OUTOFPAPUA database: Lexicons of the West Papuan language area

Sneddon (1978a): Proto-Minahasan

Original citation: Sneddon, J. N. 1978. Proto-Minahasan: Phonology, morphology and wordlist. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
Notes on this source: Glosses in square brackets are not included in the original, they are based on the glosses in the listed languages. edited by Maria Zielenbach

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Total entries: 726
Headword IPA Glosses
*abahat*abahat

‘storm from the west’ (eng)

*abu*abu

‘ash, dust’ (eng)

*abut*abut

‘pull out’ (eng)

*ade*ade

‘jaw’ (eng)

*aga*aɡa

‘tree sp.’ (eng)

*ahbun*ahbun

‘[smoke]’ (eng)

*ahdan*ahdan

‘ladder, stairs’ (eng)

*ahi*ahi

‘come’ (eng)

*ahmut*ahmut

‘root’ (eng)

*akad*akad

‘until, the extent that’ (eng)

*akid*akid

‘scoop out rice from pot’ (eng)

*aku*aku

‘I’ (eng)

*akəl*akəl

‘sugar palm’ (eng); ‘Arenga saccharifera’ (lat)

*alabat*alabat

‘fence’ (eng)

*alad*alad

‘[enclosure for animals]’ (eng)

*aliʔ*aliʔ

‘sheet or mat on which to sit or lie’ (eng)

*aləd*aləd

‘support, prop up’ (eng)

*amaŋ*amaŋ

‘father’ (eng)

*amaʔ*amaʔ

‘father’ (eng)

*amian*amian

‘[north, north wind]’ (eng)

*ampit*ampit

‘[together with, in company with, take with one]’ (eng)

*anak*anak

‘offspring, child (of someone)’ (eng)

*aŋe*aŋe

‘go’ (eng)

*antaŋ*antaŋ

‘rise, lift up’ (eng)

*anu*anu

‘someone/something or other’ (eng)

*api*api

‘fire’ (eng)

*apoʔ*apoʔ

‘grandparent, ancestor, lord’ (eng)

*apu*apu

‘finished, used up, finish up, use up’ (eng)

*apuh*apuh

‘lime’ (eng)

*apədu*apədu

‘bile, gall’ (eng)

*ar₂ihi*ar₂ihi

‘post, pillar’ (eng)

*ar₂əŋ*ar₂əŋ

‘[soot, black stain from smoke]’ (eng)

*asaŋ*asaŋ

‘gills’ (eng)

*asaʔ*asaʔ

‘whet, grind sharp’ (eng)

*asin*asin

‘salt’ (eng)

*asu*asu

‘dog’ (eng)

*asu(h)*asu(h)

‘draw water, scoop up water’ (eng)

*asəŋ*asəŋ

‘breath’ (eng)

*ata*ata

‘slave’ (eng)

*atas*atas

‘above, on (top)’ (eng)

*ate*ate

‘liver’ (eng)

*atus*atus

‘hundred’ (eng)

*atəd*atəd

‘[transport, convey]’ (eng)

*atəluh*atəluh

‘egg’ (eng)

*atəp*atəp

‘roof, thatch’ (eng)

*awak*awak

‘body’ (eng)

*awəs*awəs

‘[enough, increase, add to]’ (eng)

*ayah*ayah

‘bright, (morning) light’ (eng)

*ayam*ayam

‘plait, weave’ (eng)

*aʔe*aʔe

‘foot, leg’ (eng)

*babaʔ*babaʔ

‘below, under’ (eng)

*babi*babi

‘pig’ (eng)

*babo*babo

‘above, over’ (eng)

*baer*baer

‘pay’ (eng)

*baha*baha

‘live coals, embers’ (eng)

*bahas*bahas

‘husked rice’ (eng)

*bahat*bahat

‘[pregnant]’ (eng)

*baheʔ*baheʔ

‘swelling’ (eng)

*bahiʔ*bahiʔ

‘hard outer wood of palm trees’ (eng)

*bahuʔ*bahuʔ

‘[gravy, sauce, moisten food with gravy, wet, feed animals]’ (eng)

*bakul*bakul

‘basket’ (eng)

*balahan*balahan

‘[cucumber]’ (eng)

*bale*bale

‘house’ (eng)

*balelaŋ*balelaŋ

‘sulphur’ (eng)

*bali*bali

‘accompany, escort, lead’ (eng)

*balian*balian

‘(pagan) priest, shaman’ (eng)

*balina*balina

‘other’ (eng)

*balulaŋ*balulaŋ

‘skin, hide’ (eng)

*balun*balun

‘provisions for journey’ (eng)

*baluy*baluy

‘transform, change’ (eng)

*baŋeh*baŋeh

‘smell bad’ (eng)

*baŋkoʔ*baŋkoʔ

‘big’ (eng)

*baŋun*baŋun

‘[beautiful, excellent, strong, vigorous]’ (eng)

*bantaŋ*bantaŋ

‘large basket for storing rice’ (eng)

*bantoʔ*bantoʔ

‘childless, infertile’ (eng)

*banua*banua

‘[village]’ (eng)

*banut*banut

‘coconut husk’ (eng)

*baruga*baruɡa

‘stone house-shaped tomb’ (eng)

*baruk*baruk

‘tinder’ (eng)

*bar₁at*bar₁at

‘at an angle, slanting’ (eng)

*bar₁uk*bar₁uk

‘tall, slender palm sp.’ (eng)

*bar₂eŋ*bar₂eŋ

‘return, go back’ (eng)

*bataŋ*bataŋ

‘[log, body (of person)]’ (eng)

*bataʔ*bataʔ

‘child, young’ (eng)

*batu*batu

‘stone’ (eng)

*batuna*batuna

‘seed, pit (of fruit)’ (eng)

*baya*baya

‘all’ (eng)

*baya*baya

‘permit, allow, release’ (eng)

*bayaŋ*bayaŋ

‘row’ (eng)

*bayoŋ*bayoŋ

‘swing, dangle’ (eng)

*baʔan*baʔan

‘sneeze’ (eng)

*baʔaŋ*baʔaŋ

‘tooth’ (eng)

*baʔbaʔ*baʔbaʔ

‘mouth’ (eng)

*baʔkəs*baʔkəs

‘tie up, bind’ (eng)

