Source entries: Sneddon (1978e)

Sneddon (1978e): Tonsawang

Original citation: Sneddon, J. N. 1978. Proto-Minahasan: Phonology, morphology and wordlist. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

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Total entries: 473

Headword	IPA	Glosses
ace	atʃe	‘liver’
acus	atʃus	‘hundred’
acəluh	atʃəluh	‘egg’
adiʔ	adiʔ	‘sheet or mat on which to sit or lie’
ahad	ahad	‘until, the extent that’
ahi	ahi	‘come’
ahid	ahid	‘scoop out rice from pot’
ahu	ahu	‘I’
aliʔ	aliʔ	‘sheet or mat on which to sit or lie’
aləd	aləd	‘support, prop up’
amaŋ	amaŋ	‘father’
amuc	amutʃ	‘root’
-aŋe	-aŋe	‘direction away (enclitic)’
asin	asin	‘salt’
asəŋ	asəŋ	‘breath, breathe’
ataŋ	ataŋ	‘lift, raise’
awuh	awuh	‘lime’
ayam	ajam	‘plait, weave’
aʔe	aʔe	‘foot, leg’
baba	baba	‘mouth’
babay	babaj	‘permit, allow, release’
bacaŋ-an	batʃaŋ-an	‘body (of person)’
bacaʔ	batʃaʔ	‘child, offspring’
bacis	batʃis	‘calf (of leg)’
bacu	batʃu	‘stone’
bacuna	batʃuna	‘seed, pit (of fruit)’
baer	baer	‘pay’
baha	baha	‘fire’
bahiʔ	bahiʔ	‘hard outer wood of palm trees’
bahuʔ	bahuʔ	‘feed animals’
bakoʔ	bakoʔ	‘big’
bakəs	bakəs	‘tie up, bind’
balelaŋ	balelaŋ	‘sulphur’
baleŋ	baleŋ	‘return, go back, take back’
balina	balina	‘other’
balun	balun	‘provisions for journey’
baluy	baluj	‘transform, change (shape etc.)’
baŋun	baŋun	‘strong, vigorous’
banuc	banutʃ	‘husk of coconut and other palm fruit’
barac	baratʃ	‘at an angle, slanting’
bas	bas	‘husked rice’
bataŋ	bataŋ	‘large basket for storing rice’
baya	baja	‘all’
baʔaŋ	baʔaŋ	‘tooth’
bene	bene	‘woman, female’
beneʔ	beneʔ	‘rice seed (for planting)’
beŋe	beŋe	‘slanting, sloping’
biaʔi	biaʔi	‘here’
bibic	bibitʃ	‘carry by handle’
bihoʔ	bihoʔ	‘small prawn’
bilic	bilitʃ	‘pleat, fold’
bis	bis	‘tick (on cattle and other animals)’
bitiʔ	bitiʔ	‘kick’
bo	bo	‘and, with, (and) then’
boboʔ	boboʔ	‘dumb, mute’
bolulaŋ	bolulaŋ	‘skin, hide’
buaʔ	buaʔ	‘fruit’
buaʔ-na	buaʔ-na	‘fruit’
bubu	bubu	‘hole’
bue	bue	‘any ground fruit (peanut; tuber etc.), first root from rice seed’
buhu	buhu	‘knee, knuckle, joint’
bul	bul	‘feather, fur, body hair’
buliŋ	buliŋ	‘black’
buluʔ	buluʔ	‘thin bamboo sp. with great distance between joints’
buŋ	buŋ	‘ridge of roof’
buŋaŋ	buŋaŋ	‘flower’
bunoŋ	bunoŋ	‘pool, puddle’
busəŋ	busəŋ	‘plug, stopper’
bəlad	bəlad	‘spread out (to dry)’
bəlah	bəlah	‘floor’
bələn	bələn	‘eye’
bənaŋ	bənaŋ	‘debt’
bəŋi	bəŋi	‘night, dark’
bəŋəl	bəŋəl	‘deaf’
bəroy	bəroj	‘slip, slide’
bəsuh	bəsuh	‘satisfied, full (from eating)’
dacah	datʃah	‘plain, level land’
dace	datʃe	‘cold (of previously hot food or drink)’
