Blust & Trussel (2019a): Proto-Austronesian
Search entries
| Headword | IPA | Glosses | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *<in> | ‘perfective marker’ (eng) | ||
| *<um> | ‘verbal infix marking actor voice’ (eng) | ||
| *-a | ‘imperative suffix’ (eng) | ||
| *-a | ‘subjunctive suffix’ (eng) | ||
| *a | ‘hesitation particle’ (eng) | ||
| *a | ‘ligature’ (eng) | ||
| *aba | ‘father’ (eng) | ||
| *aCab | ‘cover’ (eng) | ||
| *aCas | ‘high, tall’ (eng) | ||
| *aCay | ‘death’ (eng) | ||
| *adaS | ‘bring, take along’ (eng) | ||
| *adi | ‘no, not’ (eng) | ||
| *a-enem | ‘six (of humans)’ (eng) | ||
| *a-esa | ‘one (of humans)’ (eng) | ||
| *ai | ‘come’ (eng) | ||
| *ai | ‘interjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc.’ (eng) | ||
| *ajem | 1. ‘heart’ (eng) 2. ‘mind’ (eng) | ||
| *aken | ‘1sg oblique’ (eng) | ||
| *aki | ‘grandfather, ancestor’ (eng) | ||
| *aku | 1. ‘1sg nominative’ (eng) 2. ‘I’ (eng) | ||
| *ala | 1. ‘take, get, fetch, obtain’ (eng) 2. ‘marry’ (eng) | ||
| *ala-en | ‘take’ (eng) | ||
| *alap | ‘fetch, get, take’ (eng) | ||
| *alaq | ‘fetch, get, take’ (eng) | ||
| *alaq-en | ‘take’ (eng) | ||
| *alikas | ‘quick, fast’ (eng) | ||
| *alim | ‘forget’ (eng) | ||
| *a(lR)im | ‘pancreas, spleen’ (eng) | ||
| *aluja | ‘to paddle’ (eng) | ||
| *alujah | ‘ant sp.’ (eng) | ||
| *amax | ‘father’ (eng) | ||
| *amen | ‘1pl ex oblique’ (eng) | ||
| *ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’ (eng) | ||
| *amin | 1. ‘all’ (eng) 2. ‘finished’ (eng) | ||
| *amu | ‘2pl. nominative pronoun’ (eng) | ||
| *-an | 1. ‘verbal suffix marking locative voice’ (eng) 2. ‘nominal suffix marking location’ (eng) | ||
| *aNak | 1. ‘child, offspring’ (eng) 2. ‘son, daughter’ (eng) 3. ‘interest on a loan’ (eng) | ||
| *aN-aNak | ‘child’ (eng) | ||
| *aNay | ‘insect of the order *Isoptera*: termite, white ant’ (eng) | ||
| *aŋay | ‘departure (?)’ (eng) | ||
| *apa | ‘carry on the back’ (eng) | ||
| *apu | ‘grandparent/ grandchild (reciprocal)’ (eng) | ||
| *apuR | ‘betel chew’ (eng) | ||
| *aRi | 1. ‘come’ (eng) 2. ‘toward the speaker’ (eng) 3. ‘let’s go!’ (eng) | ||
| *asa | ‘one’ (eng) | ||
| *asaŋ | ‘village’ (eng) | ||
| *aSik | ‘to sweep, remove trash’ (eng) | ||
| *asu | ‘dog’ (eng) | ||
| *ata | ‘1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our’ (eng) | ||
| *atuR | ‘stone wall’ (eng) | ||
| *au | ‘yes’ (eng) | ||
| *aya | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) | ||
| *aya | ‘exclamation of annoyance, surprise, etc.’ (eng) | ||
| *b<aR>eŋbeŋ | ‘buzz’ (eng) | ||
| *b<in>ahi | ‘woman, wife’ (eng) | ||
| *b<in>eCik | ‘tattoo’ (eng) | ||
| *b<in>elaq | ‘to have been split, cloven in two’ (eng) | ||
| *b<in>uRuk | ‘to have become rotten’ (eng) | ||
| *b<um>aliw | ‘buy’ (eng) | ||
| *b<um>asuq | ‘to wash’ (eng) | ||
| *baba | 1. ‘carry a person pick-a-back’ (eng) 2. ‘ride pick-a-back’ (eng) | ||
