Mead (1998a): Proto-Bungku-Tolaki
Search entries
| Headword | IPA | Glosses | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *aaN | ‘hole, conduit, interior’ | ||
| *aaQ | ‘waist, loins’ | ||
| *ahaq | ‘sharpen’ | ||
| *ahiN | ‘salty’ | ||
| *ahu | ‘smoke’ | ||
| *ahuR | ‘bamboo water container’ | ||
| *-ai | ‘burn’ | ||
| *ala | ‘take’ | ||
| *ala° | ‘rice barn’ | ||
| *alu | ‘pestle’ | ||
| *ampah-i | ‘spread out’ | ||
| *ampa° | ‘trap with bamboo spikes’ | ||
| *ampoN | ‘forgiveness’ | ||
| *-anaN | ‘right’ | ||
| *anaN | ‘weave’ | ||
| *anaQ | ‘child, offspring’ | ||
| *ane | ‘termite’ | ||
| *anu | ‘whatsit’ | ||
| *apuy | ‘fire’ | ||
| *apu° | ‘lord, king’ | ||
| *aRa° | ‘great’ | ||
| *ari° | ‘finish, already’ | ||
| *aroQ | ‘front’ | ||
| *asa | ‘one (bound numeral)’ | ||
| *asa | ‘one (indepedent numeral)’ | ||
| *ase | ‘chin’ | ||
| *asi° | ‘squeeze’ | ||
| *ate | ‘liver’ | ||
| *atiho° | ‘sneeze’ | ||
| *atoQ | ‘roofing thatch’ | ||
| *auN | ‘sadness, longing’ | ||
| *awo° | ‘step- (relationship in a blended family)’ | ||
| *awu | ‘ashes’ | ||
| *awuQ | ‘dust’ | ||
| *bahoq | ‘wet, bathe’ | ||
| *baki° | ‘k.o. basket’ | ||
| *bali | ‘enemy’ | ||
| *bali° | ‘allow, change, become’ | ||
| *balo° | ‘fat, thick’ | ||
| *bangkaq | ‘boat’ | ||
| *beaQ | ‘heavy’ | ||
| *benu | ‘coconut husk’ | ||
| *bewe° | ‘wind (around)’ | ||
| *bibi° | ‘lips’ | ||
| *bine | ‘seed rice, rice seedling’ | ||
| *bintan-i | ‘leave’ | ||
| *biriN | ‘ear, edge’ | ||
| *boke° | ‘tie’ | ||
| *bongo° | ‘deaf’ | ||
| *bonto° | ‘wet’ | ||
| *boro° | ‘mucus’ | ||
| *bose | ‘oar, paddle’ | ||
| *botoN | ‘body, main part’ | ||
| *botoN | ‘seed, classfier’ | ||
| *bue° | ‘cradle, swing’ | ||
| *buke | ‘full’ | ||
| *buku lale° | ‘ankle’ | ||
| *bumbung-aN | ‘ridge of roof’ | ||
| *bunga° | ‘flower’ | ||
| *bungka° | ‘crab’ | ||
| *bungku° | ‘back’ | ||
| *buroto° | ‘mosquito’ | ||
| *buso° | ‘high tide’ | ||
| *butuN | ‘only, just’ | ||
| *butu° | ‘go toward’ | ||
| *dahu° | ‘dog’ | ||
| *doa° | ‘count’ | ||
| *donta° | ‘fall’ | ||
| *dopi° | ‘board, plank’ | ||
| *duku° | ‘winnowing tray«nyiru»’ | ||
| *dulaN | ‘tray, basin’ | ||
| *dungku° | ‘arrive’ | ||
| *ehe° | ‘want, desire’ | ||
| *elo° | ‘tongue’ | ||
| *elu | ‘orphan’ | ||
| *eme | ‘urine’ | ||
| *enge° | ‘nose’ | ||
| *enuq | ‘beads, necklace’ | ||
| *epe° | ‘swamp, marshy area’ | ||
| *etu° | ‘hundred’ | ||
| *eu° | ‘substitute, replacement’ | ||
| *garu | ‘stir’ | ||