dadah	dadah	‘hit with implement’
dahaʔ	dahaʔ	‘blood’
dahi	dahi	‘dust’
dahum	dahum	‘sew (general term), plait thatch’
dalan	dalan	‘road, pathway’
dalid	dalid	‘long shallow wooden tray, trough’
daləm	daləm	‘under, below, deep’
damah	damah	‘resin, tree from which resin is obtained’
daməs	daməs	‘wet’
dano	dano	‘bath, bathe’
daraŋ	daraŋ	‘forbid, prohibit’
datoŋ	datoŋ	‘hang (execute)’
dele	dele	‘palm leaf rib’
didi	didi	‘boil (of water)’
didəm	didəm	‘black’
dilaʔ	dilaʔ	‘tongue’
dimac	dimatʃ	‘dense, close together’
dohaŋ	dohaŋ	‘add to, increase’
dohoʔ	dohoʔ	‘cloth, material’
dua	dua	‘two’
duhi	duhi	‘bone’
dumun	dumun	‘nest, lair’
duniʔ	duniʔ	‘rainbow’
duwu	duwu	‘smallpox’
dəndəm	dəndəm	‘dark’
dənec	dənetʃ	‘tear, rip’
dəpa	dəpa	‘fathom, span of arms out-stretched’
dəpəc	dəpətʃ	‘hard, intense (e.g. of wind; rain), severe (of illness)’
ehe	ehe	‘give’
eheŋ	eheŋ	‘snore’
gio	ɡio	‘behaviour, conduct’
goric	ɡoritʃ	‘saw’
iaʔi	iaʔi	‘this’
icoʔ	itʃoʔ	‘uncle’
ikoc	ikotʃ	‘quarrel’
inaŋ	inaŋ	‘mother’
inaʔ	inaʔ	‘reduce, decrease, make less’
indo	indo	‘take, get, fetch’
iwag	iwaɡ	‘brother/sister-in-law’
iwi	iwi	‘dream’
iwus	iwus	‘upper end, top (e.g. of tree)’
iwəs	iwəs	‘cockroach’
kabal	kabal	‘callus, thickened skin, invulnerable’
kacale	katʃale	‘first’
kahac	kahatʃ	‘seize prey (e.g. of eagle)’
kahaʔ	kahaʔ	‘elder sibling’
kaisa	kaisa	‘whenʔ’
kaiʔi	kaiʔi	‘yesterday’
kakas	kakas	‘sweep, rake’
kalakad	kalakad	‘boil furiously, seethe’
kalasey	kalasej	‘bamboo lattice to block floating objects in water channel’
kalekeb	kalekeb	‘wing’
kalipopoʔan	kalipopoʔan	‘butterfly’
kaləkəc	kaləkətʃ	‘squeak, creak, grind teeth’
kamo	kamo	‘you (plural)’
kan	kan	‘food, eat’
kapec	kapetʃ	‘climb (e.g. ladder; rocks) using hands’
karis	karis	‘stripe, streak, scratch’
karoc	karotʃ	‘scrape, scratch (with fingernails)’
kaso	kaso	‘rafters’
kataŋ	kataŋ	‘rise, go up, high’
katoŋ	katoŋ	‘large, fat, castrated pig’
kawey	kawej	‘wave, beckon with hand’
k-awu	k-awu	‘finished, used up, finish off, use up’
kayoŋ	kajoŋ	‘crab’
kayoʔ	kajoʔ	‘stir, mix’
kayu	kaju	‘wood, tree’
kaʔis	kaʔis	‘streak, line, make lines/streaks, scrape off, scratch away’
kec-an	ketʃ-an	‘sugar palm’; ‘Arenga saccharifera’
kele	kele	‘like, similar to’
kendoŋ	kendoŋ	‘make rope by spinning palm fibres’
kerec	keretʃ	‘shout, cry out’
ketoʔ	ketoʔ	‘lame, limp’
keʔke	keʔke	‘laugh’
keʔol	keʔol	‘lame, crippled because of deformity’
kiah	kiah	‘scream, yell, shout’
kica	kitʃa	‘we (inclusive)’
kikis	kikis	‘file, grate, scrape, shave’
kileʔ	kileʔ	‘tickle’
kima	kima	‘clam shell’
kisiʔ	kisiʔ	‘torn, tear’