| *ba-bahi | ‘woman, female’ (eng) | ||
| *babaw | 1. ‘upper surface, top’ (eng) 2. ‘highlands’ (eng) 3. ‘on, upon, over, above’ (eng) | ||
| *babuy | ‘pig’ (eng) | ||
| *babuy-an | ‘pig’ (eng) | ||
| *baCaR | ‘broomcorn millet: *Panicum miliaceum*’ (eng) | ||
| *bahi | ‘female’ (eng) | ||
| *bajaq | 1. ‘know, understand’ (eng) 2. ‘ask, inquire’ (eng) | ||
| *bajiw | ‘edible mushroom sp.’ (eng) | ||
| *bakaŋ | ‘bowlegged’ (eng) | ||
| *bakaR | ‘kind of basket’ (eng) | ||
| *bakbak | ‘clap’ (eng) | ||
| *bakes | 1. ‘belt’ (eng) 2. ‘tie around the waist’ (eng) | ||
| *baki | ‘grandfather’ (eng) | ||
| *bakuŋ | ‘lily-like plant: *Crinum asiaticum* L.’ (eng) | ||
| *balalaCuk | ‘bird: the woodpecker’ (eng) | ||
| *balaŋa | ‘shallow earthenware cooking pot or pan’ (eng) | ||
| *balbal | 1. ‘beating stick’ (eng) 2. ‘to beat, beat (esp. clothes in washing them)’ (eng) | ||
| *baleŋ | ‘preserve meat in salt or brine’ (eng) | ||
| *bales | 1. ‘to answer, retaliate’ (eng) 2. ‘reciprocate good or evil’ (eng) | ||
| *bali | ‘wind’ (eng) | ||
| *baliw | ‘buy, sell’ (eng) | ||
| *baliw | ‘return’ (eng) | ||
| *baluN | ‘bind, bundle’ (eng) | ||
| *baNaR | ‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ (eng) | ||
| *baNaS | ‘male (of animals)’ (eng) | ||
| *baNaw | ‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ (eng) | ||
| *banaw | ‘lake’ (eng) | ||
| *bañaw | ‘wash the body’ (eng) | ||
| *baŋaS | ‘tree: *Melia azedarach*’ (eng) | ||
| *baŋaw | ‘paddy bug, foul-smelling insect that preys on rice in the field’ (eng) | ||
| *baŋbaŋ | ‘butterfly, moth’ (eng) | ||
| *baŋbaŋ | ‘resound resounding sound’ (eng) | ||
| *baŋeliS | 1. ‘tusk’ (eng) 2. ‘canine tooth’ (eng) | ||
| *baŋ(e)qeR | ‘rotten smell, stench’ (eng) | ||
| *baŋeS | ‘skin’ (eng) | ||
| *baŋeSiS | ‘fragrant’ (eng) | ||
| *baŋuN | ‘wake up, get out of bed’ (eng) | ||
| *baŋun | ‘Japanese cypress: *Chamaecyparis obtusa*’ (eng) | ||
| *baNiC | ‘to skin, flay’ (eng) | ||
| *baqeRuh | 1. ‘new’ (eng) 2. ‘bachelor’ (eng) | ||
| *baqeSiŋ | ‘sneeze’ (eng) | ||
| *baqi | ‘grandmother’ (eng) | ||
| *baRah | ‘ember, glowing coal’ (eng) | ||
| *baRaŋ | ‘rib (?)’ (eng) | ||
| *baRaq | ‘lung’ (eng) | ||
| *baRat | ‘cross’ (eng) | ||
| *baRat | ‘cucumber: *Cucumis sativus*’ (eng) | ||
| *barat | ‘cross’ (eng) | ||
| *baReq | ‘abscess, boil, swelling on the body’ (eng) | ||
| *baRija | ‘weaver's sword ( lath used to beat in and tighten the woof)’ (eng) | ||
| *baRiuS | ‘typhoon’ (eng) | ||
| *baRuj | ‘dove: probably *Ducula* spp.’ (eng) | ||
| *baSaq | 1. ‘flood’ (eng) 2. ‘to overflow, be in flood’ (eng) | ||
| *baSaw | 1. ‘cold, of leftover food’ (eng) 2. ‘leftovers from a meal’ (eng) | ||
| *baSay | ‘hairy vine: *Pueraria hirsuta*’ (eng) | ||
| *basbas | ‘hit, strike’ (eng) | ||
| *basbas | ‘sprinkle’ (eng) | ||
| *baseq | ‘wash clothes’ (eng) | ||