| *gau° | ‘speak (deceptively)’ | ||
| *gawuQ | ‘fog’ | ||
| *gele | ‘laugh, tickle’ | ||
| *geru° | ‘scratch’ | ||
| *giliN | ‘grind’ | ||
| *gili° | ‘turn around, rotate’ | ||
| *golu° | ‘ball’ | ||
| *hai | ‘burn’ | ||
| *hakaQ | ‘root’ | ||
| *hakiQ | ‘pain, sickness’ | ||
| *halaq | ‘fault, debt’ | ||
| *halu | ‘eight (bound numeral)’ | ||
| *hanaN | ‘right’ | ||
| *hapa | ‘what’ | ||
| *hapu° | ‘deny’ | ||
| *hawa° | ‘think about, remember’ | ||
| *hawuR | ‘sow (by scattering)’ | ||
| *hea° | ‘slice’ | ||
| *hela° | ‘mix’ | ||
| *heoN | ‘ant’ | ||
| *hiku | ‘elbow’ | ||
| *hiwu° | ‘small’ | ||
| *ho | ‘one’ | ||
| *hoalu | ‘eight (independent numeral)’ | ||
| *hoani | ‘bee’ | ||
| *hoa° | ‘hornbill’ | ||
| *hodu | ‘hiccough’ | ||
| *holay | ‘fry without oil’ | ||
| *holua° | ‘ladle’ | ||
| *hopa° | ‘bark’ | ||
| *hori | ‘side’ | ||
| *horo° | ‘floor’ | ||
| *horu | ‘weave’ | ||
| *hule(r,t)i | ‘repeat’ | ||
| *hule° | ‘heart’ | ||
| *huloy | ‘top (toy)’ | ||
| *huluq | ‘torch, resin’ | ||
| *hunuR | ‘burn’ | ||
| *(i,u)saQ | ‘ladder’ | ||
| *(i,u)saQ | ‘pound, stamp’ | ||
| *ia° | ‘live, stay, reside’ | ||
| *ihi | ‘contents, flesh’ | ||
| *ihuQ | ‘rib’ | ||
| *ikaN | ‘fish’ | ||
| *ikuR | ‘tail’ | ||
| *ila | ‘wild (undomesticated)’ | ||
| *ilaN | ‘lost’ | ||
| *ili | ‘go downstream’ | ||
| *inalahi | ‘forest’ | ||
| *inaquR | ‘descend’ | ||
| *inia° | ‘place, village’ | ||
| *in-ipiaN | ‘when? (past)’ | ||
| *in-ipua° | ‘day before yesterday’ | ||
| *inuN | ‘drink’ | ||
| *ipali | ‘forbidden, taboo’ | ||
| *ipi | ‘dream’ | ||
| *ipo° | ‘cockroach’ | ||
| *itoluR | ‘egg’ | ||
| *itoN | ‘black’ | ||
| *iwoi° | ‘water’ | ||
| *kaaN | ‘eat’ | ||
| *kadadi° | ‘animal’ | ||
| *kaho | ‘rafter’ | ||
| *kaiQ | ‘hook’ | ||
| *kalu° | ‘curly (hair)’ | ||
| *kambaN | ‘swelling’ | ||
| *kangga° | ‘spider’ | ||
| *kapaQ | ‘flap, flutter’ | ||
| *kapa° | ‘thick’ | ||
| *kaRa° | ‘bite’ | ||
| *karu° | ‘leg, foot’ | ||
| *kasi° | ‘tongs, pinchers’ | ||
| *kato° | ‘itch, itchy’ | ||
| *kawo° | ‘beat bark cloth’ | ||
| *kayu | ‘wood’ | ||
| *kea-kea° | ‘parrot or cockatoo’ | ||
| *keke° | ‘armpit’ | ||
| *keke° | ‘dig’ | ||
| *kela° | ‘gourd, pumpkin’ | ||
| *kena° | ‘alike, similar’ | ||
| *keru° | ‘scrape, grate’ | ||
| *kiki° | ‘bite’ | ||
| *kilaQ | ‘lightning’ | ||
| *kima | ‘shell’ | ||
| *kinowiaN | ‘evening’ | ||
| *kire | ‘eyebrow’ | ||
| *kita | ‘see’ | ||
| *koa° | ‘enough, sufficient, (for) each and every’ | ||
| *koea° | ‘fruit bat’ | ||
