Blust & Trussel (2019a): Proto-Austronesian
Search entries
| Headword | IPA | Glosses | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *<in> | ‘perfective marker’ |
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| *<um> | ‘verbal infix marking actor voice’ |
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| *-a | ‘imperative suffix’ |
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| *-a | ‘subjunctive suffix’ |
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| *a | ‘hesitation particle’ |
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| *a | ‘ligature’ |
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| *aba | ‘father’ |
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| *aCab | ‘cover’ |
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| *aCas | ‘high, tall’ |
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| *aCay | ‘death’ |
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| *adaS | ‘bring, take along’ |
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| *adi | ‘no, not’ |
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| *a-enem | ‘six (of humans)’ |
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| *a-esa | ‘one (of humans)’ |
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| *ai | ‘come’ |
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| *ai | ‘interjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc.’ |
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| *ajem | 1. ‘heart’ 2. ‘mind’ |
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| *aken | ‘1sg oblique’ |
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| *aki | ‘grandfather, ancestor’ |
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| *aku | 1. ‘1sg nominative’ 2. ‘I’ |
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| *ala | 1. ‘take, get, fetch, obtain’ 2. ‘marry’ |
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| *ala-en | ‘take’ |
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| *alap | ‘fetch, get, take’ |
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| *alaq | ‘fetch, get, take’ |
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| *alaq-en | ‘take’ |
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| *alikas | ‘quick, fast’ |
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| *alim | ‘forget’ |
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| *a(lR)im | ‘pancreas, spleen’ |
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| *aluja | ‘to paddle’ |
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| *alujah | ‘ant sp.’ |
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| *amax | ‘father’ |
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| *amen | ‘1pl ex oblique’ |
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| *ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’ |
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| *amin | 1. ‘all’ 2. ‘finished’ |
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| *amu | ‘2pl. nominative pronoun’ |
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| *-an | 1. ‘verbal suffix marking locative voice’ 2. ‘nominal suffix marking location’ |
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| *aNak | 1. ‘child, offspring’ 2. ‘son, daughter’ 3. ‘interest on a loan’ |
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| *aN-aNak | ‘child’ |
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| *aNay | ‘insect of the order *Isoptera*: termite, white ant’ |
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| *aŋay | ‘departure (?)’ |
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| *apa | ‘carry on the back’ |
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| *apu | ‘grandparent/ grandchild (reciprocal)’ |
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| *apuR | ‘betel chew’ |
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| *aRi | 1. ‘come’ 2. ‘toward the speaker’ 3. ‘let’s go!’ |
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| *asa | ‘one’ |
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| *asaŋ | ‘village’ |
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| *aSik | ‘to sweep, remove trash’ |
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| *asu | ‘dog’ |
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| *ata | ‘1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our’ |
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| *atuR | ‘stone wall’ |
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| *au | ‘yes’ |
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| *aya | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *aya | ‘exclamation of annoyance, surprise, etc.’ |
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| *b<aR>eŋbeŋ | ‘buzz’ |
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| *b<in>ahi | ‘woman, wife’ |
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| *b<in>eCik | ‘tattoo’ |
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| *b<in>elaq | ‘to have been split, cloven in two’ |
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| *b<in>uRuk | ‘to have become rotten’ |
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| *b<um>aliw | ‘buy’ |
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| *b<um>asuq | ‘to wash’ |
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| *baba | 1. ‘carry a person pick-a-back’ 2. ‘ride pick-a-back’ |
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| *ba-bahi | ‘woman, female’ |
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| *babaw | 1. ‘upper surface, top’ 2. ‘highlands’ 3. ‘on, upon, over, above’ |
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| *babuy | ‘pig’ |
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| *babuy-an | ‘pig’ |
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| *baCaR | ‘broomcorn millet: *Panicum miliaceum*’ |
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| *bahi | ‘female’ |
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| *bajaq | 1. ‘know, understand’ 2. ‘ask, inquire’ |
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| *bajiw | ‘edible mushroom sp.’ |
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| *bakaŋ | ‘bowlegged’ |
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| *bakaR | ‘kind of basket’ |
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| *bakbak | ‘clap’ |
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| *bakes | 1. ‘belt’ 2. ‘tie around the waist’ |