*baʔu(ʔu)*baʔu(ʔu)

‘tortoise’ (eng)

*bebene*bebene

‘woman, female’ (eng)

*behe*behe

‘give’ (eng)

*bene*bene

‘woman, female’ (eng)

*beneʔ*beneʔ

‘rice seed’ (eng)

*beybey*beybey

‘[hang in tatters, hang down, carry by hand with the load hanging down]’ (eng)

*biaʔi*biaʔi

‘here’ (eng)

*bibih*bibih

‘lip(s)’ (eng)

*bibit*bibit

‘[tug on rope, lift by rope, carry by rope, carry by handle]’ (eng)

*bikoʔ*bikoʔ

‘small prawn’ (eng)

*biliŋ*biliŋ

‘turn over, turn around’ (eng)

*bilit*bilit

‘[sew, pleat, fold]’ (eng)

*biŋi*biŋi

‘sloping, slanting’ (eng)

*biŋkuŋ*biŋkuŋ

‘mattock’ (eng)

*bintiʔ*bintiʔ

‘kick person's calf with shin’ (eng)

*bisa*bisa

‘which?, where?’ (eng)

*biʔis*biʔis

‘tick (insect)’ (eng)

*bo*bo

‘and, with, (and) then’ (eng)

*boboʔ*boboʔ

‘dumb, mute’ (eng)

*boho*boho

‘chase away, drive off’ (eng)

*bokbok*bokbok

‘hole’ (eng)

*bolo*bolo

‘[albino, reddish, light coloured, silvery-white]’ (eng)

*bow*bow

‘smell’ (eng)

*buaʔ*buaʔ

‘fruit, bear fruit, areca fruit’ (eng)

*bubu*bubu

‘fish trap’ (eng)

*bubuŋ*bubuŋ

‘ridge of roof’ (eng)

*budbud*budbud

‘strew, scatter’ (eng)

*bue*bue

‘[rice grain, ear of rice, rice in husk, any ground fruit (peanut; tuber etc.), first root from rice seed]’ (eng)

*buka(ʔ)*buka(ʔ)

‘open’ (eng)

*bukbuk*bukbuk

‘wood borer’ (eng)

*buku*buku

‘knee, joint, knot’ (eng)

*bulbul*bulbul

‘feather, fur, body hair’ (eng)

*buluʔ*buluʔ

‘thin bamboo sp.’ (eng)

*buŋaŋ*buŋaŋ

‘flower’ (eng)

*buni*buni

‘hide, conceal’ (eng)

*bunoŋ*bunoŋ

‘pool, puddle’ (eng)

*bunuʔ*bunuʔ

‘kill’ (eng)

*buruk*buruk

‘bad, rotten’ (eng)

*bur₁i*bur₁i

‘behind, go back, return’ (eng)

*bur₂iŋ*bur₂iŋ

‘charcoal’ (eng)

*bur₂iŋa*bur₂iŋa

‘egg’ (eng)

*busbus*busbus

‘pour out, empty out’ (eng)

*busəŋ*busəŋ

‘stopper, plug’ (eng)

*buta*buta

‘full’ (eng)

*butbut*butbut

‘pull out, pluck out’ (eng)

*buʔbuʔ*buʔbuʔ

‘hole’ (eng)

*buʔuk*buʔuk

‘hair’ (eng)

*bədbəd*bədbəd

‘bind, tie around’ (eng)

*bəkbək*bəkbək

‘pound, crush’ (eng)

*bəlad*bəlad

‘spread out (to dry)’ (eng)

*bəlah*bəlah

‘floor’ (eng)

*bənaŋ*bənaŋ

‘debt’ (eng)

*bəndu*bəndu

‘hard work, distress’ (eng)

*bəŋi*bəŋi

‘night, dark’ (eng)

*bəŋkow*bəŋkow

‘spear, lance’ (eng)

*bəŋəl*bəŋəl

‘deaf’ (eng)

*bəru*bəru

‘new’ (eng)

*bər₁oy*bər₁oy

‘[hang down, lower, pour, long (of garment), slip, slide]’ (eng)

*bər₂ən*bər₂ən

‘eye’ (eng)

*bəsah*bəsah

‘split, crack’ (eng)

*bəsuh*bəsuh

‘full, satisfied’ (eng)

*bətiʔ*bətiʔ

‘[burst (of roasting corn), bake corn in ashes]’ (eng)

*bətiʔis*bətiʔis

‘calf (of leg)’ (eng)

*d/r₁aməs*d/r₁aməs

‘wet’ (eng)

*d/r₁ar₁aŋ*d/r₁ar₁aŋ

‘forbid, prohibit’ (eng)

*dahami*dahami

‘dry rice stalks, straw’ (eng)

*dahas*dahas

‘secondary pounding of rice’ (eng)

*dahaʔ*dahaʔ

‘blood’ (eng)

*dahum*dahum

‘sew, plait thatch’ (eng)

*dakdak*dakdak

‘hit with implement’ (eng)

*daki*daki

‘grime, dirt on body’ (eng)

*dalan*dalan

‘road, pathway’ (eng)

*dalid*dalid

‘[platform on which the shaman dances, plank used by priest or to sleep on, long shallow wooden tray, trough]’ (eng)

*daləm*daləm

‘inside, under, deep’ (eng)

*damah*damah

‘resin, tree from which resin is obtained’ (eng)

*dano*dano

‘water’ (eng)

*dapdap*dapdap

‘tree sp.’ (eng); ‘Erythrina indica’ (lat)

*datah*datah

‘even, level, plain, level land’ (eng)

*date*date

‘cold’ (eng)

*dayo*dayo

‘praise’ (eng)

*daʔan*daʔan

‘old’ (eng)

*dele*dele

‘palm leaf rib’ (eng)

*dilaʔ*dilaʔ

‘tongue’ (eng)

*dipdip*dipdip

‘cut off, cut through’ (eng)

*diʔdiʔ*diʔdiʔ

‘boil’ (eng)

*dohaŋ*dohaŋ

‘add to, increase’ (eng)

*douʔ*douʔ

‘far, distant’ (eng)

*dua*dua

‘two’ (eng)

*duhi*duhi

‘bone’ (eng)

*duhu*duhu

‘corner, angle’ (eng)