kiʔic	kiʔitʃ	‘follow’
kiʔic	kiʔitʃ	‘small insect which hovers around food’
kiʔki	kiʔki	‘bite’
kloaci	kloatʃi	‘worm’
kohoŋ	kohoŋ	‘head’
kokob	kokob	‘cover (e.g. with sheet)’
kokoc	kokotʃ	‘shave, scrape, scratch’
kokod	kokod	‘dig’
kolay	kolaj	‘taro’
kolombiʔ	kolombiʔ	‘large freshwater mollusc’
koʔko	koʔko	‘hen, fowl’
kucu	kutʃu	‘head louse’
kuhun	kuhun	‘tall grass sp.’; ‘Imperata cylindrica’
kulac	kulatʃ	‘mushroom, fungus’
kulitaŋ	kulitaŋ	‘xylophone (percussion instrument with series of wooden bars or metal cymbals)’
kumi	kumi	‘pubic hair’
kunambəl	kunambəl	‘thick’
kureʔ	kureʔ	‘earthen cooking pot’
kusu	kusu	‘rub (eyes), wipe’
kəkəc	kəkətʃ	‘nibble, gnaw’
kəkəm	kəkəm	‘hold tightly in closed hand, handful’
kəkəw	kəkəw	‘carry in hand held against breast’
kəleh	kəleh	‘shake, tremble’
kələd	kələd	‘spit’
kəmbuʔ	kəmbuʔ	‘well up, bubble up (of water from ground)’
kəməs	kəməs	‘wring out, squeeze, wash clothes’
kəsah	kəsah	‘swell, ulcer’
kəteh	kəteh	‘hard’
kəteʔ	kəteʔ	‘hard’
kəʔmbuʔ	kəʔmbuʔ	‘well up, bubble up (of water from ground)’
labah	labah	‘lie transverse, across’
lagad	laɡad	‘boar’
lahad	lahad	‘itch’
lahuc	lahutʃ	‘bind together, tie in a bundle’
laməd	laməd	‘swallow’
lana	lana	‘oil’
laŋic	laŋitʃ	‘sky’
lapaŋ	lapaŋ	‘walk’
lead	lead	‘lean backwards (e.g. to look up)’
lebes	lebes	‘overflow (of water)’
lehaʔ	lehaʔ	‘bed bug’
leheʔ	leheʔ	‘neck’
lemo	lemo	‘citrus fruit (generic term)’
leno	leno	‘clean, pure (of water)’
lepad	lepad	‘fly’
leʔo	leʔo	‘hunger‘ .’
lia	lia	‘ginger’
lihud	lihud	‘back (of body), carry on the back’
likun	likun	‘roll, roll up’
lila	lila	‘mole (on body)’
lima	lima	‘five’
limumuh	limumuh	‘rinse out mouth’
lisən	lisən	‘fold, wrinkle’
litaʔ	litaʔ	‘leech’
loaŋ	loaŋ	‘wide, spacious’
loganuc	loɡanutʃ	‘tough (of meat; fibres)’
lolo	lolo	‘extract, pull out’
londol	londol	‘straight’
loŋon	loŋon	‘confused, bewildered’
luar	luar	‘outside’
luaʔ	luaʔ	‘vomit’
lucam	lutʃam	‘gun, shoot’
lucuʔ	lutʃuʔ	‘cooked food’
lueʔ	lueʔ	‘tears, weep’
lunəh	lunəh	‘soft’
ləbuh	ləbuh	‘turbid, stirred up’
ləbəŋ	ləbəŋ	‘bury’
ləkac	ləkatʃ	‘stubble, dried rice stalks’
ləkəw	ləkəw	‘complete, finished’
ləmbo	ləmbo	‘rise to surface, float on surface’
ləmbuc	ləmbutʃ	‘bulge, swelling, swell, bulge out’
lənas	lənas	‘cleared (of land)’
ləŋey	ləŋej	‘stupid, silly’
lənəd	lənəd	‘sink’
ləp-an	ləp-an	‘drinking vessel’
ləpəc	ləpətʃ	‘fold’
ləseʔa	ləseʔa	‘nit, louse egg’
ləsuŋ	ləsuŋ	‘mortar (in which rice is pounded)’
lətoh	lətoh	‘snap, explode, burst, make cracking noise’
macaʔ	matʃaʔ	‘green (colour), unripe, raw’
maŋuni	maŋuni	‘owl’
