Blust & Trussel (2019a): Proto-Austronesian
Search entries
| Headword | IPA | Glosses | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *<in> | ‘perfective marker’ | ||
| *<um> | ‘verbal infix marking actor voice’ | ||
| *-a | ‘imperative suffix’ | ||
| *-a | ‘subjunctive suffix’ | ||
| *a | ‘hesitation particle’ | ||
| *a | ‘ligature’ | ||
| *aba | ‘father’ | ||
| *aCab | ‘cover’ | ||
| *aCas | ‘high, tall’ | ||
| *aCay | ‘death’ | ||
| *adaS | ‘bring, take along’ | ||
| *adi | ‘no, not’ | ||
| *a-enem | ‘six (of humans)’ | ||
| *a-esa | ‘one (of humans)’ | ||
| *ai | ‘come’ | ||
| *ai | ‘interjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc.’ | ||
| *ajem | 1. ‘heart’ 2. ‘mind’ | ||
| *aken | ‘1sg oblique’ | ||
| *aki | ‘grandfather, ancestor’ | ||
| *aku | 1. ‘1sg nominative’ 2. ‘I’ | ||
| *ala | 1. ‘take, get, fetch, obtain’ 2. ‘marry’ | ||
| *ala-en | ‘take’ | ||
| *alap | ‘fetch, get, take’ | ||
| *alaq | ‘fetch, get, take’ | ||
| *alaq-en | ‘take’ | ||
| *alikas | ‘quick, fast’ | ||
| *alim | ‘forget’ | ||
| *a(lR)im | ‘pancreas, spleen’ | ||
| *aluja | ‘to paddle’ | ||
| *alujah | ‘ant sp.’ | ||
| *amax | ‘father’ | ||
| *amen | ‘1pl ex oblique’ | ||
| *ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’ | ||
| *amin | 1. ‘all’ 2. ‘finished’ | ||
| *amu | ‘2pl. nominative pronoun’ | ||
| *-an | 1. ‘verbal suffix marking locative voice’ 2. ‘nominal suffix marking location’ | ||
| *aNak | 1. ‘child, offspring’ 2. ‘son, daughter’ 3. ‘interest on a loan’ | ||
| *aN-aNak | ‘child’ | ||
| *aNay | ‘insect of the order *Isoptera*: termite, white ant’ | ||
| *aŋay | ‘departure (?)’ | ||
| *apa | ‘carry on the back’ | ||
| *apu | ‘grandparent/ grandchild (reciprocal)’ | ||
| *apuR | ‘betel chew’ | ||
| *aRi | 1. ‘come’ 2. ‘toward the speaker’ 3. ‘let’s go!’ | ||
| *asa | ‘one’ | ||
| *asaŋ | ‘village’ | ||
| *aSik | ‘to sweep, remove trash’ | ||
| *asu | ‘dog’ | ||
| *ata | ‘1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our’ | ||
| *atuR | ‘stone wall’ | ||
| *au | ‘yes’ | ||
| *aya | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *aya | ‘exclamation of annoyance, surprise, etc.’ | ||
| *b<aR>eŋbeŋ | ‘buzz’ | ||
| *b<in>ahi | ‘woman, wife’ | ||
| *b<in>eCik | ‘tattoo’ | ||
| *b<in>elaq | ‘to have been split, cloven in two’ | ||
| *b<in>uRuk | ‘to have become rotten’ | ||
| *b<um>aliw | ‘buy’ | ||
| *b<um>asuq | ‘to wash’ | ||
| *baba | 1. ‘carry a person pick-a-back’ 2. ‘ride pick-a-back’ | ||
| *ba-bahi | ‘woman, female’ | ||
| *babaw | 1. ‘upper surface, top’ 2. ‘highlands’ 3. ‘on, upon, over, above’ | ||
| *babuy | ‘pig’ | ||
| *babuy-an | ‘pig’ | ||
