OUTOFPAPUA database: Lexicons of the West Papuan language area

Sneddon (1978b): Tombulu Kinilow

Original citation: Sneddon, J. N. 1978. Proto-Minahasan: Phonology, morphology and wordlist. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

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Total entries: 711
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Headword IPA Glosses
abahatabahat

‘storm from the west (November to January monsoon)’

abakabak

‘body’

abuabu

‘ash, dust’

adeade

‘jaw’

adiʔadiʔ

‘sheet or mat on which to sit or lie’

agaaɡa

‘tree sp.’; ‘Pterocarpus indicus’

ahdanahdan

‘ladder, stairs’

ahmutahmut

‘root’

akadakad

‘until, the extent that’

akidakid

‘scoop out rice from pot’

akuaku

‘I’

akəlakəl

‘sugar palm’; ‘Arenga saccharifera’

aliʔaliʔ

‘sheet or mat on which to sit or lie’

aliʔialiʔi

‘house post’

aləŋaləŋ

‘soot, black stain from smoke’

amaʔamaʔ

‘father (vocative)’

amaʔamaʔ

‘father’

amianamian

‘north, north wind’

ampitampit

‘take with one’

anakanak

‘child of someone, offspring’

anaʔanaʔ

‘child of someone, offspring’

aŋeaŋe

‘go’

antaŋantaŋ

‘rise (of sun), lift up, noble, honoured’

anuanu

‘someone/something or other’

apiapi

‘fire’

apuapu

‘finished, used up, finish off, use up’

apuhapuh

‘lime’

apəduapədu

‘bile, gall’

arihiarihi

‘house post’

arəŋarəŋ

‘soot, black stain from smoke’

asaŋasaŋ

‘gills (of fish)’

asaʔasaʔ

‘whet, grind sharp’

asinasin

‘salt’

asuasu

‘dog’

asuasu

‘draw water, scoop up water’

asuʔasuʔ

‘draw water, scoop up water’

asəŋasəŋ

‘breath, breathe’

ataata

‘slave’

atasatas

‘above, on (top)’

ateate

‘liver’

atusatus

‘hundred’

atədatəd

‘transport, convey’

atəpatəp

‘roof, roofing (thatch)’

awəsawəs

‘enough, increase, add to’

ayahajah

‘bright, morning light’

ayamajam

‘plait, weave’

aʔeaʔe

‘foot, leg’

aʔsəŋaʔsəŋ

‘gills (of fish)’

babaʔbabaʔ

‘below, under’

babibabi

‘pig’

babobabo

‘above, over’

baerbaer

‘pay’

bahabaha

‘live coals, embers’

bahiʔbahiʔ

‘hoe’

bahuʔbahuʔ

‘wet’

balahanbalahan

‘cucumber’

balebale

‘house’

balelaŋbalelaŋ

‘sulphur’

balibali

‘accompany, escort, lead’

balianbalian

‘(pagan) priest, shaman’

balinabalina

‘other’

balulaŋbalulaŋ

‘scar (of wound)’

balunbalun

‘provisions for journey’

baluybaluj

‘transform, change (shape etc.)’

baŋehbaŋeh

‘smell or taste bad (of food left too long)’

baŋkoʔbaŋkoʔ

‘big’

baŋunbaŋun

‘beautiful, excellent’

bantoʔbantoʔ

‘childless, infertile’

banuabanua

‘village’

baratbarat

‘at an angle, slanting’

bareŋbareŋ

‘change direction’

barukbaruk

‘tall, slender palm sp. which yields sago’

barukbaruk

‘tinder, flammable powder obtained from palm branches’

batubatu

‘stone’

batunabatuna

‘seed, pit (of fruit)’

bauʔubauʔu

‘tortoise’

bayabaja

‘permit, allow, release’

baʔanbaʔan

‘sneeze’

baʔaŋbaʔaŋ

‘tooth’

baʔkulbaʔkul

‘bird snare’

baʔkəsbaʔkəs

‘tie up, bind’

bebenebebene

‘woman, female’

behebehe

‘give, put, place’

beneʔbeneʔ

‘rice in husk (in field or harvested)’

beybeybejbej

‘hang down’

biaʔibiaʔi

‘here’