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| *baki | ‘grandfather’ |
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| *bakuŋ | ‘lily-like plant: *Crinum asiaticum* L.’ |
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| *balalaCuk | ‘bird: the woodpecker’ |
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| *balaŋa | ‘shallow earthenware cooking pot or pan’ |
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| *balbal | 1. ‘beating stick’ 2. ‘to beat, beat (esp. clothes in washing them)’ |
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| *baleŋ | ‘preserve meat in salt or brine’ |
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| *bales | 1. ‘to answer, retaliate’ 2. ‘reciprocate good or evil’ |
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| *bali | ‘wind’ |
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| *baliw | ‘buy, sell’ |
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| *baliw | ‘return’ |
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| *baluN | ‘bind, bundle’ |
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| *baNaR | ‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ |
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| *baNaS | ‘male (of animals)’ |
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| *baNaw | ‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ |
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| *banaw | ‘lake’ |
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| *bañaw | ‘wash the body’ |
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| *baŋaS | ‘tree: *Melia azedarach*’ |
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| *baŋaw | ‘paddy bug, foul-smelling insect that preys on rice in the field’ |
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| *baŋbaŋ | ‘butterfly, moth’ |
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| *baŋbaŋ | ‘resound resounding sound’ |
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| *baŋeliS | 1. ‘tusk’ 2. ‘canine tooth’ |
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| *baŋ(e)qeR | ‘rotten smell, stench’ |
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| *baŋeS | ‘skin’ |
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| *baŋeSiS | ‘fragrant’ |
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| *baŋuN | ‘wake up, get out of bed’ |
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| *baŋun | ‘Japanese cypress: *Chamaecyparis obtusa*’ |
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| *baNiC | ‘to skin, flay’ |
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| *baqeRuh | 1. ‘new’ 2. ‘bachelor’ |
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| *baqeSiŋ | ‘sneeze’ |
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| *baqi | ‘grandmother’ |
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| *baRah | ‘ember, glowing coal’ |
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| *baRaŋ | ‘rib (?)’ |
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| *baRaq | ‘lung’ |
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| *baRat | ‘cross’ |
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| *baRat | ‘cucumber: *Cucumis sativus*’ |
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| *barat | ‘cross’ |
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| *baReq | ‘abscess, boil, swelling on the body’ |
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| *baRija | ‘weaver's sword ( lath used to beat in and tighten the woof)’ |
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| *baRiuS | ‘typhoon’ |
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| *baRuj | ‘dove: probably *Ducula* spp.’ |
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| *baSaq | 1. ‘flood’ 2. ‘to overflow, be in flood’ |
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| *baSaw | 1. ‘cold, of leftover food’ 2. ‘leftovers from a meal’ |
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| *baSay | ‘hairy vine: *Pueraria hirsuta*’ |
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| *basbas | ‘hit, strike’ |
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| *basbas | ‘sprinkle’ |
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| *baseq | ‘wash clothes’ |
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| *basuq | ‘to wash’ |
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| *batu | ‘to throw’ |
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| *batux | 1. ‘stone’ 2. ‘testicle’ |
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| *bayu | ‘to pound rice’ |
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| *beCeŋ | ‘millet sp., probably foxtail millet: *Setaria italica*’ |
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| *beCik | ‘tattoo’ |
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| *beCu | ‘callus, blister’ |
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| *bedul | ‘swelling of the body’ |
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| *bejbej | 1. ‘wrap around repeatedly, bind by wrapping’ 2. ‘bundle of wrapped material’ |
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| *bekas | ‘swift, fast’ |
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| *bekas | ‘to spring a trap’ |
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| *bekbek | ‘sound of breaking, etc.’ |
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| *bekuC | 1. ‘to bend over, bend down (of a person)’ 2. ‘hunchbacked’ |
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| *belaq | ‘part of something split’ |
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| *beli | ‘to buy’ |
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| *benan | ‘deer of the genus *Cervus*, either the sika deer or sambar deer’ |
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| *beNbeN | ‘banana: *Musa sapientum* L.’ |
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| *beNelem | ‘overcast, twilight’ |
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| *beŋbeŋ | ‘block’ |
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| *beŋbeŋ | ‘buzz, hum’ |
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| *beNuC | ‘pull out, extract’ |
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| *beRas | 1. ‘rice between harvesting and cooking’ 2. ‘husked rice’ |
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| *beRas-an | ‘container in which rice is stored’ |
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| *beRay | ‘give’ |
