, carry roosters to make them fight, pit them (against each other)’

‘bird species (?), bird whose feathers are all red is called this’

‘young rooster learning how to crow (?), young rooster which is just trying out (?) his voice and is about to crow (?)’

‘chicken (domestic), bird which is domesticated / raised and lives in the house’

‘scare away birds (from crops etc.) (?), guard the rice leaves (?), or things that are left to dry in the sun’

‘deep, low, long way which is going into the earth xxx, tree's roots that go into the earth are said to be deep’

‘high, tall, if we're on the ground and going up (?), for instance a high tree, areca (?), high coconut that (we) go up (?), we say this’

‘long way, long distance (?), go a long way down, up and across on the ground, which we xxx’

‘send, order, send one's friend to something so they fetch it’

‘bird species (?), bird whose feathers are colourful (?)’

‘bird species (?), bird whose feathers are white and black, sometimes we say like this: white bird or black bird, black inside is xxx again (?)’

‘brooding hen (?), bird/chicken which has recently laid eggs (?) and it makes a clucking sound (?)’

‘look at a bird's liver (?), young bird's xxx is torn to look at the liver (?)’

‘make roosters fight, pit in a cockfight, champion roosters have spores tied to their feet, then they are made to fight and kick each other, and the one that does not die is the winner’

‘old, withered leaf/foliage, leaf/foliage that is already old is called this’

‘make roosters fight, pit in a cockfight, move roosters so they kick each other is called this’

‘slaughter, cut a chicken, tie a chicken to a lever/handle (?), xxx (it) at a rock/stone, xxx around it, once that is done, cut the chicken's throat through, then xxx the rock/stone where it will die then xxx it dies on it (?)’

‘chicken coop, make a fence and tie the chickens up in it’

‘basket used as an enclosure for young chicks, take a basket and put young chicks under it, (if) the hen is put in it she sits on them’

‘chick, chicken which has recently hatched and is scratching the ground (?), it makes a kiu-kiu'u sound’

‘chick, bird which has recently (started to?) scratch (?) the ground is called this’

‘ground-nesting birds (?), birds which do not xxx up on trees are called this, for instance quails, ducks, xxx’

‘birds capable of flight, birds which live up on trees, like doves, pigeons, hawks, parrots, and many which live up on trees are all called this’

‘rooster, male chicken, rooster goes together with a hen, rooster has a xxx, big xxx, xxx tail and crows’

‘far away, asking for something, (we) say it is near or far’

‘hen, female chicken, doesn't have a xxx or an xxx tail and clucks’

‘tie a chicken to something, take a string and tie it around a chicken's leg is called this’

‘bird species (?), bird whose feathers are all white is called this’

‘duck, name of a ground-dwelling (?) bird, some live in the water, some on dry ground, but they do not xxx up on trees’

‘order, command (someone to do something), tell one's friend to do their work’

‘young leaf/foliage, leaf/foliage that is still young is called this’

‘bird's nest, old basket (?) that is xxx, that birds lay eggs in’

‘brooding hen, chicken/bird which has laid eggs, and is sitting on its eggs is called this’

‘chicken laying eggs (chicken eggs?), chicken which has laid eggs, its eggs are all white’

‘my mother, said about one's mother who has given birth to one’

‘my father, said about one's father who carried/cradled one’

‘my grandparents, said about our parent's parents’

‘shrimp, name of an animal that lives in the water, rivers, brooks, springs all have them’

‘strong (?), said about a person who is strong (?)’

‘my great-grandparents, said about our parent's grandparents’

‘my sacred place (?), taboo (sacred place?) of a clan where they bake (meat?)’

‘my child, said about a child which was born from (us)’

‘my great-great-grandparents, said about our parent's great-grandparents’

‘my younger sibling, which was born following or next to (a person)’

‘my wealth/belongings/goods, one's horses and one's buffaloes all together are called this’

‘my siblings (?), said about older and younger siblings who (we) live together with’

‘my twin, two are together in one womb/uterus only’

‘flea, dog's insects which stick to its fur and xxx’

‘firewood, wood that is already dry and is used to light a fire’

‘flame, flame which is hot and bright (?) is called this’

‘bake / put in the fire (?), for instance putting some sweet potatoes or cassava in the fire (?)’

‘light a fire, take dry firewood and xxx them towards one another, then set it on fire so it burns is called this’

‘flame (?), a (piece of) firewood that is burning, flame which is very hot’

‘tree/plant, tree which comes up from the ground and lives here is called this’

‘straight tree/wood, tree which is very straight, that has no bends/knots (?)’

‘obdormition, numbness, person's leg or hand which sometimes goes dead if we sleep’

‘thigh (?), person's big tree which goes inside the torso (?)’