bibihbibih

‘lip(s)’

bibitbibit

‘lift/carry by rope’

biliŋbiliŋ

‘turn over, turn around’

bilitbilit

‘sew’

biŋibiŋi

‘slanting, sloping’

bintiʔbintiʔ

‘kick person’

bisabisa

‘whichʔ, whereʔ’

bitiʔbitiʔ

‘kick’

biʔisbiʔis

‘tick (on cattle and other animals)’

boboʔboboʔ

‘dumb, mute’

bohoboho

‘chase away, drive off’

bokbokbokbok

‘hole (e.g. in ground)’

bolobolo

‘albino’

boubou

‘smell’

buaʔbuaʔ

‘areca palm and nut’

buaʔbuaʔ

‘fruit’

buaʔ-nabuaʔ-na

‘fruit’

bubububu

‘fish trap’

bubuŋbubuŋ

‘ridge of roof’

budbudbudbud

‘sprinkle with fingertips’

bukabuka

‘open’

bukbukbukbuk

‘wood borer’

bukubuku

‘joint, knuckle, knot’

bulbulbulbul

‘feather, fur, body hair’

buluʔbuluʔ

‘thin bamboo sp. with great distance between joints’

buŋabuŋa

‘flower’

buŋaŋbuŋaŋ

‘flower’

bunibuni

‘hide, conceal, put away’

bunoŋbunoŋ

‘pool, puddle’

bunuʔbunuʔ

‘kill’

buriburi

‘return, go back’

buriŋburiŋ

‘charcoal’

burukburuk

‘bad, rotten’

busbusbusbus

‘pour out, empty out (a container)’

butabuta

‘full’

butbutbutbut

‘tug’

buʔukbuʔuk

‘hair’

bəladbəlad

‘spread out (to dry)’

bəlahbəlah

‘floor’

bənaŋbənaŋ

‘debt’

bəndubəndu

‘fatique, exhaustion, hard work’

bəndubəndu

‘trouble, distress, worry, hard work’

bəŋibəŋi

‘night, dark’

bəŋkowbəŋkow

‘spear, lance’

bəŋəlbəŋəl

‘stupid’

bəroybəroj

‘pour’

bərubəru

‘new’

bərənbərən

‘eye’

bəsahbəsah

‘split, crack’

bəsuhbəsuh

‘satisfied, full (from eating)’

bətiʔbətiʔ

‘burst (of roasting corn), bake corn in ashes’

bətiʔisbətiʔis

‘calf (of leg)’

dabaadabaa

‘lie transverse, across’

dahamidahami

‘dry rice stalks, straw’

dahasdahas

‘secondary pounding of rice (after winnowing)’

dahaʔdahaʔ

‘blood’

dakidaki

‘grime, dirt on body’

damahdamah

‘resin, tree from which resin is obtained’

danodano

‘water’

dapdapdapdap

‘tree sp.’

datedate

‘cold’

dipdipdipdip

‘cut off, cut through’

diʔdiʔdiʔdiʔ

‘boil (of water)’

douʔdouʔ

‘far, distant’

duadua

‘two’

duhiduhi

‘bone’

duhuduhu

‘corner, angle’

dukutdukut

‘grass’

duniʔduniʔ

‘rainbow’

dəmdəmdəmdəm

‘black’

dəpadəpa

‘fathom, span of arms out-stretched’

ebehebeh

‘desire, crave, saliva, slaver, salivate’

edoʔedoʔ

‘earthquake’

ehdoʔehdoʔ

‘earthquake’

eheehe

‘give’

endoendo

‘take, get, fetch’

eweʔeweʔ

‘desire, crave, saliva, slaver, salivate’

eyej

‘come’

eyeeje

‘come’

garotɡarot

‘write’

geygeyɡejɡej

‘lift up, raise’

gioɡio

‘face’

gogarɡoɡar

‘break up, demolish’

goritɡorit

‘dig hole with point of knife’

goritɡorit

‘saw’

gərgərɡərɡər

‘shiver, tremble’

iapiap

‘count’

iaʔiiaʔi

‘this’

ikətikət

‘hang up on rope’

ilaila

‘mole (on body)’