*dukut*dukut

‘grass’ (eng)

*dumun*dumun

‘nest, lair’ (eng)

*duniʔ*duniʔ

‘rainbow’ (eng)

*duyuŋ*duyuŋ

‘dugong’ (eng)

*dəkdək*dəkdək

‘[pound rice for the final time]’ (eng)

*dəmdəm*dəmdəm

‘dark’ (eng)

*dəpa*dəpa

‘fathom, span of arms outstretched’ (eng)

*ebeh*ebeh

‘desire, crave, saliva, slaver, salivate’ (eng)

*ehdoʔ*ehdoʔ

‘earthquake’ (eng)

*eheŋ*eheŋ

‘[snore]’ (eng)

*eret*eret

‘gird, tie round’ (eng)

*garot*ɡarot

‘scratch’ (eng)

*geygey*ɡeyɡey

‘[carry by hand, lift up, raise, hang down, hang in tatters]’ (eng)

*gio*ɡio

‘face, appearance’ (eng)

*gogar*ɡoɡar

‘[break up, demolish, loosen, break off]’ (eng)

*gor₁it*ɡor₁it

‘[slice, scrape, dig hole with point of knife, saw]’ (eng)

*gərgər*ɡərɡər

‘shiver, tremble’ (eng)

*iap*iap

‘count’ (eng)

*iaʔi*iaʔi

‘this’ (eng)

*ikət*ikət

‘[hang up on rope]’ (eng)

*ila*ila

‘mole (on body)’ (eng)

*impit*impit

‘[carry under arm, carry under armpit, squeeze with hand, narrow]’ (eng)

*inaŋ*inaŋ

‘mother’ (eng)

*inaʔ*inaʔ

‘mother’ (eng)

*inaʔ*inaʔ

‘reduce, decrease’ (eng)

*indo*indo

‘take, get, fetch’ (eng)

*iŋkot*iŋkot

‘[riddle, quarrel]’ (eng)

*ipag*ipaɡ

‘brother/sister-in-law’ (eng)

*ipi*ipi

‘dream’ (eng)

*ipus*ipus

‘tail’ (eng)

*ipən*ipən

‘tooth’ (eng)

*ipəs*ipəs

‘cockroach’ (eng)

*itoʔ*itoʔ

‘uncle’ (eng)

*itəm*itəm

‘black’ (eng)

*k/loloati*k/loloati

‘worm’ (eng)

*kabal*kabal

‘invulnerable, thick skin’ (eng)

*kabisa*kabisa

‘when?’ (eng)

*kahabiʔi*kahabiʔi

‘yesterday’ (eng)

*kahaŋ*kahaŋ

‘scab’ (eng)

*kahat*kahat

‘snatch, seize’ (eng)

*kakaʔ*kakaʔ

‘elder sibling’ (eng)

*kalasey*kalasey

‘[fish trap of bamboo lattice work, bamboo lattice to block floating objects in water channel]’ (eng)

*kalebkeb*kalebkeb

‘wing’ (eng)

*kali*kali

‘dig’ (eng)

*kalimpoʔpoʔan*kalimpoʔpoʔan

‘butterfly’ (eng)

*kami*kami

‘we (exclusive)’ (eng)

*kampet*kampet

‘[grip, clutch for support (e.g. railing), climb (e.g. ladder, rocks) using hands]’ (eng)

*kamu*kamu

‘you (plural)’ (eng)

*kan*kan

‘food, eat’ (eng)

*kantaŋ*kantaŋ

‘rise, go up’ (eng)

*kantoŋ*kantoŋ

‘large, fat, castrated pig’ (eng)

*kapey*kapey

‘wave, beckon with hand’ (eng)

*karkar*karkar

‘scratch, dig out’ (eng)

*karut*karut

‘scrape out, scratch out’ (eng)

*kar₁is*kar₁is

‘stripe, streak, scratch’ (eng)

*kar₁ot*kar₁ot

‘scratch’ (eng)

*kar₂aʔkaʔ*kar₂aʔkaʔ

‘boil, seethe’ (eng)

*kar₂ətkət*kar₂ətkət

‘grind teeth’ (eng)

*kasili*kasili

‘eel’ (eng)

*kaskas*kaskas

‘scratch’ (eng)

*kaso*kaso

‘rafters’ (eng)

*katar₂e*katar₂e

‘first’ (eng)

*kawihi*kawihi

‘leftside’ (eng)

*kayoŋ*kayoŋ

‘crab’ (eng)

*kayoʔ*kayoʔ

‘stir, mix’ (eng)

*kayu*kayu

‘wood, tree’ (eng)

*kaʔis*kaʔis

‘scrape off, scratch away, make streaks’ (eng)

*kehet*kehet

‘tap sugar palm’ (eng)

*kel/r₂e*kel/r₂e

‘like, similar to’ (eng)

*kendoŋ*kendoŋ

‘make rope by spinning palm fibres’ (eng)

*kentoʔ*kentoʔ

‘lame, limp’ (eng)

*ker₁et*ker₁et

‘shout, cry out’ (eng)

*keʔkeʔ*keʔkeʔ

‘laugh’ (eng)

*keʔol*keʔol

‘lame, crippled (with deformity)’ (eng)

*kiak*kiak

‘scream, shout’ (eng)

*kileʔ*kileʔ

‘tickle’ (eng)

*kima*kima

‘giant calm’ (eng)

*kirkir*kirkir

‘stingy, thrifty’ (eng)

*kisiʔ*kisiʔ

‘torn, tear’ (eng)

*kiskis*kiskis

‘file, grate, scrape, shave’ (eng)

*kita*kita

‘we (inclusive)’ (eng)

*kiuʔ*kiuʔ

‘sexual intercourse’ (eng)

*kiʔit*kiʔit

‘follow’ (eng)

*kiʔit*kiʔit

‘small insect’ (eng)

*kiʔkiʔ*kiʔkiʔ

‘bite’ (eng)

*ko*ko

‘you (singular)’ (eng)

*kobkob*kobkob

‘cover’ (eng)

*kodkod*kodkod

‘[hole, dig (with hands)]’ (eng)

*kokoŋ*kokoŋ

‘head’ (eng)

*kolay*kolay

‘taro’ (eng)

*kolombiʔ*kolombiʔ

‘large freshwater mollusc’ (eng)