‘cut/chop at/on a tree, chop at/on a tree or cut at/on a tree’

‘hang (something) on a tree, for instance hanging a palm wine container made of bamboo or a bag on the tree's surface’

‘having cut a tree short, its xxx are called this’

‘breadfruit tree with small fruit, breadfruit tree whose fruit are small is called this’

‘tree roots, what lives at a tree's forehead (?) and goes into the ground’

‘leaf, foliage, (they) are located at a tree's trunk or branches’

‘roast on a spit, roast a goat, pig or dog on/attached to a (piece of) wood’

‘place with trees, grove (?), place where trees live’

‘rotten log, log/tree trunk that has fallen a long time ago and is all xxx’

‘hitching post, pole (?) that has been driven in the ground and horses and buffalo are tied to it’

‘tree that has been pruned (?), tree which has been cut short so it is very short’

‘shake a tree, shake small trees, xxx’

‘trough, cut down a tree and dig a trough to feed pigs in’

‘sacred tree, big tree the area around which (?) is very fierce’

‘tree/wood used to make guns, tree is cleared of branches (?) and is used to make guns out of to shoot’

‘durable tree/wood, tree which has been cut down and even though it has been long ago it is eaten by woodworms’

‘bunches of flowers, flower plot (?), flowers which have been made to go together’

‘flower (of a tree), fruitbearing tree which is not yet about to have fruit first has flowers’

‘tree stump, tree which has been chopped only the stump is still standing’

‘taboo, prohibitory sign hung on a tree (?), sacred prohibition that is hung on a tree (?)’

‘medicine, (traditional) medicine that (we) take against sickness and xxx, and it makes (us) get healthy, for instance if (we) are ill (we) drink or eat it mxed with betel (?) and then spit, or (we) just xxx’

‘pull a tree (?), for instance if it is cleared of branches near the foot (?) and then a rope is tied to it to pull it it is called this’

‘pull a tree (?), take it and pull the tree across (?) is called this’

‘big tree, big tree trunks that we cannot reach around with our arms are called this’

‘carry a tree trunk, tree which has been chopped down and cleared of branches (?), and then you carry it is called this’

‘clear an area of trees, chop down trees, bit trees which stand close together are all chopped down is called this’

‘branch (?), (things that) branch (?) out from a tree’

‘gather firewood (?), work gathering firewood is called this’

‘plant trees, saplings, plant xxx branches, plant young trees is called this’

‘sap, water which is inside a tree, when we cut across a branch it xxx (?)’

‘living tree, tree which is still alive, whose leaves are still covering it and young’

‘felled tree, log, tree that has been chopped down and has fallen’

‘dead tree, tree whose leaves have withered (?), whose branches and trunk are dry is called this’

‘grove, forest (?), trees that are standing together and form something like a village (?)’

‘clear away fallen trees (?), trees have fallen all over (?), trees are xxx all over (?), tree trunks that have been cut that are there and we just throw them all over the place (?)’

‘speak up it’

‘log, piece of wood (?), big tree trunk which has been cut into small pieces (??)’

‘small trees, young trees, saplings, trees that are still small’

‘fell a tree, cut down a tree with a machete or an axe so it falls over’

‘board, plank (?), tree that has been pulled (?), that has been made flat (?) is called this’

‘straight wood/plank/pole, straight tree which is cut down and used to build some house’

‘tree stump that is sprouting again, tree that has been chopped down whose stump is sprouting again, is living again’

‘young branches of a tree that are cut and used to xxx maize and beans’

‘keel (??), tree's bone that holds together a little boat (??)’

‘small, young trees/plants, trees that are still small are called this’

‘cassava, cultivated plant, when it has tubers we eat the tubers’

‘sandalwood tree, name of a tree that is like a roof (?) and has a strong smell’

‘felled tree, log, tree which has been chopped down and is lying on the ground’

‘big tree, tree which is very big is called this’

‘large intestine, person's or animal's large intestines which are next to the small intestines are called this’

‘tree species, name of a tree whose trunk is big and whose bark is white’

‘dry wood that is piled up (?) and then dug out (?) xxx’

‘terminal bud of a tree/plant, high tree whose tip is alive is called this’

‘twig, small branch, tree's branches that are small are called this’

‘sound of chopping at a tree (?), tree which has been cut, when it is being chopped at it thunders’

‘cut branches off of a felled tree (?), (when) cutting a tree, its branches are cut/broken at the joints (?) and taken away (?), ends of the branches that are on (the tree?) are cut short’

‘carry a tree among many people, many people cutting down a tree and then take it and go together to only one place’

‘make a supporting pillar for a traditional raised house (?), cut a supporting pole for a house, make a xxx and put the stem on top’

‘fell/chop down a tree, chop around a tree trunk with a machete or an axe so it falls over’

‘piece of wood, wood chip (?), cut a tree's branches short is called this’

‘branch, (the things) branching off on a tree are called this’

‘continuously say untrue things (to gossip?), person who keeps talking but does not say anything right/true’

‘rainy day (season?), day (season?) where it rains is called this’

‘cut, chop a tree, cut a tree with a machete or an ax’

‘heavy tree/wood, if a tree has been cut down and we lift it up, we say oh, it's very heavy’

‘dried up/dead tree, dead tree whose branches are wilted (?) and its branches are dry’

‘cut down small trees/plants (to clear a path?), passing by young trees and cutting them down is called this’

‘digging stick (?), a (piece of) wood that is cut xxx that crazy (?) people use to dig/ turn over the soil’

‘unit of 10 (large animals), counting large animals, 10 of them, for instance 10 buffaloes, 10 horses are called this’

‘unit of 10 (maize cobs?), counting cobs (?) of maize, this is used for 10 cobs (?)’

‘cut wood into chips (?), cut a piece of wood into short pieces’

‘cut a tree's branches, prune (?), climb a tree and cut off all of its branches’

‘feces, when you have eaten something then you defecate the waste’

‘vine with foul-smelling leaves (Paederia foetida?), wild vine's leaves which smell like feces’

‘defecate, feces which pass through the anus and is discarded (?) is called this’

‘small intestine, person's or animal's small intestines which are inside are called this’

‘belly, stomach, person's or animal's belly or stomach is called this’