| *baCaR | ‘broomcorn millet: *Panicum miliaceum*’ | ||
| *bahi | ‘female’ | ||
| *bajaq | 1. ‘know, understand’ 2. ‘ask, inquire’ | ||
| *bajiw | ‘edible mushroom sp.’ | ||
| *bakaŋ | ‘bowlegged’ | ||
| *bakaR | ‘kind of basket’ | ||
| *bakbak | ‘clap’ | ||
| *bakes | 1. ‘belt’ 2. ‘tie around the waist’ | ||
| *baki | ‘grandfather’ | ||
| *bakuŋ | ‘lily-like plant: *Crinum asiaticum* L.’ | ||
| *balalaCuk | ‘bird: the woodpecker’ | ||
| *balaŋa | ‘shallow earthenware cooking pot or pan’ | ||
| *balbal | 1. ‘beating stick’ 2. ‘to beat, beat (esp. clothes in washing them)’ | ||
| *baleŋ | ‘preserve meat in salt or brine’ | ||
| *bales | 1. ‘to answer, retaliate’ 2. ‘reciprocate good or evil’ | ||
| *bali | ‘wind’ | ||
| *baliw | ‘buy, sell’ | ||
| *baliw | ‘return’ | ||
| *baluN | ‘bind, bundle’ | ||
| *baNaR | ‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ | ||
| *baNaS | ‘male (of animals)’ | ||
| *baNaw | ‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ | ||
| *banaw | ‘lake’ | ||
| *bañaw | ‘wash the body’ | ||
| *baŋaS | ‘tree: *Melia azedarach*’ | ||
| *baŋaw | ‘paddy bug, foul-smelling insect that preys on rice in the field’ | ||
| *baŋbaŋ | ‘butterfly, moth’ | ||
| *baŋbaŋ | ‘resound resounding sound’ | ||
| *baŋeliS | 1. ‘tusk’ 2. ‘canine tooth’ | ||
| *baŋ(e)qeR | ‘rotten smell, stench’ | ||
| *baŋeS | ‘skin’ | ||
| *baŋeSiS | ‘fragrant’ | ||
| *baŋuN | ‘wake up, get out of bed’ | ||
| *baŋun | ‘Japanese cypress: *Chamaecyparis obtusa*’ | ||
| *baNiC | ‘to skin, flay’ | ||
| *baqeRuh | 1. ‘new’ 2. ‘bachelor’ | ||
| *baqeSiŋ | ‘sneeze’ | ||
| *baqi | ‘grandmother’ | ||
| *baRah | ‘ember, glowing coal’ | ||
| *baRaŋ | ‘rib (?)’ | ||
| *baRaq | ‘lung’ | ||
| *baRat | ‘cross’ | ||
| *baRat | ‘cucumber: *Cucumis sativus*’ | ||
| *barat | ‘cross’ | ||
| *baReq | ‘abscess, boil, swelling on the body’ | ||
| *baRija | ‘weaver's sword ( lath used to beat in and tighten the woof)’ | ||
| *baRiuS | ‘typhoon’ | ||
| *baRuj | ‘dove: probably *Ducula* spp.’ | ||
| *baSaq | 1. ‘flood’ 2. ‘to overflow, be in flood’ | ||
| *baSaw | 1. ‘cold, of leftover food’ 2. ‘leftovers from a meal’ | ||
| *baSay | ‘hairy vine: *Pueraria hirsuta*’ | ||
| *basbas | ‘hit, strike’ | ||
| *basbas | ‘sprinkle’ | ||
| *baseq | ‘wash clothes’ | ||
| *basuq | ‘to wash’ | ||
| *batu | ‘to throw’ | ||
| *batux | 1. ‘stone’ 2. ‘testicle’ | ||
| *bayu | ‘to pound rice’ | ||
| *beCeŋ | ‘millet sp., probably foxtail millet: *Setaria italica*’ | ||
| *beCik | ‘tattoo’ | ||
| *beCu | ‘callus, blister’ | ||
| *bedul | ‘swelling of the body’ | ||
| *bejbej | 1. ‘wrap around repeatedly, bind by wrapping’ 2. ‘bundle of wrapped material’ | ||