*korkor*korkor

‘scratch’ (eng)

*kotkot*kotkot

‘scratch’ (eng)

*koʔkoʔ*koʔkoʔ

‘hen, fowl’ (eng)

*kuhun*kuhun

‘tall grass sp.’ (eng); ‘Imperata cylincrica’ (lat)

*kukuk*kukuk

‘crow (of rooster)’ (eng)

*kulat*kulat

‘fungus, mushroom’ (eng)

*kulintaŋ*kulintaŋ

‘xylophone’ (eng)

*kulit*kulit

‘skin, bark’ (eng)

*kumi*kumi

‘moustache’ (eng)

*kur/nambər₂*kur/nambər₂

‘thick’ (eng)

*kur₁eʔ*kur₁eʔ

‘earthen cooking pot’ (eng)

*kur₂a*kur₂a

‘[do something, act, how?, why?, how much?]’ (eng)

*kuse*kuse

‘cuscus’ (eng); ‘Phalanger sp.’ (lat)

*kusu*kusu

‘rub’ (eng)

*kutu*kutu

‘head louse’ (eng)

*kəbit*kəbit

‘[pinch or pluck with fingers]’ (eng)

*kəbkəb*kəbkəb

‘[nibble, bite off little piece]’ (eng)

*kəbkəb*kəbkəb

‘cover’ (eng)

*kəbur*kəbur

‘turbid, muddy’ (eng)

*kədut*kədut

‘pinch’ (eng)

*(kə)kəniŋ*(kə)kəniŋ

‘eyebrow’ (eng)

*kəlad*kəlad

‘phlegm’ (eng)

*kəleh*kəleh

‘shake, tremble’ (eng)

*kələb*kələb

‘close with lid’ (eng)

*kəmbuʔ*kəmbuʔ

‘well up, bubble up’ (eng)

*kəmkəm*kəmkəm

‘cover with hand, hold in closed hand, handful’ (eng)

*kəməs*kəməs

‘wring out, squeeze, wash clothes’ (eng)

*kəntəŋ*kəntəŋ

‘taut, tight’ (eng)

*kəpkəp*kəpkəp

‘embrace, hold against one's body’ (eng)

*kəpəl*kəpəl

‘[stick on, press on]’ (eng)

*kəsah*kəsah

‘swell’ (eng)

*kəsaʔ*kəsaʔ

‘freshwater fish sp.’ (eng)

*kəteh*kəteh

‘hard’ (eng)

*kətkət*kətkət

‘nibble, gnaw’ (eng)

*kətəp*kətəp

‘[close together, without gaps (e.g. floor boards)]’ (eng)

*labah*labah

‘(lie) across, transverse’ (eng)

*lagad*laɡad

‘boar’ (eng)

*lagaʔ*laɡaʔ

‘large red tree ant’ (eng)

*lahad*lahad

‘itch’ (eng)

*lako*lako

‘go’ (eng)

*laləd*laləd

‘fly (insect)’ (eng)

*lampaŋ*lampaŋ

‘walk’ (eng)

*laməd*laməd

‘swallow’ (eng)

*lana*lana

‘oil’ (eng)

*laŋit*laŋit

‘sky’ (eng)

*lansat*lansat

‘fruit sp.’ (eng); ‘Lancium domesticum’ (lat)

*lanut*lanut

‘tough (of meat, fibres)’ (eng)

*laud*laud

‘sea’ (eng)

*lawih*lawih

‘hut, shack in garden’ (eng)

*lebes*lebes

‘overflow’ (eng)

*leheʔ*leheʔ

‘neck’ (eng)

*lekaʔ*lekaʔ

‘bed bug’ (eng)

*lemo*lemo

‘citrus fruit’ (eng)

*lempad*lempad

‘fly’ (eng)

*lened*lened

‘still, calm’ (eng)

*leno*leno

‘clear, pure (of water)’ (eng)

*leno*leno

‘shadow, reflection’ (eng)

*leʔad*leʔad

‘lean backwards’ (eng)

*lia*lia

‘ginger’ (eng)

*likud*likud

‘back, carry on the back’ (eng)

*lima*lima

‘five’ (eng)

*limuhmuh*limuhmuh

‘rinse out mouth’ (eng)

*liŋkun*liŋkun

‘roll up’ (eng)

*linsən*linsən

‘fold, wrinkle’ (eng)

*lintaʔ*lintaʔ

‘leech’ (eng)

*liput*liput

‘surround, encircle’ (eng)

*loaŋ*loaŋ

‘wide, spacious’ (eng)

*lolo*lolo

‘extract, pull out’ (eng)

*londey*londey

‘boat, canoe’ (eng)

*loŋon*loŋon

‘stupid, ignorant’ (eng)

*luar₁*luar₁

‘outside’ (eng)

*luaʔ*luaʔ

‘vomit’ (eng)

*ludaʔ*ludaʔ

‘spit’ (eng)

*lueʔ*lueʔ

‘tears, weep’ (eng)

*lukad*lukad

‘watchman, guard, keep watch’ (eng)

*lulud*lulud

‘shin’ (eng)

*lumut*lumut

‘moss’ (eng)

*lunək*lunək

‘soft’ (eng)

*lutam*lutam

‘[gun, shoot]’ (eng)

*lutuʔ*lutuʔ

‘cook’ (eng)

*ləbuh*ləbuh

‘turbid, muddy’ (eng)

*ləbəŋ*ləbəŋ

‘bury’ (eng)

*ləkəp*ləkəp

‘complete, finished’ (eng)

*ləmbo*ləmbo

‘rise to surface, float on surface’ (eng)

*ləmbut*ləmbut

‘bulge, swelling’ (eng)

*ləmeʔ*ləmeʔ

‘[soft, gentle, tender]’ (eng)

*ləməs*ləməs

‘suffocate, choke, drown’ (eng)

*lənas*lənas

‘clean’ (eng)

*ləŋey*ləŋey

‘poor, needy’ (eng)

*ləŋən*ləŋən

‘arm (including hand)’ (eng)

*lənəd*lənəd

‘sink’ (eng)

*ləpət*ləpət

‘fold’ (eng)

*ləseʔa*ləseʔa

‘nit, louse egg’ (eng)

*ləsuŋ*ləsuŋ

‘mortar’ (eng)