| *kolopua° | ‘tortoise’ | ||
| *koloro° | ‘rope’ | ||
| *kolupe | ‘forget’ | ||
| *kompisi° | ‘cheek’ | ||
| *kompoN | ‘stomach, intestines’ | ||
| *kona | ‘hit, touch’ | ||
| *kona | ‘true, right’ | ||
| *konuai° | ‘millipede’ | ||
| *koo° | ‘tie’ | ||
| *kopuN | ‘embrace’ | ||
| *kora° | ‘strong’ | ||
| *kori° | ‘skin disease’ | ||
| *kotu° | ‘pick, break off’ | ||
| *kua° | ‘industrious’ | ||
| *kuhe | ‘marsupial’ | ||
| *kuku | ‘nail, hoof, claw’ | ||
| *kukuti | ‘pinch, squeeze’ | ||
| *kulaQ | ‘hot’ | ||
| *kuliQ | ‘skin’ | ||
| *kulisi | ‘peel’ | ||
| *kuluri° | ‘parrot, parakeet’ | ||
| *kumbi° | ‘skin disease’ | ||
| *kundoN | ‘rain cloud’ | ||
| *kuni | ‘tumeric’ | ||
| *kuni° | ‘yellow’ | ||
| *kuroN | ‘cooking pot’ | ||
| *kuru° | ‘scrape’ | ||
| *kutu | ‘louse’ | ||
| *(l,n)anguy | ‘swim’ | ||
| *laa° | ‘fly’ | ||
| *laa° | ‘internode’ | ||
| *laa° | ‘spread out over space or time’ | ||
| *laa° | ‘stem, trunk’ | ||
| *laa° | ‘streambed’ | ||
| *labu° | ‘iron’ | ||
| *laha° | ‘search for’ | ||
| *lako | ‘go’ | ||
| *lalo | ‘pass, exceed’ | ||
| *laloy | ‘fly’ | ||
| *langkai | ‘great, male’ | ||
| *langku° | ‘strike’ | ||
| *langu | ‘dizzy, drunk’ | ||
| *lanu° | ‘palm species’ | ||
| *lapi° | ‘layer’ | ||
| *laroN | ‘inside’ | ||
| *lau° | ‘proceed directly’ | ||
| *lawaN | ‘oppose, respond’ | ||
| *layu | ‘run, flee’ | ||
| *layu | ‘wither’ | ||
| *lea° | ‘flame, spicy’ | ||
| *lelu° | ‘earthquake’ | ||
| *lemba° | ‘carry on the shoulders’ | ||
| *lemo | ‘citrus fruit’ | ||
| *lepa° | ‘sit with knees bent to one side’ | ||
| *leu° | ‘arrive’ | ||
| *lewe° | ‘flat, broad’ | ||
| *libu° | ‘move in a circle’ | ||
| *lili° | ‘go around’ | ||
| *lima | ‘five (bound numeral)’ | ||
| *limpa° | ‘go, walk’ | ||
| *lingaa° | ‘clear, bright’ | ||
| *lino | ‘clear (water)’ | ||
| *lino° | ‘world’ | ||
| *lintaq | ‘leech’ | ||
| *liqoha | ‘nit’ | ||
| *lokat-i | ‘peel, lift’ | ||
| *lolai° | ‘umbilical cord’ | ||
| *lolawu° | ‘crazy’ | ||
| *lomba° | ‘hole, perforation’ | ||
| *longko° | ‘loose’ | ||
| *lons(i,o)° | ‘jump’ | ||
| *lonto | ‘float’ | ||
| *loqia | ‘ginger’ | ||
| *lotu° | ‘break’ | ||
| *lowuR | ‘deep water, flood’ | ||
| *luarako | ‘bring out, expel’ | ||
| *lua° | ‘broad, wide’ | ||
| *lua° | ‘empty, expel’ | ||
| *luku° | ‘fold’ | ||
| *lulu° | ‘pursue, run’ | ||
| *luwu° | ‘all, collective’ | ||
| *maa° | ‘yawn’ | ||
| *mai | ‘come’ | ||
| *maloy | ‘tired’ | ||
| *mamak-i | ‘chew’’ | ||