| *bekas | ‘swift, fast’ | ||
| *bekas | ‘to spring a trap’ | ||
| *bekbek | ‘sound of breaking, etc.’ | ||
| *bekuC | 1. ‘to bend over, bend down (of a person)’ 2. ‘hunchbacked’ | ||
| *belaq | ‘part of something split’ | ||
| *beli | ‘to buy’ | ||
| *benan | ‘deer of the genus *Cervus*, either the sika deer or sambar deer’ | ||
| *beNbeN | ‘banana: *Musa sapientum* L.’ | ||
| *beNelem | ‘overcast, twilight’ | ||
| *beŋbeŋ | ‘block’ | ||
| *beŋbeŋ | ‘buzz, hum’ | ||
| *beNuC | ‘pull out, extract’ | ||
| *beRas | 1. ‘rice between harvesting and cooking’ 2. ‘husked rice’ | ||
| *beRas-an | ‘container in which rice is stored’ | ||
| *beRay | ‘give’ | ||
| *beRek | ‘domesticated pig’ | ||
| *beReqaŋ | ‘molar tooth’ | ||
| *beriq | ‘split, tear open’ | ||
| *beRŋaw | ‘bluebottle, large fly’ | ||
| *beRŋi-n | ‘night’ | ||
| *beRuS | ‘plant: *Rhus semialata*’ | ||
| *bes | ‘whizzing sound’ | ||
| *besuR | ‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ | ||
| *betak | ‘crack, split open (as dry ground)’ | ||
| *beties | ‘calf of the leg’ | ||
| *betik | 1. ‘snap the fingers’ 2. ‘flick with the finger, fillip’ | ||
| *betuŋ | ‘bamboo of very large diameter, probably *Dendrocalamus* sp.’ | ||
| *biaC | ‘draw a bow to its full extent’ | ||
| *biCuka | ‘stomach’ | ||
| *bilaŋ | 1. ‘to count, calculate’ 2. ‘hold valuable’ | ||
| *biliN | ‘to follow after someone, walk behind’ | ||
| *bineSiq | ‘seed set aside for the next planting’ | ||
| *biŋiC | ‘moody, irritable’ | ||
| *biNiC | ‘hold in the hand’ | ||
| *biqel | ‘goiter’ | ||
| *biqiR | ‘off-, off- balance’ | ||
| *biqut | ‘curved, crooked, bent’ | ||
| *biraŋ | ‘anger, angry’ | ||
| *biRaq | ‘wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro, *Alocasia* spp.’ | ||
| *biRaS | ‘roe, fish eggs’ | ||
| *biRaSu | ‘cane grass, *Miscanthus* sp.’ | ||
| *biRbiR | ‘lip’ | ||
| *birbir | ‘shiver, shake, tremble’ | ||
| *biriC | ‘to tear, rip’ | ||
| *bisuR | ‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ | ||
| *bitbit | ‘pull at some part of the body’ | ||
| *bituqen | ‘star’ | ||
| *bua | ‘foam, bubbles, froth’ | ||
| *buak | ‘bubbling up (as spring water)’ | ||
| *bual | ‘spring, source of fresh water’ | ||
| *buaq | ‘fruit’ | ||
| *buay | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *bubu | ‘conical bamboo basket trap for fish’ | ||
| *bubu | ‘grandparent’ | ||
| *bubuR | ‘jellyfish’ | ||
| *buCa | 1. ‘mote in the eye’ 2. ‘blind’ 3. ‘blindness’ | ||
| *buCa-en maCa | ‘get a mote in the eye’ | ||
| *buCaq | ‘foam, froth’ | ||
| *buCbuC | ‘pull up (as weeds), pluck (as feathers)’ | ||