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| *beRek | ‘domesticated pig’ |
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| *beReqaŋ | ‘molar tooth’ |
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| *beriq | ‘split, tear open’ |
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| *beRŋaw | ‘bluebottle, large fly’ |
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| *beRŋi-n | ‘night’ |
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| *beRuS | ‘plant: *Rhus semialata*’ |
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| *bes | ‘whizzing sound’ |
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| *besuR | ‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ |
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| *betak | ‘crack, split open (as dry ground)’ |
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| *beties | ‘calf of the leg’ |
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| *betik | 1. ‘snap the fingers’ 2. ‘flick with the finger, fillip’ |
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| *betuŋ | ‘bamboo of very large diameter, probably *Dendrocalamus* sp.’ |
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| *biaC | ‘draw a bow to its full extent’ |
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| *biCuka | ‘stomach’ |
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| *bilaŋ | 1. ‘to count, calculate’ 2. ‘hold valuable’ |
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| *biliN | ‘to follow after someone, walk behind’ |
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| *bineSiq | ‘seed set aside for the next planting’ |
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| *biŋiC | ‘moody, irritable’ |
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| *biNiC | ‘hold in the hand’ |
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| *biqel | ‘goiter’ |
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| *biqiR | ‘off-, off- balance’ |
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| *biqut | ‘curved, crooked, bent’ |
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| *biraŋ | ‘anger, angry’ |
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| *biRaq | ‘wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro, *Alocasia* spp.’ |
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| *biRaS | ‘roe, fish eggs’ |
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| *biRaSu | ‘cane grass, *Miscanthus* sp.’ |
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| *biRbiR | ‘lip’ |
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| *birbir | ‘shiver, shake, tremble’ |
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| *biriC | ‘to tear, rip’ |
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| *bisuR | ‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ |
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| *bitbit | ‘pull at some part of the body’ |
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| *bituqen | ‘star’ |
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| *bua | ‘foam, bubbles, froth’ |
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| *buak | ‘bubbling up (as spring water)’ |
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| *bual | ‘spring, source of fresh water’ |
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| *buaq | ‘fruit’ |
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| *buay | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *bubu | ‘conical bamboo basket trap for fish’ |
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| *bubu | ‘grandparent’ |
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| *bubuR | ‘jellyfish’ |
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| *buCa | 1. ‘mote in the eye’ 2. ‘blind’ 3. ‘blindness’ |
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| *buCa-en maCa | ‘get a mote in the eye’ |
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| *buCaq | ‘foam, froth’ |
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| *buCbuC | ‘pull up (as weeds), pluck (as feathers)’ |
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| *buCu | 1. ‘callus, corn’ 2. ‘blister’ |
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| *buCuq | ‘testicles’ |
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| *buhaŋ | ‘hole, pit’ |
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| *buhet | ‘squirrel’ |
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| *bujeq | ‘foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth’ |
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| *bukas | ‘release, undo’ |
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| *bukeS | ‘head hair’ |
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| *bukij | 1. ‘mountain’ 2. ‘forested inland mountain areas’ |
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| *bukuN | ‘back (anat.)’ |
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| *bula | ‘to give’ |
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| *bulaN | 1. ‘moon, month’ 2. ‘menstruation’ |
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| *bulaR | 1. ‘cataract of the eye’ 2. ‘hazy or blurred vision’ |
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| *bulaw | ‘golden colored’ |
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| *bulaw-an | ‘gold’ |
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| *bulbul | ‘dust, pulverized stone’ |
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| *buled | ‘mountain’ |
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| *buleS | ‘tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany: *Shorea albus* Foxw.’ |
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| *buli- | ‘prefix of the *qali, *kali- series’ |
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| *bulilik | ‘lizard sp.’ |
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| *buluN | ‘companion’ |
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| *buluq | 1. ‘type of slender bamboo’ 2. ‘*Schizostachyum* spp.’ |
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| *bunabun | ‘rice seedling’ |
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| *bunaj | ‘sand’ |
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| *buNbuN | 1. ‘fontanelle’ 2. ‘crown of the head’ |
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| *buŋa | ‘flower, blossom’ |
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| *buŋuh | ‘head’ |
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| *buŋuR | ‘tree sp.’ |