*lətok*lətok

‘snap, explode, burst’ (eng)

*maŋuni*maŋuni

‘owl’ (eng)

*mataʔ*mataʔ

‘green, unripe, raw’ (eng)

*mehaʔ*mehaʔ

‘red’ (eng)

*meoŋ*meoŋ

‘cat’ (eng)

*muali*muali

‘happen, occur, become’ (eng)

*munte*munte

‘lemon’ (eng)

*muri*muri

‘behind, back, rear’ (eng)

*nabuʔ*nabuʔ

‘fall’ (eng)

*nanam*nanam

‘taste, flavour’ (eng)

*nanaʔ*nanaʔ

‘pus, fester’ (eng)

*naram*naram

‘[tame]’ (eng)

*ŋalŋal*ŋalŋal

‘[groan (with pain), moan (with pain)]’ (eng)

*ŋaŋa*ŋaŋa

‘wide open (of mouth), agape, gape’ (eng)

*ŋar₂an*ŋar₂an

‘name’ (eng)

*ŋaʔŋaʔ*ŋaʔŋaʔ

‘[chew, munch, chew betel nut]’ (eng)

*ŋilu*ŋilu

‘on edge (of teeth)’ (eng)

*ŋir₂uŋ*ŋir₂uŋ

‘nose’ (eng)

*ŋisi*ŋisi

‘[groan (in pain), complain, bare the teeth (in anger)]’ (eng)

*ŋər₁ər/n*ŋər₁ər/n

‘slow’ (eng)

*ŋər₂u*ŋər₂u

‘[smell of bad fish, stench, bed smell, musty smell]’ (eng)

*ŋətŋət*ŋətŋət

‘sting, smart (of pain)’ (eng)

*ni*ni

‘personal possessive/agentive noun marker’ (eng)

*nihu*nihu

‘winnowing basket’ (eng)

*nipis*nipis

‘thin’ (eng)

*nisnis*nisnis

‘wipe, brush’ (eng)

*ohat*ohat

‘vein’ (eng)

*ombal*ombal

‘shout, call out to’ (eng)

*p/mar₁ut*p/mar₁ut

‘sow, scatter’ (eng)

*padelaʔan*padelaʔan

‘mad, crazy’ (eng)

*pagər*paɡər

‘fence, enclosure’ (eng)

*paha*paha

‘attic, loft’ (eng)

*pahi*pahi

‘ray fish’ (eng)

*paku*paku

‘type of edible fern’ (eng)

*palad*palad

‘palm (of hand), sole (of foot)’ (eng)

*palaʔpaʔ*palaʔpaʔ

‘palm branch’ (eng)

*paliʔ*paliʔ

‘cut, wound’ (eng)

*paluka*paluka

‘shoulder’ (eng)

*paŋa*paŋa

‘branch, fork’ (eng)

*paŋi*paŋi

‘tree with edible leaves and fruit’ (eng); ‘Pangium edule’ (lat)

*paŋkur₁*paŋkur₁

‘beat (with hard object)’ (eng)

*pa(n)tik*pa(n)tik

‘write’ (eng)

*paras*paras

‘[weed, clear land]’ (eng)

*par₁ia*par₁ia

‘edible gourd’ (eng); ‘Momordica charantia’ (lat)

*pasaʔan*pasaʔan

‘carry on the shoulder’ (eng)

*pasuʔ*pasuʔ

‘hot’ (eng)

*pasək*pasək

‘put stick or post in ground’ (eng)

*patar*patar

‘flat, level’ (eng)

*pate*pate

‘die, kill’ (eng)

*patiukan*patiukan

‘large bee sp.’ (eng)

*paʔa*paʔa

‘thigh’ (eng)

*paʔan*paʔan

‘bait, lure’ (eng)

*paʔat*paʔat

‘chisel’ (eng)

*paʔit*paʔit

‘bitter’ (eng)

*pehos*pehos

‘[rub, stroke, smear, spread (ointment), massage]’ (eng)

*pekoʔ*pekoʔ

‘bent, crooked, bend’ (eng)

*pelaʔ*pelaʔ

‘wound’ (eng)

*peraʔ*peraʔ

‘roe, fish eggs’ (eng)

*per₁et*per₁et

‘bat (mammal)’ (eng)

*pihis*pihis

‘pinch (of something), pinch’ (eng)

*pipi*pipi

‘cheek’ (eng)

*pira*pira

‘how much?, how many?’ (eng)

*pitpit*pitpit

‘[blink (eyes)]’ (eng)

*pitu*pitu

‘seven’ (eng)

*piʔpiʔ*piʔpiʔ

‘[wet, urinate, wash, urine, soaking wet]’ (eng)

*pola*pola

‘sugarcane’ (eng)

*polo*polo

‘wake up, get up’ (eng)

*pondos*pondos

‘slender cane sort’ (eng)

*poŋkol*poŋkol

‘cut off, sever’ (eng)

*popo*popo

‘hut’ (eng)

*popolas*popolas

‘spleen’ (eng)

*potot*potot

‘short’ (eng)

*poʔot*poʔot

‘belly’ (eng)

*puhus*puhus

‘wring, squeeze, squeeze out’ (eng)

*puikan*puikan

‘turtle’ (eng)

*pukət*pukət

‘net for catching fish or animals’ (eng)

*puliŋ*puliŋ

‘full’ (eng)

*pulut*pulut

‘gum, glue, sticky’ (eng)

*puluʔ*puluʔ

‘decimal unit (tens)’ (eng)

*punti*punti

‘banana’ (eng)

*pupus*pupus

‘pierce’ (eng)

*pur₂ut*pur₂ut

‘pick up, collect, gather’ (eng)

*pusuʔ*pusuʔ

‘heart, blossom (of palm, banana)’ (eng)

*pusəd*pusəd

‘navel’ (eng)

*putiʔ*putiʔ

‘white’ (eng)

*pədəŋ*pədəŋ

‘shut eyes’ (eng)

*pəkuʔ*pəkuʔ

‘[snapped by being bent, bend (e.g. branch) and snap, broken]’ (eng)

*pənad*pənad

‘buttoks, backside’ (eng)

*pəndam*pəndam

‘feel, touch’ (eng)

*pəntuʔ*pəntuʔ

‘bitter’ (eng)