impitimpit

‘carry under armpit, squeeze with hand’

inaʔinaʔ

‘mother’

inaʔinaʔ

‘reduce, decrease, make less’

iŋkoʔiŋkoʔ

‘riddle’

ipagipaɡ

‘brother/sister-in-law’

ipiipi

‘dream’

ipusipus

‘tail’

ipənipən

‘gum(s)’

ipəsipəs

‘kind of small cockroach’

itoʔitoʔ

‘uncle’

kabalkabal

‘thick skin, invulnerable’

kabisakabisa

‘whenʔ’

kahaŋkahaŋ

‘scab (on wound)’

kahatkahat

‘snatch away, seize, wrest’

kahbiʔikahbiʔi

‘yesterday’

kalaseykalasej

‘fish trap of bamboo lattice work’

kalebkebkalebkeb

‘wing’

kalikali

‘dig to a shallow depth’

kalipoʔpoʔkalipoʔpoʔ

‘butterfly’

kamokamo

‘you (plural)’

kamukamu

‘you (plural)’

kankan

‘rice, eat’

kandoŋkandoŋ

‘make rope by spinning palm fibres’

kantaŋkantaŋ

‘slightly raised’

kantoŋkantoŋ

‘large, fat, castrated pig’

kapeykapej

‘wave, beckon with hand’

karaʔkaʔkaraʔkaʔ

‘boil (of water)’

kariskaris

‘stripe, streak, scratch’

karkarkarkar

‘scratch (in ground, e.g. of fowls)’

karotkarot

‘scrape, scratch (with fingernails)’

karətkətkarətkət

‘gnaw, grind teeth’

kasilikasili

‘sel’

kaskaskaskas

‘grabble, scrabble’

kasokaso

‘rafters’

katarekatare

‘first’

kaykaj

‘wood, tree’

kayoŋkajoŋ

‘crab’

kayoʔkajoʔ

‘stir, mix’

kaʔawiʔkaʔawiʔ

‘yesterday’

kaʔiskaʔis

‘scratch away (as chicken does), sweep away’

kehetkehet

‘tap sugar palm’

kentoʔkentoʔ

‘lame, limp’

keretkeret

‘shout, cry out’

keseʔkeseʔ

‘torn, tear’

keʔkeʔkeʔkeʔ

‘laugh’

keʔolkeʔol

‘lame, crippled because of deformity’

kileʔkileʔ

‘tickle’

kimakima

‘giant clam’

k-im-əsah umpoʔotk-im-əsah umpoʔot

‘swollen belly’

kirkirkirkir

‘stingy, thrifty’

kiskiskiskis

‘file, grate, scrape, shave’

kitakita

‘we (inclusive)’

kiuʔkiuʔ

‘have sexual intercourse’

kiʔitkiʔit

‘follow’

kiʔitkiʔit

‘small gnat’

kolintaŋkolintaŋ

‘xylophone (percussion instrument with series of wooden bars or metal cymbals)’

kolombiʔkolombiʔ

‘large freshwater mollusc’

korkorkorkor

‘scratch (e.g. when itchy)’

kotkotkotkot

‘brush lightly with fingers to attract attention’

koʔkoʔkoʔkoʔ

‘hen, fowl’

kuhunkuhun

‘tall grass sp.’; ‘Imperata cylindrica’

kukukkukuk

‘crow (of rooster)’

kulatkulat

‘kind of tree fungus’

kulitkulit

‘skin, bark’

kulitkulit

‘skin’

kumikumi

‘moustache’

k-um-urakurak-um-urakura

‘whyʔ’

kurakura

‘do something, act, howʔ’

kurakurakurakura

‘whyʔ’

kurambədkurambəd

‘thick’

kurambərkurambər

‘thick’

kureʔkureʔ

‘earthen cooking pot’

kusekuse

‘cuscus’

kutukutu

‘head louse’

kəbkəbkəbkəb

‘nibble, bite off little piece’

kəburkəbur

‘turbid, muddy (of water)’

kədutkədut

‘pinch (with fingertips), pluck off, nip off with fingernails’

kəikəpkəikəp

‘embrace, enclose, fold the arms’

kəkəniŋkəkəniŋ

‘eyebrow’