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| *buNi | ‘to hide, conceal’ |
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| *buNuq | ‘constellation: the Pleiades’ |
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| *buNuq | ‘throw at, hit with a projectile’ |
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| *bunuR | 1. ‘to swell’ 2. ‘swollen’ |
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| *bunuS | ‘machete’ |
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| *buqaya | ‘crocodile’ |
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| *buRaw | ‘drive off, chase away, expel’ |
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| *buRay | ‘flower’ |
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| *buReS | ‘spray water from the mouth’ |
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| *buRuk | 1. ‘rotten meat’ 2. ‘addled eggs’ 3. ‘bad character’ |
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| *buSuk | ‘drunkenness, intoxication’ |
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| *busuR | ‘enemy’ |
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| *busuR | ‘hunting bow’ |
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| *buuŋ | ‘buzzing or humming sound’ |
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| *C<in>akaw | 1. ‘what is stolen, stolen goods’ 2. ‘was stolen (past tense of direct passive)’ |
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| *C<in>aliS | 1. ‘was made into rope’ 2. ‘what was made into rope’ |
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| *C<in>apa | ‘smoke’ |
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| *C<in>aqi | ‘small intestine’ |
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| *C<in>aqiS | ‘sew’ |
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| *C<in>uNuh | ‘roast’ |
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| *C<um>abu | ‘to wrap’ |
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| *C<um>aki | ‘defecate’ |
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| *C<um>aliS | ‘to tie with rope, fasten with rope’ |
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| *C<um>aŋis | ‘to weep, cry, mourn’ |
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| *C<um>apu | ‘to sweep’ |
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| *C<um>aqi | ‘to defecate’ |
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| *C<um>aqiS | ‘to sew’ |
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| *C<um>ubuq | ‘to sprout, to grow’ |
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| *C<um>ugCug | ‘knock or bump the head’ |
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| *C<um>uNuh | ‘to roast (intr.)’ |
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| *C<um>uSuR | ‘to string beads, etc.’ |
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| *CabCab | ‘clap, beat, hack’ |
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| *Cabu | ‘to wrap’ |
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| *Ca-Capuh | ‘broom’ |
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| *Ca-CaqiS | ‘sew’ |
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| *CaCaw | ‘pupil of the eye’ |
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| *Ca-Cawa | ‘to laugh’ |
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| *Cakaw | ‘steal’ |
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| *Cakaw-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *Caki | ‘feces, excreta’ |
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| *Cali | ‘cultivated taro: *Colocasia esculenta*’ |
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| *Caliŋa | ‘ear’ |
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| *Caliŋa nu kaSiw | ‘wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks’ |
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| *CaliS | ‘rope, cord, twine, string’ |
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| *CaluN | 1. ‘fallow land’ 2. ‘secondary forest’ |
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| *CaNem | 1. ‘grave’ 2. ‘to bury’ |
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| *CaNem-en | ‘what is buried or planted’ |
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| *Caŋelaj | ‘elephant grass, miscanthus grass: *Themeda gigantea*’ |
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| *Caŋila | ‘ear’ |
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| *Caŋis | 1. ‘weep, cry’ 2. ‘mourn’ 3. ‘to beseech’ |
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| *Caŋis-an | ‘to cry over something or someone’ |
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| *CaNum | ‘carry water’ |
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| *Capa | ‘to smoke fish or meat for preservation’ |
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| *Capaŋ | ‘patch, as on clothing’ |
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| *Capel | 1. ‘patch’ 2. ‘to patch’ |
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| *Capuh | ‘sweep’ |
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| *Caqi | ‘feces, excrement’ |
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| *CaqiS | ‘to sew’ |
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| *CaqiS-an | ‘sew’ |
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| *Caqu | ‘to know how, be able to, be skilled at’ |
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| *Caqu-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *CaSaw | ‘open-’ |
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| *Cau | ‘person, human being’ |
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| *Cau Cau | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *Cau nu maCa | ‘pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)’ |
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| *Cawa | ‘to laugh’ |
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| *CawiN | ‘year’ |
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| *Cazem | ‘sharp (of point or blade)’ |
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| *Cebak | ‘smack against’ |
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| *Cebej | ‘spring of water, spring water’ |
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| *Cebiq | ‘split, divide, break off’ |
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| *Cebuj | ‘natural spring, fresh water spring’ |
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| *Cebuk | ‘thud’ |