| *mami° | ‘sweet’ | ||
| *manasa° | ‘surely’ | ||
| *manuQ | ‘chicken’ | ||
| *mata | ‘eye’ | ||
| *mataq | ‘unripe’ | ||
| *mate | ‘dead’ | ||
| *meaq | ‘red’ | ||
| *meeq | ‘afraid’ | ||
| *meha° | ‘some, portion of’ | ||
| *moa° | ‘air, atmosphere, outside, empty’ | ||
| *moiko° | ‘good, appealing’ | ||
| *moo-moo° | ‘smile’ | ||
| *mori° | ‘k.o. bat’ | ||
| *naa | ‘breathe’ | ||
| *naa° | ‘put, place, store’ | ||
| *nahu | ‘cook (by boiling)’ | ||
| *nami° | ‘taste’ | ||
| *nanaq | ‘pus’ | ||
| *nani | ‘sing’ | ||
| *nduu-nduu | ‘crashing, booming sound’ | ||
| *neaN | ‘tame’ | ||
| *ngamba° | ‘leprosy’ | ||
| *nganga | ‘interior of mouth’ | ||
| *ngapa° | ‘site along shoreline where boats are kept’ | ||
| *ngaqe° | ‘headhunt’ | ||
| *ngara° | ‘palate’ | ||
| *ngare° | ‘lazy’ | ||
| *ngeaN | ‘name’ | ||
| *ngilu | ‘set teeth on edge’ | ||
| *ngisi | ‘tooth’ | ||
| *ngolu° | ‘dew’ | ||
| *ngoni | ‘request’ | ||
| *ngura | ‘young’ | ||
| *ngusu | ‘snout’ | ||
| *niniQ | ‘mosquito’ | ||
| *nipiQ | ‘thin (objects)’ | ||
| *nohuN | ‘rice mortar’ | ||
| *nomo | ‘six (bound numeral)’ | ||
| *ohia | ‘salt’ | ||
| *olai° | ‘far’ | ||
| *olaroN | ‘deep’ | ||
| *oleo | ‘day’ | ||
| *o-lima | ‘five (independent numeral)’ | ||
| *olimpopoQ | ‘firefly’ | ||
| *olipaN | ‘centipede’ | ||
| *oliwi° | ‘advice, instruction’ | ||
| *oli° | ‘buy’ | ||
| *olo-N-tuu° | ‘knee’ | ||
| *oloQ | ‘space between’ | ||
| *ondaloN | ‘deep’ | ||
| *onda° | ‘scale (of fish)’ | ||
| *one | ‘sand’ | ||
| *ongo° | ‘harmful insect’ | ||
| *onia° | ‘raft’ | ||
| *onitu | ‘ghost, spirit’ | ||
| *ontoN | ‘see’ | ||
| *o-o(m)paQ | ‘four’ (independent numeral)’ | ||
| *o-onoN | ‘six’ (independent numeral)’ | ||
| *o-pitu | ‘seven (independent numeral)’ | ||
| *opoyu | ‘gall bladder’ | ||
| *opu° | ‘use up’ | ||
| *oqow-i | ‘lie prone, brood’ | ||
| *o-rua | ‘two (independent numeral)’ | ||
| *oru° | ‘early’ | ||
| *o-sio | ‘nine (independent numeral)’ | ||
| *ota° | ‘chaff’ | ||
| *oti | ‘ebb’ | ||
| *o-tolu | ‘three (independent numeral)’ | ||
| *owose° | ‘big, large’ | ||
| *(p,k,s,h)ule | ‘return’ | ||
| *pae | ‘field rice’ | ||
| *paho° | ‘plant’ | ||
| *pakaN | ‘feed’ | ||
| *pake | ‘use’ | ||
| *paku | ‘ferns’ | ||
| *palay | ‘palm, sole’ | ||
| *pali° | ‘axe’ | ||
| *palo° | ‘buttocks’ | ||
| *pampaN | ‘edge’ | ||
| *pangi | ‘tree’; ‘pangium edule’ | ||
| *paniy | ‘wing’ | ||
| *paqa | ‘thigh’ | ||
| *paqiQ | ‘bitter’ | ||
| *paqoQ | ‘chisel’ | ||