kəkəwkəkəw

‘carry in hand held against breast’

kələbkələb

‘close with lit or top, put a lit on’

kəmbuʔkəmbuʔ

‘well up, bubble up (of water from ground)’

kəmkəmkəmkəm

‘cover (e.g. eyes, mouth) with hands, hold in closed hand, handful’

kəməskəməs

‘wash clothes’

kəntəŋkəntəŋ

‘taut, tight (e.g. of rope)’

kəpkəpkəpkəp

‘cover, embrace, hold to one in arms’

kəpəlkəpəl

‘stick on, press on’

kəseʔkəseʔ

‘small freshwater fish with spiny back’

kətehkəteh

‘hard’

kəteʔkəteʔ

‘hard’

kətkətkətkət

‘nibble, gnaw’

kətəpkətəp

‘close together, without gaps (e.g. floor boards)’

kəʔkəpkəʔkəp

‘embrace, enclose, fold the arms’

kəʔmbuʔkəʔmbuʔ

‘well up, bubble up (of water from ground)’

labahlabah

‘lie transverse, across, block way’

labihlabih

‘hut in fields consisting of a single slanting roof’

lagaʔlaɡaʔ

‘large red ant which lives in trees’

lahadlahad

‘itch, fibres on plants which cause itching’

lahadlahad

‘itch’

lakolako

‘go’

lalanlalan

‘road, pathway’

lalaŋlalaŋ

‘road, pathway’

lalədlaləd

‘fly’

laləmlaləm

‘inside’

lampaŋlampaŋ

‘walk’

lanalana

‘oil’

laŋitlaŋit

‘sky’

lanutlanut

‘tough (of meat, fibres)’

lasotlasot

‘fruit sp.’; ‘Lancium domesticum’

laʔarlaʔar

‘causing itch, itch’

laʔdlaʔd

‘causing itch, itch’

laʔmədlaʔməd

‘swallow without chewing’

leheʔleheʔ

‘neck’

lekaʔlekaʔ

‘bed bug’

lenoleno

‘clean, pure (of water)’

lenoleno

‘shadow, reflection’

leʔadleʔad

‘lean backwards (e.g. to look up)’

leʔoleʔo

‘hunger‘ .’

leʔomleʔom

‘thirst’

lialia

‘Spanish pepper, ginger’

likudlikud

‘back (of body), carry on the back’

likudlikud

‘carry on the back’

likurlikur

‘back (of body), carry on the back’

lilaʔlilaʔ

‘tongue’

limalima

‘five’

limuhmuhlimuhmuh

‘rinse out mouth’

liŋkunliŋkun

‘roll (cigarette), turn (soil)’

lintaʔlintaʔ

‘leech’

liputliput

‘surround, encircle’

loaŋloaŋ

‘wide, spacious’

lolololo

‘extract, pull out’

loloatiloloati

‘worm’

londeylondej

‘boat, canoe’

loŋonloŋon

‘stupid, ignorant’

luarluar

‘outside’

luaʔluaʔ

‘vomit’

lueʔlueʔ

‘tears, weep’

lukadlukad

‘watchman, guard, keep watch’

luludlulud

‘shin’

lumutlumut

‘moss’

lutamlutam

‘gun, shoot’

lutuʔlutuʔ

‘cook’

ləbuləbu

‘torrent, flood, turbid, muddy’

ləbuhləbuh

‘flood’

ləbuhləbuh

‘turbid, stirred up’

ləbəŋləbəŋ

‘bury’

ləkacləkatʃ

‘stubble, dried rice stalks’

ləkatləkat

‘disused field’

ləkəpləkəp

‘complete, finished’

lə-lətok-ənlə-lətok-ən

‘toy which makes a noise like a cracker’

ləmboləmbo

‘rise to surface, float on surface’

ləmbutləmbut

‘fat’

ləmeʔləmeʔ

‘soft, gentle, tender’

ləməsləməs

‘suffocate, choke, drown’

lənaslənas

‘pure, clean’

ləŋeyləŋej

‘poor, needy’

ləŋənləŋən

‘arm (including hand)’

lənədlənəd

‘sink’

ləpətləpət

‘fold’

ləseʔaləseʔa

‘nit, louse egg’