| *basuq | ‘to wash’ (eng) | ||
| *batu | ‘to throw’ (eng) | ||
| *batux | 1. ‘stone’ (eng) 2. ‘testicle’ (eng) | ||
| *bayu | ‘to pound rice’ (eng) | ||
| *beCeŋ | ‘millet sp., probably foxtail millet: *Setaria italica*’ (eng) | ||
| *beCik | ‘tattoo’ (eng) | ||
| *beCu | ‘callus, blister’ (eng) | ||
| *bedul | ‘swelling of the body’ (eng) | ||
| *bejbej | 1. ‘wrap around repeatedly, bind by wrapping’ (eng) 2. ‘bundle of wrapped material’ (eng) | ||
| *bekas | ‘swift, fast’ (eng) | ||
| *bekas | ‘to spring a trap’ (eng) | ||
| *bekbek | ‘sound of breaking, etc.’ (eng) | ||
| *bekuC | 1. ‘to bend over, bend down (of a person)’ (eng) 2. ‘hunchbacked’ (eng) | ||
| *belaq | ‘part of something split’ (eng) | ||
| *beli | ‘to buy’ (eng) | ||
| *benan | ‘deer of the genus *Cervus*, either the sika deer or sambar deer’ (eng) | ||
| *beNbeN | ‘banana: *Musa sapientum* L.’ (eng) | ||
| *beNelem | ‘overcast, twilight’ (eng) | ||
| *beŋbeŋ | ‘block’ (eng) | ||
| *beŋbeŋ | ‘buzz, hum’ (eng) | ||
| *beNuC | ‘pull out, extract’ (eng) | ||
| *beRas | 1. ‘rice between harvesting and cooking’ (eng) 2. ‘husked rice’ (eng) | ||
| *beRas-an | ‘container in which rice is stored’ (eng) | ||
| *beRay | ‘give’ (eng) | ||
| *beRek | ‘domesticated pig’ (eng) | ||
| *beReqaŋ | ‘molar tooth’ (eng) | ||
| *beriq | ‘split, tear open’ (eng) | ||
| *beRŋaw | ‘bluebottle, large fly’ (eng) | ||
| *beRŋi-n | ‘night’ (eng) | ||
| *beRuS | ‘plant: *Rhus semialata*’ (eng) | ||
| *bes | ‘whizzing sound’ (eng) | ||
| *besuR | ‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ (eng) | ||
| *betak | ‘crack, split open (as dry ground)’ (eng) | ||
| *beties | ‘calf of the leg’ (eng) | ||
| *betik | 1. ‘snap the fingers’ (eng) 2. ‘flick with the finger, fillip’ (eng) | ||
| *betuŋ | ‘bamboo of very large diameter, probably *Dendrocalamus* sp.’ (eng) | ||
| *biaC | ‘draw a bow to its full extent’ (eng) | ||
| *biCuka | ‘stomach’ (eng) | ||
| *bilaŋ | 1. ‘to count, calculate’ (eng) 2. ‘hold valuable’ (eng) | ||
| *biliN | ‘to follow after someone, walk behind’ (eng) | ||
| *bineSiq | ‘seed set aside for the next planting’ (eng) | ||
| *biŋiC | ‘moody, irritable’ (eng) | ||
| *biNiC | ‘hold in the hand’ (eng) | ||
| *biqel | ‘goiter’ (eng) | ||
| *biqiR | ‘off-, off- balance’ (eng) | ||
| *biqut | ‘curved, crooked, bent’ (eng) | ||
| *biraŋ | ‘anger, angry’ (eng) | ||
| *biRaq | ‘wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro, *Alocasia* spp.’ (eng) | ||
| *biRaS | ‘roe, fish eggs’ (eng) | ||
| *biRaSu | ‘cane grass, *Miscanthus* sp.’ (eng) | ||
| *biRbiR | ‘lip’ (eng) | ||
| *birbir | ‘shiver, shake, tremble’ (eng) | ||
| *biriC | ‘to tear, rip’ (eng) | ||
| *bisuR | ‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ (eng) | ||
| *bitbit | ‘pull at some part of the body’ (eng) | ||
| *bituqen | ‘star’ (eng) | ||
| *bua | ‘foam, bubbles, froth’ (eng) | ||