| *pasipole° | ‘make ready’ | ||
| *pasoQ | ‘peg, nail’ | ||
| *pato | ‘four (bound numeral)’ | ||
| *patoN | ‘bamboo sp.’ | ||
| *pee° | ‘tight, close’ | ||
| *penasa° | ‘feel’ | ||
| *periN | ‘bamboo sp.’ | ||
| *pia | ‘how many? (bound numeral)’ | ||
| *piara° | ‘tend, care for’ | ||
| *pidi° | ‘bow (for hunting)’ | ||
| *piha | ‘boil’ | ||
| *piha° | ‘break, shatter’ | ||
| *pio° | ‘squeeze in hand’ | ||
| *pisiQ | ‘squeeze between the fingers’ | ||
| *piso | ‘knife’ | ||
| *pitu | ‘seven (bound numeral)’ | ||
| *podea° | ‘hear’ | ||
| *pokatu° | ‘package, send’ | ||
| *pole | ‘cut (through)’ | ||
| *polu° | ‘hearth, fireplace’ | ||
| *pombula° | ‘plant (in garden)’ | ||
| *ponangi° | ‘defeat’ | ||
| *pone° | ‘ascend, climb (as a tree)’ | ||
| *poniki | ‘bat’ | ||
| *pono° | ‘full’ | ||
| *ponu | ‘turtle’ | ||
| *po-pia | ‘how many? (independent numeral)’ | ||
| *popolo° | ‘bride price’ | ||
| *poqahaN | ‘shoulder’ | ||
| *puai | ‘dry in the sun’ | ||
| *pua° | ‘wind’ | ||
| *puhoy | ‘navel’ | ||
| *pukoQ | ‘net’ | ||
| *puluQ | ‘sap, gum’ | ||
| *puluq | ‘ten hopulu’ | ||
| *pumpuN | ‘gather, assemble’ | ||
| *punti | ‘banana’ | ||
| *pupu | ‘pick (fruit)’ | ||
| *puquN | ‘base, trunk, origin’ | ||
| *puri° | ‘buttocks, posterior’ | ||
| *pusuQ | ‘mountain, rise’ | ||
| *pusu° | ‘eyes closed, blind’ | ||
| *pute | ‘white’ | ||
| *putu° | ‘short’ | ||
| *puur-i | ‘blow (on a fire)’ | ||
| *rabuQ | ‘pull out’ | ||
| *rahaN | ‘house’ | ||
| *raki | ‘fine dirt’ | ||
| *rakoQ | ‘catch’ | ||
| *rakuQ | ‘grab by handful’ | ||
| *rano | ‘lake’ | ||
| *rapuR | ‘spouse’ | ||
| *raqi | ‘forehead, face’ | ||
| *raraN-i | ‘expose to radiant heat’ | ||
| *raRaq | ‘blood’ | ||
| *reoN | ‘feverish, have a fever’ | ||
| *ri | ‘at (locative preposition of very broad scope)’ | ||
| *ri + mbui° | ‘in back’ | ||
| *ri + ou° | ‘in front’ | ||
| *rindiN | ‘wall’ | ||
| *riniN | ‘cold (as of water)’ | ||
| *roa° | ‘clean’ | ||
| *roa° | ‘lively, crowded’ | ||
| *robuN | ‘bamboo shoot’ | ||
| *rodo° | ‘throw’ | ||
| *rombo° | ‘gather’ | ||
| *rondomaN | ‘darkness’ | ||
| *rongaN | ‘together, with’ | ||
| *rongoR | ‘hear’ | ||
| *rongo° | ‘carry (with headstrap?)’ | ||
| *ropa | ‘fathom’ | ||
| *rope° | ‘bow (of boat)’ | ||
| *rua | ‘two (bound numeral)’ | ||
| *rui | ‘thorn’ | ||
| *rumbia | ‘sago palm’ | ||
| *rumpaQ | ‘bump into, topple’ | ||
| *rungku° | ‘thin, sickly’ | ||
| *ruru° | ‘pick up, collect’ | ||