maruc	marutʃ	‘sow seed’
mehaʔ	mehaʔ	‘red’
meoŋ	meoŋ	‘cat’
muali	muali	‘happen, occur, become’
nanaʔ	nanaʔ	‘pus, fester’
ŋalan	ŋalan	‘name’
ŋaŋa	ŋaŋa	‘wide open (of mouth), agape, gape’
ŋaʔŋa	ŋaʔŋa	‘chew betel nut’
ŋilu	ŋilu	‘on edge (of teeth)’
ŋiluŋ	ŋiluŋ	‘nose’
ŋisi	ŋisi	‘bare with teeth (in anger)’
ŋəlu	ŋəlu	‘bad smell, musty smell’
ŋərən	ŋərən	‘slow’
n-um-anam	n-um-anam	‘delicious’
oasey	oasej	‘iron’
ohac	ohatʃ	‘vein’
ombal	ombal	‘shout, call out to’
ow	ow	‘smell: to smell (intransitive)’
pace	patʃe	‘die, kill’
pacih	patʃih	‘write’
padelaʔan	padelaʔan	‘mad, crazy’
pakur	pakur	‘beat (with hard object)’
palad	palad	‘palm (of hand), sole (of foot)’
palaʔd	palaʔd	‘palm (of hand), sole (of foot)’
palaʔpa	palaʔpa	‘palm branch’
paliʔ	paliʔ	‘scar’
paluha	paluha	‘shoulder’
paŋi	paŋi	‘tree with edible leaves and fruit’; ‘Pangium edule’
paria	paria	‘edible gourd’; ‘Momordica charantia’
pasoʔ	pasoʔ	‘hot’
paʔa	paʔa	‘thigh’
paʔan	paʔan	‘bait, lure’
paʔic	paʔitʃ	‘bitter’
pelaʔ	pelaʔ	‘wound’
perec	peretʃ	‘small bat sp.’
picu	pitʃu	‘seven’
pipid	pipid	‘soaking wet’
pis	pis	‘pinch (of something), pinch, nip’
piwi	piwi	‘cheek’
pokol	pokol	‘cut off, sever’
pola	pola	‘sugarcane’
polo	polo	‘wake up, get up’
pondos	pondos	‘slender cane sort’
poni-sulu	poni-sulu	‘claw, nail (of finger or toe)’
powolas	powolas	‘spleen’
poʔoc	poʔotʃ	‘belly’
puhəc	puhətʃ	‘net for catching fish or animals’
puliŋ	puliŋ	‘full’
puluc	pulutʃ	‘pick up, collect, gather’
pusuʔ	pusuʔ	‘blossom (of palm; banana)’
pusəd	pusəd	‘navel’
pusəʔd	pusəʔd	‘navel’
puwus	puwus	‘pierce, make hole (e.g. with hot iron)’
pəkuʔ	pəkuʔ	‘broken, snapped’
pəla	pəla	‘dry’
pəsec	pəsetʃ	‘crowded, cramped, tight fitting’
pəsuc	pəsutʃ	‘press, squeeze out’
pəsəl	pəsəl	‘empty, without contents (of fruit; grain), barren’
pətih	pətih	‘flick off/away (with fingers)’
pətih	pətih	‘heartbeat, beat (of heart)’
pətuʔ	pətuʔ	‘bitter (of taste)’
raraŋ	raraŋ	‘warm by fire, roast’
ribu	ribu	‘thousand’
ridiʔ	ridiʔ	‘boil (food)’
riʔndiʔ	riʔndiʔ	‘boil (food)’
sa	sa	‘if, when’
sabud	sabud	‘spread, scatter’
saha	saha	‘rooster’
sahaw	sahaw	‘scoop, ladle’
sahey	sahej	‘guest’
saho	saho	‘dew’
salah	salah	‘put up in a higher place (e.g. on a rack)’
salasah	salasah	‘rib(s)’
salaʔ	salaʔ	‘error, mistake, do wrong, make a mistake’
saleh	saleh	‘base, support underneath’
saluh	saluh	‘gutter, water channel’
sambey	sambej	‘hang (over line; rope)’
saməh	saməh	‘dirty, unclean’
sawey	sawej	‘side whiskers’
sawu	sawu	‘wipe, rub’
sawuc	sawutʃ	‘wrap, wrap up’
saʔuc	saʔutʃ	‘stem of young banana tree (eaten as vegetable)’