| *buak | ‘bubbling up (as spring water)’ (eng) | ||
| *bual | ‘spring, source of fresh water’ (eng) | ||
| *buaq | ‘fruit’ (eng) | ||
| *buay | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) | ||
| *bubu | ‘conical bamboo basket trap for fish’ (eng) | ||
| *bubu | ‘grandparent’ (eng) | ||
| *bubuR | ‘jellyfish’ (eng) | ||
| *buCa | 1. ‘mote in the eye’ (eng) 2. ‘blind’ (eng) 3. ‘blindness’ (eng) | ||
| *buCa-en maCa | ‘get a mote in the eye’ (eng) | ||
| *buCaq | ‘foam, froth’ (eng) | ||
| *buCbuC | ‘pull up (as weeds), pluck (as feathers)’ (eng) | ||
| *buCu | 1. ‘callus, corn’ (eng) 2. ‘blister’ (eng) | ||
| *buCuq | ‘testicles’ (eng) | ||
| *buhaŋ | ‘hole, pit’ (eng) | ||
| *buhet | ‘squirrel’ (eng) | ||
| *bujeq | ‘foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth’ (eng) | ||
| *bukas | ‘release, undo’ (eng) | ||
| *bukeS | ‘head hair’ (eng) | ||
| *bukij | 1. ‘mountain’ (eng) 2. ‘forested inland mountain areas’ (eng) | ||
| *bukuN | ‘back (anat.)’ (eng) | ||
| *bula | ‘to give’ (eng) | ||
| *bulaN | 1. ‘moon, month’ (eng) 2. ‘menstruation’ (eng) | ||
| *bulaR | 1. ‘cataract of the eye’ (eng) 2. ‘hazy or blurred vision’ (eng) | ||
| *bulaw | ‘golden colored’ (eng) | ||
| *bulaw-an | ‘gold’ (eng) | ||
| *bulbul | ‘dust, pulverized stone’ (eng) | ||
| *buled | ‘mountain’ (eng) | ||
| *buleS | ‘tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany: *Shorea albus* Foxw.’ (eng) | ||
| *buli- | ‘prefix of the *qali, *kali- series’ (eng) | ||
| *bulilik | ‘lizard sp.’ (eng) | ||
| *buluN | ‘companion’ (eng) | ||
| *buluq | 1. ‘type of slender bamboo’ (eng) 2. ‘*Schizostachyum* spp.’ (eng) | ||
| *bunabun | ‘rice seedling’ (eng) | ||
| *bunaj | ‘sand’ (eng) | ||
| *buNbuN | 1. ‘fontanelle’ (eng) 2. ‘crown of the head’ (eng) | ||
| *buŋa | ‘flower, blossom’ (eng) | ||
| *buŋuh | ‘head’ (eng) | ||
| *buŋuR | ‘tree sp.’ (eng) | ||
| *buNi | ‘to hide, conceal’ (eng) | ||
| *buNuq | ‘constellation: the Pleiades’ (eng) | ||
| *buNuq | ‘throw at, hit with a projectile’ (eng) | ||
| *bunuR | 1. ‘to swell’ (eng) 2. ‘swollen’ (eng) | ||
| *bunuS | ‘machete’ (eng) | ||
| *buqaya | ‘crocodile’ (eng) | ||
| *buRaw | ‘drive off, chase away, expel’ (eng) | ||
| *buRay | ‘flower’ (eng) | ||
| *buReS | ‘spray water from the mouth’ (eng) | ||
| *buRuk | 1. ‘rotten meat’ (eng) 2. ‘addled eggs’ (eng) 3. ‘bad character’ (eng) | ||
| *buSuk | ‘drunkenness, intoxication’ (eng) | ||
| *busuR | ‘enemy’ (eng) | ||
| *busuR | ‘hunting bow’ (eng) | ||
| *buuŋ | ‘buzzing or humming sound’ (eng) | ||
| *C<in>akaw | 1. ‘what is stolen, stolen goods’ (eng) 2. ‘was stolen (past tense of direct passive)’ (eng) | ||
| *C<in>aliS | 1. ‘was made into rope’ (eng) 2. ‘what was made into rope’ (eng) | ||
| *C<in>apa | ‘smoke’ (eng) | ||
| *C<in>aqi | ‘small intestine’ (eng) | ||
| *C<in>aqiS | ‘sew’ (eng) | ||