*pənət*pənət

‘[shut]’ (eng)

*pər₂a*pər₂a

‘dry’ (eng)

*pəset*pəset

‘crowded, cramped, tight fitting’ (eng)

*pəsut*pəsut

‘press, squeeze, squeeze out’ (eng)

*pəsəl*pəsəl

‘empty, without contents (of fruit, grain), barren’ (eng)

*pəsəl*pəsəl

‘squeeze, knead, massage’ (eng)

*pətik*pətik

‘flick off/away (with fingers)’ (eng)

*pətik*pətik

‘heartbeat, beat (of heart)’ (eng)

*rambun*rambun

‘cloud’ (eng)

*rambus*rambus

‘snatch away’ (eng)

*raŋdaŋ*raŋdaŋ

‘red’ (eng)

*raprap*raprap

‘slash off palm leaves’ (eng)

*raraha*raraha

‘girl’ (eng)

*rekoʔ*rekoʔ

‘bent, curved, bend’ (eng)

*rentek*rentek

‘[work metal, forge]’ (eng)

*rikər*rikər

‘wind’ (eng)

*ririh*ririh

‘yellow, pale, wan’ (eng)

*rurag*ruraɡ

‘hollow, hole (in tree)’ (eng)

*rəgəs*rəɡəs

‘[wind, blow (of wind)]’ (eng)

*rəŋis*rəŋis

‘burn’ (eng)

*rətas*rətas

‘break’ (eng)

*r₁antoŋ*r₁antoŋ

‘hang (execute)’ (eng)

*r₁ar₁aŋ*r₁ar₁aŋ

‘warm by fire, roast’ (eng)

*r₁ibu*r₁ibu

‘thousand’ (eng)

*r₁imat*r₁imat

‘dense, close together’ (eng)

*r₁okoʔ*r₁okoʔ

‘cloth, material’ (eng)

*r₁upu*r₁upu

‘smallpox’ (eng)

*r₁ənet*r₁ənet

‘[long, strech, tear, rip]’ (eng)

*r₁əŋan*r₁əŋan

‘do together, do at the same time, of the same age’ (eng)

*r₁əpət*r₁əpət

‘intense, severe, fast’ (eng)

*r₂akut*r₂akut

‘bind, tie, tie in a bundle’ (eng)

*r₂eʔo*r₂eʔo

‘thirst’ (eng)

*r₂intək*r₂intək

‘fine, small’ (eng)

*r₂ondor₂*r₂ondor₂

‘straight’ (eng)

*r₂əbuŋ*r₂əbuŋ

‘bamboo sprouts’ (eng)

*r₂əkat*r₂əkat

‘[disused field, stubble, dried rice stalks]’ (eng)

*sa*sa

‘if, when’ (eng)

*sabud*sabud

‘spread, scatter’ (eng)

*sabut*sabut

‘pluck out, pull out’ (eng)

*sahap*sahap

‘scoop up, scoop out’ (eng)

*saho*saho

‘dew’ (eng)

*saka*saka

‘cockfight’ (eng)

*sake*sake

‘ride, mount, board’ (eng)

*sakey*sakey

‘guest’ (eng)

*sakit*sakit

‘[evil spirit which causes sickness]’ (eng)

*salah*salah

‘nest’ (eng)

*salaksak*salaksak

‘rib(s)’ (eng)

*salaʔ*salaʔ

‘error, mistake, do wrong, make a mistake’ (eng)

*saleh*saleh

‘floor’ (eng)

*saluh*saluh

‘gutter, water channel’ (eng)

*sambey*sambey

‘hang (over something)’ (eng)

*samək*samək

‘dirty’ (eng)

*sapu*sapu

‘sweep’ (eng)

*saput*saput

‘wrap, wrap up’ (eng)

*saru*saru

‘facing, in front of, face’ (eng)

*sawa*sawa

‘large snake sp.’ (eng)

*sawat*sawat

‘answer, reply’ (eng)

*sawey*sawey

‘[pubic hair, side whiskers]’ (eng)

*saʔuh*saʔuh

‘mix, mingle, blend’ (eng)

*saʔut*saʔut

‘stem of young banana (eaten as vegetable)’ (eng)

*seaʔ*seaʔ

‘deviate, diverge, branch off’ (eng)

*sehed*sehed

‘sting (of insect)’ (eng)

*sekeʔ*sekeʔ

‘fight, do battle with’ (eng)

*seleŋ*seleŋ

‘wry neck, head twisted to one side’ (eng)

*seŋkot*seŋkot

‘sail’ (eng)

*sepər₂*sepər₂

‘dyke, dam, dam up, block’ (eng)

*ser₁op*ser₁op

‘slurp, sip’ (eng)

*sey*sey

‘who?’ (eng)

*seʔe*seʔe

‘[shoot, sprout (from ground), banana (tree and fruit)]’ (eng)

*seʔseʔ*seʔseʔ

‘push, shove, push out’ (eng)

*si*si

‘personal noun marker’ (eng)

*sia*sia

‘third person singular pronoun’ (eng)

*siksik*siksik

‘small beetle which bores in wood and crops’ (eng)

*siku*siku

‘elbow’ (eng)

*sikəp*sikəp

‘kind of hawk, snatch, seize’ (eng)

*siow*siow

‘nine’ (eng)

*sir₂a*sir₂a

‘they’ (eng)

*sir₂i*sir₂i

‘sift pounded rice in pan’ (eng)

*sir₂iʔ*sir₂iʔ

‘side, slope, bank’ (eng)

*sisi*sisi

‘chicken (baby fowl)’ (eng)

*siwo*siwo

‘cook, make’ (eng)

*soksok*soksok

‘eat, bite at food (of pig; dog)’ (eng)

*sompoy*sompoy

‘pouch, bag’ (eng)

*sondaŋ*sondaŋ

‘dagger, stab’ (eng)

*sopit*sopit

‘pinch, clamp’ (eng)

*sulah*sulah

‘[thorn, sharp bamboo spikes planted in ground to catch pigs, palm sp. with thorns on trunk]’ (eng)

*suliŋ*suliŋ

‘play the flute’ (eng)

*suliʔ*suliʔ

‘take revenge, repay’ (eng)

*sulu*sulu

‘claw, nail’ (eng)