| *buCu | 1. ‘callus, corn’ 2. ‘blister’ | ||
| *buCuq | ‘testicles’ | ||
| *buhaŋ | ‘hole, pit’ | ||
| *buhet | ‘squirrel’ | ||
| *bujeq | ‘foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth’ | ||
| *bukas | ‘release, undo’ | ||
| *bukeS | ‘head hair’ | ||
| *bukij | 1. ‘mountain’ 2. ‘forested inland mountain areas’ | ||
| *bukuN | ‘back (anat.)’ | ||
| *bula | ‘to give’ | ||
| *bulaN | 1. ‘moon, month’ 2. ‘menstruation’ | ||
| *bulaR | 1. ‘cataract of the eye’ 2. ‘hazy or blurred vision’ | ||
| *bulaw | ‘golden colored’ | ||
| *bulaw-an | ‘gold’ | ||
| *bulbul | ‘dust, pulverized stone’ | ||
| *buled | ‘mountain’ | ||
| *buleS | ‘tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany: *Shorea albus* Foxw.’ | ||
| *buli- | ‘prefix of the *qali, *kali- series’ | ||
| *bulilik | ‘lizard sp.’ | ||
| *buluN | ‘companion’ | ||
| *buluq | 1. ‘type of slender bamboo’ 2. ‘*Schizostachyum* spp.’ | ||
| *bunabun | ‘rice seedling’ | ||
| *bunaj | ‘sand’ | ||
| *buNbuN | 1. ‘fontanelle’ 2. ‘crown of the head’ | ||
| *buŋa | ‘flower, blossom’ | ||
| *buŋuh | ‘head’ | ||
| *buŋuR | ‘tree sp.’ | ||
| *buNi | ‘to hide, conceal’ | ||
| *buNuq | ‘constellation: the Pleiades’ | ||
| *buNuq | ‘throw at, hit with a projectile’ | ||
| *bunuR | 1. ‘to swell’ 2. ‘swollen’ | ||
| *bunuS | ‘machete’ | ||
| *buqaya | ‘crocodile’ | ||
| *buRaw | ‘drive off, chase away, expel’ | ||
| *buRay | ‘flower’ | ||
| *buReS | ‘spray water from the mouth’ | ||
| *buRuk | 1. ‘rotten meat’ 2. ‘addled eggs’ 3. ‘bad character’ | ||
| *buSuk | ‘drunkenness, intoxication’ | ||
| *busuR | ‘enemy’ | ||
| *busuR | ‘hunting bow’ | ||
| *buuŋ | ‘buzzing or humming sound’ | ||
| *C<in>akaw | 1. ‘what is stolen, stolen goods’ 2. ‘was stolen (past tense of direct passive)’ | ||
| *C<in>aliS | 1. ‘was made into rope’ 2. ‘what was made into rope’ | ||
| *C<in>apa | ‘smoke’ | ||
| *C<in>aqi | ‘small intestine’ | ||
| *C<in>aqiS | ‘sew’ | ||
| *C<in>uNuh | ‘roast’ | ||
| *C<um>abu | ‘to wrap’ | ||
| *C<um>aki | ‘defecate’ | ||
| *C<um>aliS | ‘to tie with rope, fasten with rope’ | ||
| *C<um>aŋis | ‘to weep, cry, mourn’ | ||
| *C<um>apu | ‘to sweep’ | ||
| *C<um>aqi | ‘to defecate’ | ||
| *C<um>aqiS | ‘to sew’ | ||
| *C<um>ubuq | ‘to sprout, to grow’ | ||
| *C<um>ugCug | ‘knock or bump the head’ | ||
| *C<um>uNuh | ‘to roast (intr.)’ | ||
| *C<um>uSuR | ‘to string beads, etc.’ | ||
| *CabCab | ‘clap, beat, hack’ | ||
| *Cabu | ‘to wrap’ | ||
| *Ca-Capuh | ‘broom’ | ||
| *Ca-CaqiS | ‘sew’ | ||
| *CaCaw | ‘pupil of the eye’ | ||
| *Ca-Cawa | ‘to laugh’ | ||
| *Cakaw | ‘steal’ | ||