| *C<in>uNuh | ‘roast’ (eng) | ||
| *C<um>abu | ‘to wrap’ (eng) | ||
| *C<um>aki | ‘defecate’ (eng) | ||
| *C<um>aliS | ‘to tie with rope, fasten with rope’ (eng) | ||
| *C<um>aŋis | ‘to weep, cry, mourn’ (eng) | ||
| *C<um>apu | ‘to sweep’ (eng) | ||
| *C<um>aqi | ‘to defecate’ (eng) | ||
| *C<um>aqiS | ‘to sew’ (eng) | ||
| *C<um>ubuq | ‘to sprout, to grow’ (eng) | ||
| *C<um>ugCug | ‘knock or bump the head’ (eng) | ||
| *C<um>uNuh | ‘to roast (intr.)’ (eng) | ||
| *C<um>uSuR | ‘to string beads, etc.’ (eng) | ||
| *CabCab | ‘clap, beat, hack’ (eng) | ||
| *Cabu | ‘to wrap’ (eng) | ||
| *Ca-Capuh | ‘broom’ (eng) | ||
| *Ca-CaqiS | ‘sew’ (eng) | ||
| *CaCaw | ‘pupil of the eye’ (eng) | ||
| *Ca-Cawa | ‘to laugh’ (eng) | ||
| *Cakaw | ‘steal’ (eng) | ||
| *Cakaw-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) | ||
| *Caki | ‘feces, excreta’ (eng) | ||
| *Cali | ‘cultivated taro: *Colocasia esculenta*’ (eng) | ||
| *Caliŋa | ‘ear’ (eng) | ||
| *Caliŋa nu kaSiw | ‘wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks’ (eng) | ||
| *CaliS | ‘rope, cord, twine, string’ (eng) | ||
| *CaluN | 1. ‘fallow land’ (eng) 2. ‘secondary forest’ (eng) | ||
| *CaNem | 1. ‘grave’ (eng) 2. ‘to bury’ (eng) | ||
| *CaNem-en | ‘what is buried or planted’ (eng) | ||
| *Caŋelaj | ‘elephant grass, miscanthus grass: *Themeda gigantea*’ (eng) | ||
| *Caŋila | ‘ear’ (eng) | ||
| *Caŋis | 1. ‘weep, cry’ (eng) 2. ‘mourn’ (eng) 3. ‘to beseech’ (eng) | ||
| *Caŋis-an | ‘to cry over something or someone’ (eng) | ||
| *CaNum | ‘carry water’ (eng) | ||
| *Capa | ‘to smoke fish or meat for preservation’ (eng) | ||
| *Capaŋ | ‘patch, as on clothing’ (eng) | ||
| *Capel | 1. ‘patch’ (eng) 2. ‘to patch’ (eng) | ||
| *Capuh | ‘sweep’ (eng) | ||
| *Caqi | ‘feces, excrement’ (eng) | ||
| *CaqiS | ‘to sew’ (eng) | ||
| *CaqiS-an | ‘sew’ (eng) | ||
| *Caqu | ‘to know how, be able to, be skilled at’ (eng) | ||
| *Caqu-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) | ||
| *CaSaw | ‘open-’ (eng) | ||
| *Cau | ‘person, human being’ (eng) | ||
| *Cau Cau | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) | ||
| *Cau nu maCa | ‘pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)’ (eng) | ||
| *Cawa | ‘to laugh’ (eng) | ||
| *CawiN | ‘year’ (eng) | ||
| *Cazem | ‘sharp (of point or blade)’ (eng) | ||
| *Cebak | ‘smack against’ (eng) | ||
| *Cebej | ‘spring of water, spring water’ (eng) | ||
| *Cebiq | ‘split, divide, break off’ (eng) | ||
| *Cebuj | ‘natural spring, fresh water spring’ (eng) | ||
| *Cebuk | ‘thud’ (eng) | ||
| *CebuN | ‘smoke’ (eng) | ||
| *Cebuŋ | ‘to meet, come together’ (eng) | ||
| *CebuS | ‘sugarcane: *Saccharum officinarum*’ (eng) | ||
| *CegCeg | ‘beat, pound, hit’ (eng) | ||
| *CegCeg | ‘to beat, pound on’ (eng) | ||
| *CekCek | ‘pierce, penetrate’ (eng) | ||
| *Ceked | ‘to rest, take a break from work or other activity’ (eng) | ||