saʔuh	saʔuh	‘mix, mingle, blend’
seaʔ	seaʔ	‘wrong, deviate, branch off’
sehed	sehed	‘sting (of insect)’
seheʔ	seheʔ	‘fight, do battle with’
seleŋ	seleŋ	‘wry neck, head twisted to one side’
serow	serow	‘slurp, sip (e.g. hot liquid)’
sese	sese	‘push, shove, push out/away’
sewəl	sewəl	‘dyke, dam, dam up, block’
sey	sej	‘whoʔ’
seʔe	seʔe	‘banana (tree and fruit)’
si	si	‘personal noun and pronoun marker’
sia	sia	‘third person singular pronoun’
siaʔ	siaʔ	‘throw away’
sihu	sihu	‘elbow’
sihəw	sihəw	‘kind of hawk, snatch, seize’
sila	sila	‘they’
sili	sili	‘sift pounded rice in pan’
siliʔ	siliʔ	‘side (of house; mountain)’
sinaʔi	sinaʔi	‘intestines, belly’
siow	siow	‘nine’
sipuʔ	sipuʔ	‘toothless, fall out (of teeth), pull out, pluck (fruit)’
sisih	sisih	‘small beetle which bores in wood and crops’
siwo	siwo	‘cook’
sondaŋ	sondaŋ	‘stab’
sopoy	sopoj	‘pouch, bag’
sosoh	sosoh	‘eat, bite at food (of pig; dog)’
suliʔ	suliʔ	‘take revenge’
sumbiŋ	sumbiŋ	‘jagged, chipped’
susu	susu	‘breast’
susuc	susutʃ	‘near, approach’
susud	susud	‘each, every, every time’
susuh	susuh	‘spike, sharp instrument, pierce, prick’
susuh	susuh	‘spike, thorn, pierce, prick’
susuy	susuj	‘follow (path; course of river etc.)’
susuy	susuj	‘teach, instruct, indicate’
suwi	suwi	‘rheumatism’
suwu	suwu	‘boundary, border’
səla	səla	‘big’
səlac	səlatʃ	‘gap, space between things’
səlaʔ	səlaʔ	‘big’
səmud	səmud	‘mouth’
səndi	səndi	‘isolated, secluded place, go to such a place (to defecate), defecate’
sənduʔ	sənduʔ	‘hiccup’
səpaʔ	səpaʔ	‘noise of smacking lips while eating, make such a noise while eating’
səpeʔ	səpeʔ	‘slap with open hand’
səpuc	səputʃ	‘blow’
səsəh	səsəh	‘cram in tightly, squeeze in’
səsən	səsən	‘gather, assemble’
səsəŋ	səsəŋ	‘blockage (of nose)’
səsəw	səsəw	‘suck’
tadiŋa	tadiŋa	‘hear’
ta-hula	ta-hula	‘how muchʔ’
tahula	tahula	‘how muchʔ’
talaʔta	talaʔta	‘skin disease causing pale patches on body’
tale	tale	‘newly, just, now’
tali	tali	‘rope, string’
talihud	talihud	‘turn the back (on someone), part, separate’
taliŋa	taliŋa	‘ear’
talo	talo	‘fear, afraid’
talun	talun	‘forest’
tambəlaŋ	tambəlaŋ	‘kind of bamboo’
tas	tas	‘large tree sp., used for timber’
tatab	tatab	‘cut off (branch), lop off, slash’
tatah	tatah	‘cut wood smooth’
taw	taw	‘winnow’
taʔi	taʔi	‘faeces, dregs’
taʔun	taʔun	‘year’
tece	tetʃe	‘bridge’
tehew	tehew	‘tree sp.’; ‘Artocarpus blumei’
tekol	tekol	‘beat (drum; gong etc.) with stick’
teleb	teleb	‘fade (of colours)’
tian	tian	‘belly, stomach’
tiaʔ	tiaʔ	‘throw away’
tiey	tiej	‘pig’
tihoʔ	tihoʔ	‘sneeze’
timboy	timboj	‘hold upside-down’