| *Cakaw-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *Caki | ‘feces, excreta’ | ||
| *Cali | ‘cultivated taro: *Colocasia esculenta*’ | ||
| *Caliŋa | ‘ear’ | ||
| *Caliŋa nu kaSiw | ‘wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks’ | ||
| *CaliS | ‘rope, cord, twine, string’ | ||
| *CaluN | 1. ‘fallow land’ 2. ‘secondary forest’ | ||
| *CaNem | 1. ‘grave’ 2. ‘to bury’ | ||
| *CaNem-en | ‘what is buried or planted’ | ||
| *Caŋelaj | ‘elephant grass, miscanthus grass: *Themeda gigantea*’ | ||
| *Caŋila | ‘ear’ | ||
| *Caŋis | 1. ‘weep, cry’ 2. ‘mourn’ 3. ‘to beseech’ | ||
| *Caŋis-an | ‘to cry over something or someone’ | ||
| *CaNum | ‘carry water’ | ||
| *Capa | ‘to smoke fish or meat for preservation’ | ||
| *Capaŋ | ‘patch, as on clothing’ | ||
| *Capel | 1. ‘patch’ 2. ‘to patch’ | ||
| *Capuh | ‘sweep’ | ||
| *Caqi | ‘feces, excrement’ | ||
| *CaqiS | ‘to sew’ | ||
| *CaqiS-an | ‘sew’ | ||
| *Caqu | ‘to know how, be able to, be skilled at’ | ||
| *Caqu-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *CaSaw | ‘open-’ | ||
| *Cau | ‘person, human being’ | ||
| *Cau Cau | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *Cau nu maCa | ‘pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)’ | ||
| *Cawa | ‘to laugh’ | ||
| *CawiN | ‘year’ | ||
| *Cazem | ‘sharp (of point or blade)’ | ||
| *Cebak | ‘smack against’ | ||
| *Cebej | ‘spring of water, spring water’ | ||
| *Cebiq | ‘split, divide, break off’ | ||
| *Cebuj | ‘natural spring, fresh water spring’ | ||
| *Cebuk | ‘thud’ | ||
| *CebuN | ‘smoke’ | ||
| *Cebuŋ | ‘to meet, come together’ | ||
| *CebuS | ‘sugarcane: *Saccharum officinarum*’ | ||
| *CegCeg | ‘beat, pound, hit’ | ||
| *CegCeg | ‘to beat, pound on’ | ||
| *CekCek | ‘pierce, penetrate’ | ||
| *Ceked | ‘to rest, take a break from work or other activity’ | ||
| *CekeS | ‘kind of very slender bamboo’ | ||
| *Celaq | ‘crack, split, fissure’ | ||
| *CelCel | ‘beat, pound’ | ||
| *Ceme-Cemel | ‘uncultivated land’ | ||
| *Cemel | 1. ‘grass, herbs’ 2. ‘medicine’ | ||
| *Cenek | ‘thorn’ | ||
| *CeRab | ‘belch’ | ||
| *Cesek | ‘insert, pierce, penetrate’ | ||
| *Cidu | ‘spoon, ladle, dipper’ | ||
| *Cikel | ‘return, go back’ | ||
| *CiŋaS | ‘food particles caught between the teeth’ | ||
| *Ciqaw | ‘fish sp.’ | ||
| *-Cu | 1. ‘spatio- deixis and spatio- temporal reference: that’ 2. ‘there, then’ | ||
| *Cubuq | ‘plant sprout’ | ||
| *CugCug | ‘hit something against something else’ | ||
| *CugCug | ‘knock or bump the head’ | ||
| *Cukul | ‘huddle, bow the head’ | ||
| *Culi | ‘deaf’ | ||
| *Cumay | ‘Formosan black bear’ | ||
| *Cumek | 1. ‘pulverize’ 2. ‘crumble’ | ||