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| *CebuN | ‘smoke’ |
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| *Cebuŋ | ‘to meet, come together’ |
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| *CebuS | ‘sugarcane: *Saccharum officinarum*’ |
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| *CegCeg | ‘beat, pound, hit’ |
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| *CegCeg | ‘to beat, pound on’ |
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| *CekCek | ‘pierce, penetrate’ |
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| *Ceked | ‘to rest, take a break from work or other activity’ |
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| *CekeS | ‘kind of very slender bamboo’ |
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| *Celaq | ‘crack, split, fissure’ |
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| *CelCel | ‘beat, pound’ |
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| *Ceme-Cemel | ‘uncultivated land’ |
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| *Cemel | 1. ‘grass, herbs’ 2. ‘medicine’ |
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| *Cenek | ‘thorn’ |
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| *CeRab | ‘belch’ |
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| *Cesek | ‘insert, pierce, penetrate’ |
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| *Cidu | ‘spoon, ladle, dipper’ |
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| *Cikel | ‘return, go back’ |
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| *CiŋaS | ‘food particles caught between the teeth’ |
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| *Ciqaw | ‘fish sp.’ |
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| *-Cu | 1. ‘spatio- deixis and spatio- temporal reference: that’ 2. ‘there, then’ |
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| *Cubuq | ‘plant sprout’ |
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| *CugCug | ‘hit something against something else’ |
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| *CugCug | ‘knock or bump the head’ |
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| *Cukul | ‘huddle, bow the head’ |
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| *Culi | ‘deaf’ |
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| *Cumay | ‘Formosan black bear’ |
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| *Cumek | 1. ‘pulverize’ 2. ‘crumble’ |
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| *CumeS | 1. ‘clothes louse’ 2. ‘body louse’ |
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| *CuŋCuŋ | ‘make a booming sound’ |
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| *CuNuh | ‘roast food over a fire’ |
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| *CuNuh-an | ‘to roast’ |
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| *CuqelaN | 1. ‘condylar bone’ 2. ‘bone of fauna exclusive of fish’ |
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| *CuquR | ‘tree: *Bischofia javanica*’ |
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| *Curis | ‘scratch a line’ |
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| *CuSuR | ‘string together, as beads’ |
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| *CuSuR-en | ‘strung, be skewered’ |
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| *Cuzuq | ‘index finger’ |
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| *d<um>akep | 1. ‘to catch, capture’ 2. ‘embrace’ |
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| *d<um>akiS | ‘climb, ascend’ |
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| *d<um>ilaq | ‘to lick’ |
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| *da | ‘locative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. *di, *du)’ |
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| *da-amax | ‘father’ |
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| *dadaN | 1. ‘old, of things’ 2. ‘ancient times’ |
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| *da-duSa | ‘two, of people’ |
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| *dajam | ‘accustomed to, tame’ |
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| *dajem | ‘chills, as of malaria’ |
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| *dakep | 1. ‘catch, seize’ 2. ‘embrace’ |
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| *dakep-en | ‘caught, captured’ |
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| *dakeS | ‘tree: the camphor laurel: *Cinnamomum* spp.’ |
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| *daki | 1. ‘dirt on skin’ 2. ‘dandruff’ |
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| *dakiS | ‘climb, ascend’ |
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| *dakuC | ‘snatch, grab’ |
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| *dalayap | ‘kind of citrus tree and fruit’ |
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| *dalem | 1. ‘in, inside’ 2. ‘deep’ |
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| *damaR | ‘tree resin used in torches (?)’ |
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| *damuq | ‘dew’ |
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| *damuq | ‘menstrual blood?’ |
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| *danaw | ‘lake’ |
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| *daŋdaŋ | 1. ‘broil’ 2. ‘warm oneself or something near a fire’ |
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| *daŋdaŋ-an | ‘place something near a fire’ |
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| *daNi | 1. ‘soon, presently’ 2. ‘almost’ |
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| *daNum | ‘fresh water’ |
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| *danum-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *dapa | ‘palm of the hand’ |
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| *dapaN | 1. ‘sole of the foot’ 2. ‘footprint’ |
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| *dapuR | ‘pile up, as stones’ |
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| *daqaN | ‘old, ancient’ |
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| *daqaNi | ‘day’ |
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| *daqiS | 1. ‘forehead’ 2. ‘face’ |
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| *daqu | ‘soapberry: *Sapindus mukrossi*, *S. saponaria*’ |
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| *daRa | ‘Formosan maple: *Liquidambar formosana*’ |