ləsuŋləsuŋ

‘mortar (in which rice is pounded)’

ləwuləwu

‘torrent, flood, turbid, muddy’

ləʔbuŋləʔbuŋ

‘bamboo sprouts’

mamaʔmamaʔ

‘father (vocative)’

maŋunimaŋuni

‘owl’

mataʔmataʔ

‘green (colour), unripe, raw’

meoŋmeoŋ

‘cat’

mualimuali

‘happen, occur, become’

muntemunte

‘lemon, citrus’

murimuri

‘behind, back, rear’

nabuʔnabuʔ

‘fall (from height)’

nanamnanam

‘taste, flavour’

nanaʔnanaʔ

‘pus, fester’

naramnaram

‘tame’

ŋaŋaŋaŋa

‘wide open (of mouth), agape, gape’

ŋaranŋaran

‘name’

ŋaʔŋaʔŋaʔŋaʔ

‘chew, munch’

ŋiluŋilu

‘on edge (of teeth)’

ŋiluŋŋiluŋ

‘nose’

ŋiruŋŋiruŋ

‘nose’

ŋəruŋəru

‘smell of bad fish’

ŋərədŋərəd

‘slow’

ŋərənŋərən

‘slow’

nini

‘possessive/agentive animate noun marker’

nihunihu

‘winnowing basket’

nipisnipis

‘thin’

niʔnisniʔnis

‘wipe, brush’

obarobar

‘untie, unravel’

ohatohat

‘vein’

ombalombal

‘call out to (from afar)’

opoʔopoʔ

‘grandparent, ancestor, lord (title)’

owaʔowaʔ

‘body’

pagərpaɡər

‘fence, enclosure’

pahapaha

‘attic, loft’

pahipahi

‘ray fish’

pakupaku

‘kind of edible fern’

paladpalad

‘palm (of hand), sole (of foot)’

palaʔdpalaʔd

‘palm (of hand), sole (of foot)’

palaʔpaʔpalaʔpaʔ

‘palm branch’

palelaʔanpalelaʔan

‘mad, crazy’

palukapaluka

‘shoulder’

paŋapaŋa

‘branch’

paŋipaŋi

‘tree with edible leaves and fruit’; ‘Pangium edule’

paŋkurpaŋkur

‘beat (with hard object)’

pantikpantik

‘write’

parasparas

‘weed, clear land’

pariaparia

‘edible gourd’; ‘Nomordica charantia’

pasaʔanpasaʔan

‘carry on the shoulder’

pasuʔpasuʔ

‘hot’

patarpatar

‘flat, level’

patepate

‘die, kill’

patirukanpatirukan

‘large bee sp.’

paʔapaʔa

‘thigh’

paʔanpaʔan

‘bait, lure’

paʔitpaʔit

‘bitter’

pehospehos

‘rub, stroke’

pekoʔpekoʔ

‘bent, crooked, bend’

pelaʔpelaʔ

‘wound’

peraʔperaʔ

‘roe, fish eggs’

peretperet

‘mouse’

peʔpeʔ

‘eat meat or fish’

peʔ-anpeʔ-an

‘taste’

peʔ-enpeʔ-en

‘fish’

pirapira

‘how muchʔ, how manyʔ’

pitpitpitpit

‘blink (eyes)’

pitupitu

‘seven’

piʔpiʔpiʔpiʔ

‘urine, urinate’

polapola

‘sugarcane’

pondospondos

‘slender cane sort’

poŋkolpoŋkol

‘decapitate’

popopopo

‘garden hut’

popolaspopolas

‘spleen’

pototpotot

‘short (of stature)’

potoʔpotoʔ

‘short (of stature)’

poʔotpoʔot

‘belly’

puhuspuhus

‘wring, squeeze, squeeze out, milk’

puikanpuikan

‘sea turtle’

pukətpukət

‘net for catching fish or animals’

pulutpulut

‘sap, glue, sticky’

puluʔpuluʔ

‘decimal unit (tens)’

puntipunti

‘banana’

pupuspupus

‘skewer, spit, pierce with skewer’

purutpurut

‘pick up, collect, gather’

pusuʔpusuʔ

‘heart, blossom (of palm, banana)’

pusədpusəd

‘navel’

pusəʔdpusəʔd

‘navel’

putiʔ-ənputiʔ-ən

‘white bird sp.’