| *CumeS | 1. ‘clothes louse’ 2. ‘body louse’ | ||
| *CuŋCuŋ | ‘make a booming sound’ | ||
| *CuNuh | ‘roast food over a fire’ | ||
| *CuNuh-an | ‘to roast’ | ||
| *CuqelaN | 1. ‘condylar bone’ 2. ‘bone of fauna exclusive of fish’ | ||
| *CuquR | ‘tree: *Bischofia javanica*’ | ||
| *Curis | ‘scratch a line’ | ||
| *CuSuR | ‘string together, as beads’ | ||
| *CuSuR-en | ‘strung, be skewered’ | ||
| *Cuzuq | ‘index finger’ | ||
| *d<um>akep | 1. ‘to catch, capture’ 2. ‘embrace’ | ||
| *d<um>akiS | ‘climb, ascend’ | ||
| *d<um>ilaq | ‘to lick’ | ||
| *da | ‘locative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. *di, *du)’ | ||
| *da-amax | ‘father’ | ||
| *dadaN | 1. ‘old, of things’ 2. ‘ancient times’ | ||
| *da-duSa | ‘two, of people’ | ||
| *dajam | ‘accustomed to, tame’ | ||
| *dajem | ‘chills, as of malaria’ | ||
| *dakep | 1. ‘catch, seize’ 2. ‘embrace’ | ||
| *dakep-en | ‘caught, captured’ | ||
| *dakeS | ‘tree: the camphor laurel: *Cinnamomum* spp.’ | ||
| *daki | 1. ‘dirt on skin’ 2. ‘dandruff’ | ||
| *dakiS | ‘climb, ascend’ | ||
| *dakuC | ‘snatch, grab’ | ||
| *dalayap | ‘kind of citrus tree and fruit’ | ||
| *dalem | 1. ‘in, inside’ 2. ‘deep’ | ||
| *damaR | ‘tree resin used in torches (?)’ | ||
| *damuq | ‘dew’ | ||
| *damuq | ‘menstrual blood?’ | ||
| *danaw | ‘lake’ | ||
| *daŋdaŋ | 1. ‘broil’ 2. ‘warm oneself or something near a fire’ | ||
| *daŋdaŋ-an | ‘place something near a fire’ | ||
| *daNi | 1. ‘soon, presently’ 2. ‘almost’ | ||
| *daNum | ‘fresh water’ | ||
| *danum-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *dapa | ‘palm of the hand’ | ||
| *dapaN | 1. ‘sole of the foot’ 2. ‘footprint’ | ||
| *dapuR | ‘pile up, as stones’ | ||
| *daqaN | ‘old, ancient’ | ||
| *daqaNi | ‘day’ | ||
| *daqiS | 1. ‘forehead’ 2. ‘face’ | ||
| *daqu | ‘soapberry: *Sapindus mukrossi*, *S. saponaria*’ | ||
| *daRa | ‘Formosan maple: *Liquidambar formosana*’ | ||
| *daRaq | 1. ‘blood’ 2. ‘to bleed’ 3. ‘menstruate’ | ||
| *daReq | ‘soil, probably clay’ | ||
| *daRiŋ | ‘groan, moan’ | ||
| *daRiq | ‘soil, probably clay’ | ||
| *daSdaS | ‘chest (anat.)’ | ||
| *dataR | ‘flat, flat or level land’ | ||
| *dawiN | ‘far’ | ||
| *daya | ‘upriver, toward the interior’ | ||
| *debdeb | ‘chest’ | ||
| *dekdek | ‘to tamp down, compact something’ | ||
| *dekeC | ‘paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice)’ | ||
| *dekep | ‘embrace’ | ||
| *dekiŋ | ‘to bark, of a deer’ | ||
| *deles | ‘bowstring’ | ||
| *demdem | ‘brood, hold a grudge, remember, keep still’ | ||
| *demdem | 1. ‘gloom, darkness’ 2. ‘dark, overcast, gloomy’ | ||
| *deŋdeŋ | 1. ‘thunder’ 2. ‘roaring or thunderous sound’ | ||