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| *daRaq | 1. ‘blood’ 2. ‘to bleed’ 3. ‘menstruate’ |
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| *daReq | ‘soil, probably clay’ |
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| *daRiŋ | ‘groan, moan’ |
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| *daRiq | ‘soil, probably clay’ |
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| *daSdaS | ‘chest (anat.)’ |
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| *dataR | ‘flat, flat or level land’ |
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| *dawiN | ‘far’ |
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| *daya | ‘upriver, toward the interior’ |
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| *debdeb | ‘chest’ |
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| *dekdek | ‘to tamp down, compact something’ |
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| *dekeC | ‘paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice)’ |
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| *dekep | ‘embrace’ |
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| *dekiŋ | ‘to bark, of a deer’ |
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| *deles | ‘bowstring’ |
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| *demdem | ‘brood, hold a grudge, remember, keep still’ |
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| *demdem | 1. ‘gloom, darkness’ 2. ‘dark, overcast, gloomy’ |
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| *deŋdeŋ | 1. ‘thunder’ 2. ‘roaring or thunderous sound’ |
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| *deŋeR | 1. ‘to hear’ 2. ‘sound’ |
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| *depah | ‘fathom’ |
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| *depuŋ | ‘venomous snake’ |
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| *deRdeR | ‘thunder’ |
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| *deRuŋ | ‘distant rolling thunder’ |
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| *deruŋ | ‘deep booming boom’ |
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| *detdet | ‘packed tightly together’ |
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| *di | ‘locative case marker (probably for singular personal names; *cf.* *<pwd>da</pwd>, *<pwd>du</pwd>)’ |
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| *dikeC | ‘sticky, adhesive’ |
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| *dikit | ‘little, few, small in amount’ |
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| *dilaq | ‘to lick’ |
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| *diNaŋ | 1. ‘rust’ 2. ‘hematite’ |
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| *di-ni | ‘here’ |
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| *diRi | ‘to stand’ |
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| *diRus | ‘bathe’ |
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| *disdis | ‘cut, slice’ |
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| *diteq | ‘sticky substance’ |
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| *dua | ‘over there, yonder’ |
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| *du-duSa | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *duhduh | ‘thunder’ |
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| *dukduk | ‘ginger’ |
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| *dukduk | ‘to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab’ |
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| *duma | 1. ‘someone’ 2. ‘other people’ 3. ‘different’ |
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| *du(ŋ)kuŋ | ‘bend, curve’ |
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| *duRi | ‘thorn’ |
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| *duSa | ‘two’ |
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| *duSa duSa | 1. ‘two by two, two at a time’ 2. ‘two each’ |
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| *duSa-en | ‘divided into two’ |
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| *edem | ‘soak, dye’ |
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| *-en | 1. ‘verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice’ 2. ‘nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action’ |
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| *enem | ‘six’ |
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| *esa | ‘one’ |
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| *g<um>aruC | ‘to comb’ |
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| *gaCel | ‘itch, feel itchy’ |
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| *gaRaŋ | ‘small edible freshwater crab’ |
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| *garaŋ | ‘fierce, intense, as of appetite or temper’ |
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| *garuC | ‘comb’ |
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| *gayaŋ | ‘hunting spear’ |
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| *geCel | ‘to pinch’ |
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| *gemel | ‘take in the hand, clasp, grasp’ |
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| *gemgem | 1. ‘fist’ 2. ‘hold in the fist’ |
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| *gereC | ‘slit an animal's throat’ |
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| *gerger | ‘shake, shiver, tremble’ |
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| *geriC | ‘gnaw of ripping, gnawing, etc.’ |
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| *getil | ‘to pinch’ |
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| *giŋgiŋ | ‘cold, shivering’ |
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| *giRiŋ | ‘ring’ |
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| *gisgis | ‘rub, scrape against’ |
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| *guCguC | ‘pluck, pull out’ |
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| *guCguC | ‘to scratch, as an itch’ |
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| *gumuN | ‘body hair’ |
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| *guŋguŋ | ‘deep resounding sound’ |
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| *gurgur | ‘boil of boiling water’ |
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| *guRiCa | ‘octopus’ |
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| *guris | 1. ‘line’ 2. ‘scratch a line’ |