| *rusu° | ‘thin, scrawny (person, animal)’ | ||
| *saa | ‘python’ | ||
| *sakaN | ‘boil, cook’ | ||
| *salaN | ‘road’ | ||
| *sampaQ | ‘branch’ | ||
| *sampe | ‘hang, dangle’ | ||
| *sandu° | ‘wooden spoon or ladle’ | ||
| *sangkoleo° | ‘soul, spirit, consciousness’ | ||
| *saqaQ | ‘bad, ugly’ | ||
| *saqoQ | ‘bad, ugly’ | ||
| *sarai° | ‘new’ | ||
| *saru° | ‘borrow’ | ||
| *sawi° | ‘mount, ascend, ride in/on’ | ||
| *seka° | ‘brave’ | ||
| *sere° | ‘cut, slice’ | ||
| *seruN | ‘cloud’ | ||
| *sese° | ‘cut’ | ||
| *sile° | ‘lick’ | ||
| *singkolodo° | ‘back of the knee’ | ||
| *sio | ‘nine (bound numeral)’ | ||
| *sipiQ | ‘tongs’ | ||
| *siro(bo°) | ‘sip, slurp’ | ||
| *siru° | ‘spoon’ | ||
| *siu° | ‘sweet’ | ||
| *soda° | ‘bear, carry’; ‘pikul’ | ||
| *sole | ‘grain’ | ||
| *sopu° | ‘temper’ | ||
| *soRami | ‘rice stalk’ | ||
| *soro° | ‘push’ | ||
| *sowi° | ‘knife for harvesting rice plant’ | ||
| *sowu | ‘thousand’ | ||
| *soyuN | ‘needle’ | ||
| *sudu° | ‘poke, prod’ | ||
| *suere° | ‘different’ | ||
| *sukiQ | ‘insert (into small crack or crevice)’ | ||
| *sumpiQ | ‘blowgun’ | ||
| *suquN | ‘carry on the head’ | ||
| *taa | ‘laugh’ | ||
| *taa° | ‘long (of objects)’ | ||
| *tabaq | ‘body fat’ | ||
| *tade° | ‘stand’ | ||
| *tado° | ‘portion, apportionment’ | ||
| *tahaQ | ‘ripe, done (hence red)’ | ||
| *tahiQ | ‘sea, ocean’ | ||
| *talaQ | ‘row’ | ||
| *tambu | ‘scoop, dip’ | ||
| *tampil-aN | ‘sheath’ | ||
| *tanda° | ‘squat’ | ||
| *tanduQ | ‘horn’ | ||
| *tangke | ‘stalk’ | ||
| *tangke-lari° | ‘shin’ | ||
| *tangke° | ‘mountain’ | ||
| *tangkoQ | ‘catch’ | ||
| *tanoN | ‘bury’ | ||
| *tapa | ‘smoke, grill’ | ||
| *tapak-i | ‘strike with the hand’ | ||
| *tapuno | ‘cape (promentory of land)’ | ||
| *tapu° | ‘extremity, tip, projection’ | ||
| *taqaN | ‘set (traps)’ | ||
| *taqi | ‘feces’ | ||
| *taqoN | ‘set (traps)’ | ||
| *taqowu° | ‘heavy sword’ | ||
| *taqu | ‘clever’ | ||
| *taquN | ‘year’ | ||
| *taRaN | ‘answer’ | ||
| *tasoN | ‘sharp’ | ||
| *tasu° | ‘dibble stick’ | ||
| *tataki | ‘pull down (as house)’ | ||
| *tatapi | ‘wash (clothes)’ | ||
| *tawaN | ‘capture’ | ||
| *tawaro° | ‘sago starch’ | ||
| *tawu° | ‘testicle’ | ||
| *tea° | ‘fight, make war’ | ||
| *te-ipiaN | ‘when? (future)’ | ||
| *te-ipua° | ‘day after tomorrow’ | ||
| *tele° | ‘shallow’ | ||
| *tena° | ‘order, send’ | ||
| *tete | ‘bridge’ | ||
| *t(i,u)ha° | ‘descend’ | ||
| *t(i,u)sa° | ‘(house) post’ | ||
| *tiaN | ‘belly’ | ||
| *tia° | ‘distribute’ |