| *deŋeR | 1. ‘to hear’ 2. ‘sound’ | ||
| *depah | ‘fathom’ | ||
| *depuŋ | ‘venomous snake’ | ||
| *deRdeR | ‘thunder’ | ||
| *deRuŋ | ‘distant rolling thunder’ | ||
| *deruŋ | ‘deep booming boom’ | ||
| *detdet | ‘packed tightly together’ | ||
| *di | ‘locative case marker (probably for singular personal names; *cf.* *<pwd>da</pwd>, *<pwd>du</pwd>)’ | ||
| *dikeC | ‘sticky, adhesive’ | ||
| *dikit | ‘little, few, small in amount’ | ||
| *dilaq | ‘to lick’ | ||
| *diNaŋ | 1. ‘rust’ 2. ‘hematite’ | ||
| *di-ni | ‘here’ | ||
| *diRi | ‘to stand’ | ||
| *diRus | ‘bathe’ | ||
| *disdis | ‘cut, slice’ | ||
| *diteq | ‘sticky substance’ | ||
| *dua | ‘over there, yonder’ | ||
| *du-duSa | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *duhduh | ‘thunder’ | ||
| *dukduk | ‘ginger’ | ||
| *dukduk | ‘to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab’ | ||
| *duma | 1. ‘someone’ 2. ‘other people’ 3. ‘different’ | ||
| *du(ŋ)kuŋ | ‘bend, curve’ | ||
| *duRi | ‘thorn’ | ||
| *duSa | ‘two’ | ||
| *duSa duSa | 1. ‘two by two, two at a time’ 2. ‘two each’ | ||
| *duSa-en | ‘divided into two’ | ||
| *edem | ‘soak, dye’ | ||
| *-en | 1. ‘verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice’ 2. ‘nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action’ | ||
| *enem | ‘six’ | ||
| *esa | ‘one’ | ||
| *g<um>aruC | ‘to comb’ | ||
| *gaCel | ‘itch, feel itchy’ | ||
| *gaRaŋ | ‘small edible freshwater crab’ | ||
| *garaŋ | ‘fierce, intense, as of appetite or temper’ | ||
| *garuC | ‘comb’ | ||
| *gayaŋ | ‘hunting spear’ | ||
| *geCel | ‘to pinch’ | ||
| *gemel | ‘take in the hand, clasp, grasp’ | ||
| *gemgem | 1. ‘fist’ 2. ‘hold in the fist’ | ||
| *gereC | ‘slit an animal's throat’ | ||
| *gerger | ‘shake, shiver, tremble’ | ||
| *geriC | ‘gnaw of ripping, gnawing, etc.’ | ||
| *getil | ‘to pinch’ | ||
| *giŋgiŋ | ‘cold, shivering’ | ||
| *giRiŋ | ‘ring’ | ||
| *gisgis | ‘rub, scrape against’ | ||
| *guCguC | ‘pluck, pull out’ | ||
| *guCguC | ‘to scratch, as an itch’ | ||
| *gumuN | ‘body hair’ | ||
| *guŋguŋ | ‘deep resounding sound’ | ||
| *gurgur | ‘boil of boiling water’ | ||
| *guRiCa | ‘octopus’ | ||
| *guris | 1. ‘line’ 2. ‘scratch a line’ | ||
| *guSam | ‘fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush’ | ||
| *gusgus | ‘to scrape, scratch, rub’ | ||
| *gusi | ‘gums’ | ||
| *gutgut | ‘front teeth, incisors’ | ||
| *haŋut | ‘smell, odor’ | ||
| *hesek | ‘drive in stakes or posts’ | ||
| *hisep | ‘suck, inhale’ | ||
| *hukaq | ‘loosen, open’ | ||
| *hulhul | ‘to bark, of a dog’ | ||
| *huRaC | 1. ‘artery, blood vessel, blood vein’ 2. ‘muscle’ 3. ‘nerve’ 4. ‘sinew’ 5. ‘tendon’ | ||