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| *guSam | ‘fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush’ |
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| *gusgus | ‘to scrape, scratch, rub’ |
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| *gusi | ‘gums’ |
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| *gutgut | ‘front teeth, incisors’ |
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| *haŋut | ‘smell, odor’ |
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| *hesek | ‘drive in stakes or posts’ |
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| *hisep | ‘suck, inhale’ |
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| *hukaq | ‘loosen, open’ |
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| *hulhul | ‘to bark, of a dog’ |
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| *huRaC | 1. ‘artery, blood vessel, blood vein’ 2. ‘muscle’ 3. ‘nerve’ 4. ‘sinew’ 5. ‘tendon’ |
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| *-i | ‘imperative suffix’ |
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| *i | ‘exclamation of wonder, disgust, etc.’ |
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| *i | ‘in’ |
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| *i | ‘personal article’ |
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| *i aCas | ‘above, on top’ |
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| *i babaw | ‘above, on top of’ |
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| *ia | 1. ‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she’ 2. ‘him, her, it’ |
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| *i-aku | ‘1sg., I, me’ |
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| *i-amen | ‘1pl. ex oblique’ |
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| *i-ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative, we’ |
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| *ian | ‘dwell, reside, live in a place’ |
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| *ia-ni | 1. ‘this’ 2. ‘here’ |
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| *ibaS | ‘companion, close relative, other one’ |
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| *i-Cu | ‘that (2p)’ |
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| *idas | ‘affine of Ego's generation’ |
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| *ijan | ‘when?’ |
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| *i-kaSu | ‘2sg., you’ |
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| *ikuD | ‘to follow’ |
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| *ikud | ‘to sit’ |
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| *ikuR | ‘tail’ |
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| *iluR | ‘river channel’ |
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| *ima | ‘who?’ |
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| *imah | ‘drink’ |
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| *ina | ‘mother, mother's sister’ |
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| *in-alap | ‘take’ |
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| *iná-q | ‘mother, mother's sister (address, vocative)’ |
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| *iŋ(e)pis | ‘thin (of material objects)’ |
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| *iŋsuŋ | ‘wooden rice mortar’ |
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| *i-ni | ‘this, here’ |
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| *ini | ‘negative marker: no, not’ |
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| *i-nu | ‘place which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where?’ |
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| *inu | ‘where?’ |
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| *ipit | 1. ‘near, come near’ 2. ‘edge, border’ |
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| *iRik | ‘thresh with the feet (as rice)’ |
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| *isa | ‘one’ |
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| *isa isa | 1. ‘distributive’ 2. ‘one-by-one, one at a time’ |
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| *isa-ŋa | ‘remaining one’ |
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| *iSeq | ‘urine, urinate’ |
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| *isi | 1. ‘flesh (of humans, animals, fruits, tubers)’ 2. ‘reside’ 3. ‘blade of a knife’ 4. ‘inhabitants, residents’ |
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| *iSiq | ‘urine, urinate’ |
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| *iSu | ‘2sg. personal pronoun: you’ |
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| *ita | ‘we (incl.)’ |
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| *iten | ‘1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.)’ |
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| *iten | ‘we (incl.)’ |
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| *i-ti | 1. ‘1p deixis and spatial reference: this’ 2. ‘here’ |
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| *iuk | ‘citrus fruit (both orange and pomelo?)’ |
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| *k<aN>uSkuS | ‘claw, talon, fingernail’ |
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| *k<ar>uSkuS | ‘scrape, scratch something from a surface’ |
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| *k<in>a-Cau-an | ‘nature, character’ |
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| *k<in>aCu | 1. ‘was brought’ 2. ‘what was brought’ |
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| *k<in>aen | ‘eat’ |
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| *k<in>aen-an | ‘eat’ |
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| *k<in>alih-an | ‘place that has been dug up’ |
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| *k<in>aRaC-an | ‘bite of an animal’ |
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| *k<in>uja | ‘what has been said/done (to cause someone to react)?’ |
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| *k<um>aCu | ‘to bring, to carry along’ |
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| *k<um>aen | ‘to eat’ |
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| *k<um>ahuS | ‘scoop up’ |
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| *k<um>ali | ‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’ |
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| *k<um>aRaC | ‘to bite’ |