t-in-anəm	t-in-anəm	‘cultivated plants’
tinaʔ	tinaʔ	‘pale, pallid’
tinaʔe	tinaʔe	‘intestines’
tinaʔi	tinaʔi	‘intestines, belly’
tipuʔ	tipuʔ	‘toothless, fall out (of teeth), pull out, pluck (fruit)’
tis	tis	‘drip, leak’
titiŋ	titiŋ	‘clang, ring (noise), produce such a sound’
tiwuʔ	tiwuʔ	‘pluck (e.g. fruit)’
tod	tod	‘stand up, get up, put up, erect’
tokoʔ	tokoʔ	‘peck (of bird), snap (of snake; crocodile)’
totoh	totoh	‘chop up finely’
toton	toton	‘fish hook, fish (with rod)’
tow	tow	‘person, born, live, grow’
towo	towo	‘liar, cheat, lie, deceive’
tuali	tuali	‘younger sibling’
tuama	tuama	‘man, male’
tuba	tuba	‘stunned (of fish)’
tucu	tutʃu	‘kindle, light (fire; lamp), set alight’
tud	tud	‘origin, beginning, base, stump (of tree)’
tuhun	tuhun	‘bunch’
tuma	tuma	‘clothes louse’
tumid	tumid	‘heel’
tunduʔ	tunduʔ	‘finger, point’
tundəh	tundəh	‘prod, poke’
tuʔa	tuʔa	‘old’
tuʔd	tuʔd	‘stump of chopped down tree’
tuʔun	tuʔun	‘cook’
tuʔur	tuʔur	‘stump of chopped down tree’
təba	təba	‘sharpened piece of bamboo used as a knife’
təbiʔ	təbiʔ	‘break off (small piece of something)’
təbəl	təbəl	‘sharp (of blade)’
təlu	təlu	‘three’
tələs	tələs	‘buy’
təmbir	təmbir	‘edge, side, bank’
təna	təna	‘hit, strike (e.g. with stone)’
təŋa	təŋa	‘fibres (of betel nut; sugarcane etc.) spat out after chewing’
təpoh	təpoh	‘tip, point, extremity, end’
təpəs	təpəs	‘swallow’
tətəh	tətəh	‘stick (post) into ground, beat in (e.g. nail)’
ual	ual	‘tusk, canine tooth’
uan	uan	‘grey hair’
uaŋ	uaŋ	‘howl, yelp (of dog)’
ubad	ubad	‘untie, unravel’
ubuc	ubutʃ	‘pull out, pluck out’
ucəh	utʃəh	‘brain’
ue	ue	‘kind of thick rattan’
uha	uha	‘force open’
ulah	ulah	‘snake’
ulic	ulitʃ	‘true, correct, real’
ulud	ulud	‘imitate, copy, follow’
ulud	ulud	‘resemble, copy, imitate’
ulun	ulun	‘rest of the head (e.g. on pillow)’
ulur	ulur	‘resemble, copy, imitate’
uma	uma	‘(dry) cultivated field, gardens’
umaʔ	umaʔ	‘sheath, sheathe’
undam	undam	‘medicine’
uri	uri	‘tail’
utaw-an	utaw-an	‘bellows’
utəw	utəw	‘inside, interior, enter’
uwuʔ	uwuʔ	‘pick (rice), reap, harvest’
walu	walu	‘eight’
waluŋ	waluŋ	‘provisions for journey’
wəlaʔd	wəlaʔd	‘spread out (to dry)’
əlis	əlis	‘sand’
əmbəl	əmbəl	‘rattan sp.’
ənəm	ənəm	‘six, day, sun’
əpac	əpatʃ	‘four’
əpeʔ	əpeʔ	‘taste, try, test, sample’
əsa	əsa	‘one’
əsəm	əsəm	‘sour’
əta	əta	‘bran, chaff’
əteʔ	əteʔ	‘strong, forceful’
ətoʔ	ətoʔ	‘long (of time)’
ətuc	ətutʃ	‘fart’
ətuŋ	ətuŋ	‘slope, rising ground’

OUTOFPAPUA database: Lexicons of the West Papuan language area

Sneddon (1978e): Tonsawang

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