| *-i | ‘imperative suffix’ | ||
| *i | ‘exclamation of wonder, disgust, etc.’ | ||
| *i | ‘in’ | ||
| *i | ‘personal article’ | ||
| *i aCas | ‘above, on top’ | ||
| *i babaw | ‘above, on top of’ | ||
| *ia | 1. ‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she’ 2. ‘him, her, it’ | ||
| *i-aku | ‘1sg., I, me’ | ||
| *i-amen | ‘1pl. ex oblique’ | ||
| *i-ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative, we’ | ||
| *ian | ‘dwell, reside, live in a place’ | ||
| *ia-ni | 1. ‘this’ 2. ‘here’ | ||
| *ibaS | ‘companion, close relative, other one’ | ||
| *i-Cu | ‘that (2p)’ | ||
| *idas | ‘affine of Ego's generation’ | ||
| *ijan | ‘when?’ | ||
| *i-kaSu | ‘2sg., you’ | ||
| *ikuD | ‘to follow’ | ||
| *ikud | ‘to sit’ | ||
| *ikuR | ‘tail’ | ||
| *iluR | ‘river channel’ | ||
| *ima | ‘who?’ | ||
| *imah | ‘drink’ | ||
| *ina | ‘mother, mother's sister’ | ||
| *in-alap | ‘take’ | ||
| *iná-q | ‘mother, mother's sister (address, vocative)’ | ||
| *iŋ(e)pis | ‘thin (of material objects)’ | ||
| *iŋsuŋ | ‘wooden rice mortar’ | ||
| *i-ni | ‘this, here’ | ||
| *ini | ‘negative marker: no, not’ | ||
| *i-nu | ‘place which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where?’ | ||
| *inu | ‘where?’ | ||
| *ipit | 1. ‘near, come near’ 2. ‘edge, border’ | ||
| *iRik | ‘thresh with the feet (as rice)’ | ||
| *isa | ‘one’ | ||
| *isa isa | 1. ‘distributive’ 2. ‘one-by-one, one at a time’ | ||
| *isa-ŋa | ‘remaining one’ | ||
| *iSeq | ‘urine, urinate’ | ||
| *isi | 1. ‘flesh (of humans, animals, fruits, tubers)’ 2. ‘reside’ 3. ‘blade of a knife’ 4. ‘inhabitants, residents’ | ||
| *iSiq | ‘urine, urinate’ | ||
| *iSu | ‘2sg. personal pronoun: you’ | ||
| *ita | ‘we (incl.)’ | ||
| *iten | ‘1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.)’ | ||
| *iten | ‘we (incl.)’ | ||
| *i-ti | 1. ‘1p deixis and spatial reference: this’ 2. ‘here’ | ||
| *iuk | ‘citrus fruit (both orange and pomelo?)’ | ||
| *k<aN>uSkuS | ‘claw, talon, fingernail’ | ||
| *k<ar>uSkuS | ‘scrape, scratch something from a surface’ | ||
| *k<in>a-Cau-an | ‘nature, character’ | ||
| *k<in>aCu | 1. ‘was brought’ 2. ‘what was brought’ | ||
| *k<in>aen | ‘eat’ | ||
| *k<in>aen-an | ‘eat’ | ||
| *k<in>alih-an | ‘place that has been dug up’ | ||
| *k<in>aRaC-an | ‘bite of an animal’ | ||
| *k<in>uja | ‘what has been said/done (to cause someone to react)?’ | ||
| *k<um>aCu | ‘to bring, to carry along’ | ||
| *k<um>aen | ‘to eat’ | ||
| *k<um>ahuS | ‘scoop up’ | ||
| *k<um>ali | ‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’ | ||
| *k<um>aRaC | ‘to bite’ |