pədəŋpədəŋ

‘blind, shut eyes’

pəkuʔpəkuʔ

‘snapped by being bent, bend (e.g. branch) and snap’

pəlapəla

‘dry’

pənadpənad

‘buttocks, backside’

pənaʔdpənaʔd

‘buttocks, backside’

pəndanpəndan

‘feel, touch’

pənətpənət

‘shut’

pərapəra

‘dry’

pəsetpəset

‘crowded, cramped, tight fitting’

pəsutpəsut

‘narrow, tight, press, squeeze, squeeze out’

pəsəlpəsəl

‘empty, without contents (of fruit, grain), barren’

pətikpətik

‘flick off/away (with fingers)’

rakutrakut

‘tie up’

ramaʔramaʔ

‘resin, tree from which resin is obtained’

rambunrambun

‘cloudy, dark place’

rambusrambus

‘pull up (weeds)’

raŋdaŋraŋdaŋ

‘red’

rantoŋrantoŋ

‘hang (execute)’

raprapraprap

‘slash off palm leaves’

rarahararaha

‘girl’

raraŋraraŋ

‘warm by fire, roast’

raʔdanraʔdan

‘ladder, stairs’

raʔdapraʔdap

‘tree’; ‘Erythrina indica’

raʔndapraʔndap

‘tree’; ‘Erythrina indica’

rekoʔrekoʔ

‘bent, crooked, curved, bend’

rentekrentek

‘work metal, forge’

reʔoreʔo

‘thirst’

riburibu

‘thousand’

ridiʔridiʔ

‘boil (food)’

rikərrikər

‘bind, wind round’

rimatrimat

‘dense, close together’

ririhririh

‘yellow, pale, wan’

riʔndiʔriʔndiʔ

‘boil (food)’

riʔripriʔrip

‘cut off, cut through’

rokoʔrokoʔ

‘cloth, material’

rondodrondod

‘straight’

rupurupu

‘smallpox’

ruragruraɡ

‘hollow, hole in tree’

rəbuŋrəbuŋ

‘bamboo sprouts’

rəgəsrəɡəs

‘wind, blow (of wind)’

rəkatrəkat

‘disused field’

rənetrənet

‘long, stretch’

rəŋanrəŋan

‘do together or at the same time, of the same age’

rəŋisrəŋis

‘burn’

rəpətrəpət

‘fast, speedy, hard, intense (of wind, rain)’

rəpətrəpət

‘hard, intense (e.g. of wind, rain), severe (of illness)’

sasa

‘if, when’

sabasaba

‘large snake sp.’

sabaŋsabaŋ

‘help’

sabeysabej

‘pubic hair’

sabutsabut

‘pluck out, pull out’

sahapsahap

‘scoop, ladle’

sakasaka

‘cockfight, stage cockfight’

sakesake

‘ride, mount, board’

sakeysakej

‘guest’

sakitsakit

‘evil spirit which causes sickness’

salasala

‘put up in a higher place (e.g. on a rack)’

salahsalah

‘nest (of bird or animal)’

salaksaksalaksak

‘rib(s)’

salaʔsalaʔ

‘error, mistake, do wrong, make a mistake’

saleisaksaleisak

‘rib(s)’

saluhsaluh

‘gutter, water channel’

sambeysambej

‘hang (e.g. on shoulder, nail)’

saməksamək

‘dirty, unclean’

saməksamək

‘foul (language)’

sapusapu

‘wipe, sweep’

saputsaput

‘wrap, wrap up’

sarusaru

‘front, in front of, face’

saʔutsaʔut

‘stem of young banana tree (eaten as vegetable)’

seaʔseaʔ

‘deviate, diverge, turn off (path)’

sehedsehed

‘sting (of insect)’

seilaseila

‘they’

seisəpseisəp

‘suck’

sekeʔsekeʔ

‘fight, do battle with’

seleŋseleŋ

‘wry neck, head twisted to one side’

seŋkotseŋkot

‘sail’

sepərsepər

‘dyke, dam, dam up, block’

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