*suluʔ*suluʔ

‘torch’ (eng)

*sumbiŋ*sumbiŋ

‘jagged, chipped’ (eng)

*suŋe*suŋe

‘horn (of animal)’ (eng)

*su(n)suk*su(n)suk

‘sharp instrument, pierce, prick’ (eng)

*supi*supi

‘rheumatism’ (eng)

*supu*supu

‘boundary, border’ (eng)

*sura*sura

‘sharp spike placed in ground to trap animals’ (eng)

*surat*surat

‘plant whose roots are used to stun fish’ (eng); ‘Milletia sericea’ (lat)

*surur*surur

‘comb’ (eng)

*susu*susu

‘breast’ (eng)

*susud*susud

‘each, every, every time’ (eng)

*susuh*susuh

‘prick, pierce’ (eng)

*susut*susut

‘near, approach’ (eng)

*suysuy*suysuy

‘follow (path, river)’ (eng)

*suysuy*suysuy

‘speak’ (eng)

*suʔun*suʔun

‘carry on the head’ (eng)

*səbu*səbu

‘foam, froth, extinguish fire, cool with water’ (eng)

*sədaʔ*sədaʔ

‘fish, eat meat’ (eng)

*səduʔ*səduʔ

‘hiccup’ (eng)

*sədəm*sədəm

‘ant’ (eng)

*səksək*səksək

‘cram in tightly, squeeze in’ (eng)

*səlah*səlah

‘big’ (eng)

*səlat*səlat

‘gap, space between things’ (eng)

*sələt*sələt

‘insert (between two things)’ (eng)

*səmud*səmud

‘[snout, muzzle, mouth]’ (eng)

*səndih*səndih

‘isolated, secluded place, defecate’ (eng)

*səŋo*səŋo

‘[blow]’ (eng)

*səŋsəŋ*səŋsəŋ

‘stopper, plug up’ (eng)

*səŋət*səŋət

‘[ant, black ant sp., small, light brown ant that bites fiercely]’ (eng)

*sənsən*sənsən

‘[satisfied, full (from eating), crammed full, gather, assemble]’ (eng)

*səpaʔ*səpaʔ

‘noise of smacking lips while eating, make a noise while eating’ (eng)

*səpeʔ*səpeʔ

‘slap with open hand’ (eng)

*səpsəp*səpsəp

‘suck’ (eng)

*səpun*səpun

‘nasal mucus’ (eng)

*səput*səput

‘blowpipe’ (eng)

*sərəp*sərəp

‘penetrate’ (eng)

*tabaŋ*tabaŋ

‘help’ (eng)

*tabaʔ*tabaʔ

‘fat (on animal body)’ (eng)

*tabaʔaŋ*tabaʔaŋ

‘kind of shrub’ (eng); ‘Cordyline sp.’ (lat)

*tabtab*tabtab

‘[chop down, chew through bamboo, cut off (branch), lop off, slash]’ (eng)

*tadəm*tadəm

‘sharp (of point)’ (eng)

*tahas*tahas

‘heartwood’ (eng)

*tahas*tahas

‘tree sp. (used for timber)’ (eng)

*tahaʔ*tahaʔ

‘plane, chop (wood) smooth’ (eng)

*tahuʔ*tahuʔ

‘put into, store in’ (eng)

*taktak*taktak

‘[chop down, chop through, fell, cut wood smooth]’ (eng)

*takur₂a*takur₂a

‘how much?’ (eng)

*talaʔtaʔ*talaʔtaʔ

‘skin disease causing pale patches on body’ (eng)

*tali*tali

‘rope, string’ (eng)

*talikud*talikud

‘turn the back, part, separate’ (eng)

*taliŋa*taliŋa

‘ear’ (eng)

*talo*talo

‘cowardly, timid’ (eng)

*talun*talun

‘forest’ (eng)

*tambəlaŋ*tambəlaŋ

‘kind of bamboo’ (eng)

*tanaʔ*tanaʔ

‘land, soil, ground’ (eng)

*tanəm*tanəm

‘plant’ (eng)

*tar₂e*tar₂e

‘newly, just, now’ (eng)

*tasik*tasik

‘sea’ (eng)

*tastas*tastas

‘cut through’ (eng)

*tawah*tawah

‘call, call to, summon’ (eng)

*taʔan*taʔan

‘snare, set a snare’ (eng)

*taʔap*taʔap

‘winnow’ (eng)

*taʔi*taʔi

‘faeces, dregs’ (eng)

*taʔu*taʔu

‘know’ (eng)

*taʔun*taʔun

‘year’ (eng)

*teger*teɡer

‘[bamboo pole (for knocking down fruit), punt, push boat with pole, boat pole]’ (eng)

*tehep*tehep

‘tree sp.’ (eng); ‘Artocarpus blumei’ (lat)

*teleb*teleb

‘fly away, fade’ (eng)

*teŋkor₂*teŋkor₂

‘beat (on gong, drum etc.) with stick’ (eng)

*tete*tete

‘bridge’ (eng)

*tian*tian

‘belly, stomach’ (eng)

*tiaʔ*tiaʔ

‘throw away’ (eng)

*tibaʔ*tibaʔ

‘oath, swear an oath’ (eng)

*tiboho*tiboho

‘reed sp.’ (eng)

*tiey*tiey

‘pig’ (eng)

*tihis*tihis

‘drip, leak’ (eng)

*tihoy/ʔ*tihoy/ʔ

‘sneeze’ (eng)

*timboy*timboy

‘[hold, grip, hang, dangle, swing, hold upside-down]’ (eng)

*timuh*timuh

‘south, south wind’ (eng)

*tina*tina

‘[female (of fowl, bird)’ (eng)

*tinaʔ*tinaʔ

‘[blue (of bruise), pale, pallid]’ (eng)

*tinaʔi*tinaʔi

‘intestines’ (eng)

*tiŋa*tiŋa

‘food caught between teeth’ (eng)

*tiŋtiŋ*tiŋtiŋ

‘clang, ring (noise), produce clanging noise’ (eng)

*tipuʔ*tipuʔ

‘pluck (fruit), fall out’ (eng)

*toktok*toktok

‘chop up finely’ (eng)

*toŋkoʔ*toŋkoʔ

‘peck, snap’ (eng)

*toŋo*toŋo

‘mite (insect)’ (eng)

*tonton*tonton

‘lower, let down’ (eng)

*tow*tow

‘person, born, live, grow’ (eng)

*towo*towo

‘liar, cheat, lie, deceive’ (eng)

*toʔod*toʔod

‘stand up, put up, erect’ (eng)

*tuama*tuama

‘man, male’ (eng)

*tuar₂i*tuar₂i

‘younger sibling’ (eng)

*tuba*tuba

‘plant used as fish poison’ (eng)

*tudaʔ*tudaʔ

‘stab’ (eng)

*tuduʔ*tuduʔ

‘point out, indicate’ (eng)

*tuhun*tuhun

‘[bunch, waterfall, pour down, source of river]’ (eng)

*tuma*tuma

‘clothes louse’ (eng)

*tumid*tumid

‘heel’ (eng)

*tumpa*tumpa

‘descend, alight’ (eng)

*tunduh*tunduh

‘follow’ (eng)

*tunduʔ*tunduʔ

‘point, finger’ (eng)

*tundək*tundək

‘[point, stab, indicate, point with a piece of wood, prod with finger, poke]’ (eng)

*tunu*tunu

‘burn, bake, roast’ (eng)

*tutuŋ*tutuŋ

‘kindle, light, set alight’ (eng)

*tuʔa*tuʔa

‘old’ (eng)

*tuʔu*tuʔu

‘indeed, really, truly’ (eng)

*tuʔud*tuʔud

‘origin, beginning, base, stump’ (eng)

*tuʔun*tuʔun

‘place pot on fire’ (eng)

*təbaʔ*təbaʔ

‘[slash, cut with sharpened bamboo, sharpened piece of bamboo used as a knife]’ (eng)

*təbiʔ*təbiʔ

‘break off (piece of something)’ (eng)

*təbəl*təbəl

‘sharp (of blade)’ (eng)

*təktək*təktək

‘stick (post) into ground’ (eng)

*təkəl*təkəl

‘sleep’ (eng)

*təkən*təkən

‘stick, staff’ (eng)

*təlu*təlu

‘three’ (eng)

*tələs*tələs

‘buy’ (eng)

*təmbir₁*təmbir₁

‘edge, side, bank’ (eng)

*təmpok*təmpok

‘tip, point, extremity, end’ (eng)

*təna*təna

‘hit, strike’ (eng)

*tənaʔ*tənaʔ

‘[areca palm and nut, chew betel, fibres (of betel nut, sugarcane etc.) spat out after chewing]’ (eng); ‘Areca catechu’ (lat)

*təndək*təndək

‘post, stake, stick (post) in ground’ (eng)

*təŋtəŋ*təŋtəŋ

‘look at, stare at’ (eng)

*təpeh*təpeh

‘mat’ (eng)

*təpəs*təpəs

‘[suck, suck out, kiss, swallow]’ (eng)

*təruŋ*təruŋ

‘shelter’ (eng)

*uala*uala

‘tusk, canine tooth’ (eng)

*ualu*ualu

‘eight’ (eng)

*uaŋ*uaŋ

‘howl, yelp (of dog)’ (eng)

*uasey*uasey

‘iron’ (eng)

*uaʔ*uaʔ

‘slice open, disembowel’ (eng)

*ubad/r*ubad/r

‘untie, unravel’ (eng)

*uban*uban

‘grey hair’ (eng)

*ubi*ubi

‘edible tuber’ (eng)

*ubur*ubur

‘edible palm pith’ (eng)

*udan*udan

‘rain’ (eng)

*ue*ue

‘rattan’ (eng)

*uhmun*uhmun

‘[sit on ground (not on perch, of hen), gather chickens under wings (of hen)]’ (eng)

*ukaʔ*ukaʔ

‘half coconut shell’ (eng)

*ukur*ukur

‘fate, destiny’ (eng)

*ulah*ulah

‘snake’ (eng)

*ulit*ulit

‘true, correct, real’ (eng)

*ulu*ulu

‘head’ (eng)

*ulud*ulud

‘resemble, imitate’ (eng)

*ulun*ulun

‘rest the head’ (eng)

*uləd*uləd

‘worm, grub, caterpillar’ (eng)

*uma*uma

‘(dry) cultivated field, gardens’ (eng)

*umaʔ*umaʔ

‘sheath, sheathe’ (eng)

*undam*undam

‘medicine’ (eng)

*untap*untap

‘blow with bellows’ (eng)

*untəp*untəp

‘inside, interior, enter’ (eng)

*unəd*unəd

‘[middle, centre]’ (eng)

*upa(ʔ)*upa(ʔ)

‘hen’ (eng)

*upuʔ*upuʔ

‘pick (rice), reap, harvest’ (eng)

*usuy*usuy

‘seek, look for’ (eng)

*utək*utək

‘brain’ (eng)

*ədam*ədam

‘[lease (land), rent]’ (eng)

*ələp*ələp

‘drink’ (eng)

*ələt*ələt

‘[intervene, between, put between, partition, rarely, put between]’ (eng)

*əmbəl*əmbəl

‘rattan sp.’ (eng)

*əmbət*əmbət

‘gird, wrap around belly’ (eng)

*əmis*əmis

‘sweet’ (eng)

*əndo*əndo

‘day, sun’ (eng)

*əŋah*əŋah

‘cough’ (eng)

*ənteʔ*ənteʔ

‘strong, forceful’ (eng)

*əntoʔ*əntoʔ

‘[stop, wait, live (in a place), long (of time), rest]’ (eng)

*ə(n)tut*ə(n)tut

‘fart’ (eng)

*ənəm*ənəm

‘six’ (eng)

*əpat*əpat

‘four’ (eng)

*əpeʔ*əpeʔ

‘taste’ (eng)

*ərut*ərut

‘[roar, rumble (of thunder), thunder]’ (eng)

*ər₂is*ər₂is

‘sand’ (eng)

*əsa*əsa

‘one’ (eng)

*əsəm*əsəm

‘sour’ (eng)

*əta*əta

‘bran, chaff’ (eng)

*əti*əti

‘dry up’ (eng)

*ətuŋ*ətuŋ

‘[tilt (in order to pour out contents), lean over, lose balance, slope, rising ground]’ (eng)