| *CekeS | ‘kind of very slender bamboo’ (eng) | ||
| *Celaq | ‘crack, split, fissure’ (eng) | ||
| *CelCel | ‘beat, pound’ (eng) | ||
| *Ceme-Cemel | ‘uncultivated land’ (eng) | ||
| *Cemel | 1. ‘grass, herbs’ (eng) 2. ‘medicine’ (eng) | ||
| *Cenek | ‘thorn’ (eng) | ||
| *CeRab | ‘belch’ (eng) | ||
| *Cesek | ‘insert, pierce, penetrate’ (eng) | ||
| *Cidu | ‘spoon, ladle, dipper’ (eng) | ||
| *Cikel | ‘return, go back’ (eng) | ||
| *CiŋaS | ‘food particles caught between the teeth’ (eng) | ||
| *Ciqaw | ‘fish sp.’ (eng) | ||
| *-Cu | 1. ‘spatio- deixis and spatio- temporal reference: that’ (eng) 2. ‘there, then’ (eng) | ||
| *Cubuq | ‘plant sprout’ (eng) | ||
| *CugCug | ‘hit something against something else’ (eng) | ||
| *CugCug | ‘knock or bump the head’ (eng) | ||
| *Cukul | ‘huddle, bow the head’ (eng) | ||
| *Culi | ‘deaf’ (eng) | ||
| *Cumay | ‘Formosan black bear’ (eng) | ||
| *Cumek | 1. ‘pulverize’ (eng) 2. ‘crumble’ (eng) | ||
| *CumeS | 1. ‘clothes louse’ (eng) 2. ‘body louse’ (eng) | ||
| *CuŋCuŋ | ‘make a booming sound’ (eng) | ||
| *CuNuh | ‘roast food over a fire’ (eng) | ||
| *CuNuh-an | ‘to roast’ (eng) | ||
| *CuqelaN | 1. ‘condylar bone’ (eng) 2. ‘bone of fauna exclusive of fish’ (eng) | ||
| *CuquR | ‘tree: *Bischofia javanica*’ (eng) | ||
| *Curis | ‘scratch a line’ (eng) | ||
| *CuSuR | ‘string together, as beads’ (eng) | ||
| *CuSuR-en | ‘strung, be skewered’ (eng) | ||
| *Cuzuq | ‘index finger’ (eng) | ||
| *d<um>akep | 1. ‘to catch, capture’ (eng) 2. ‘embrace’ (eng) | ||
| *d<um>akiS | ‘climb, ascend’ (eng) | ||
| *d<um>ilaq | ‘to lick’ (eng) | ||
| *da | ‘locative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. *di, *du)’ (eng) | ||
| *da-amax | ‘father’ (eng) | ||
| *dadaN | 1. ‘old, of things’ (eng) 2. ‘ancient times’ (eng) | ||
| *da-duSa | ‘two, of people’ (eng) | ||
| *dajam | ‘accustomed to, tame’ (eng) | ||
| *dajem | ‘chills, as of malaria’ (eng) | ||
| *dakep | 1. ‘catch, seize’ (eng) 2. ‘embrace’ (eng) | ||
| *dakep-en | ‘caught, captured’ (eng) | ||
| *dakeS | ‘tree: the camphor laurel: *Cinnamomum* spp.’ (eng) | ||
| *daki | 1. ‘dirt on skin’ (eng) 2. ‘dandruff’ (eng) | ||
| *dakiS | ‘climb, ascend’ (eng) | ||
| *dakuC | ‘snatch, grab’ (eng) | ||
| *dalayap | ‘kind of citrus tree and fruit’ (eng) | ||
| *dalem | 1. ‘in, inside’ (eng) 2. ‘deep’ (eng) | ||
| *damaR | ‘tree resin used in torches (?)’ (eng) | ||
| *damuq | ‘dew’ (eng) | ||
| *damuq | ‘menstrual blood?’ (eng) | ||
| *danaw | ‘lake’ (eng) | ||
| *daŋdaŋ | 1. ‘broil’ (eng) 2. ‘warm oneself or something near a fire’ (eng) | ||
| *daŋdaŋ-an | ‘place something near a fire’ (eng) | ||
| *daNi | 1. ‘soon, presently’ (eng) 2. ‘almost’ (eng) | ||
| *daNum | ‘fresh water’ (eng) | ||
| *danum-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) | ||
| *dapa | ‘palm of the hand’ (eng) | ||
| *dapaN | 1. ‘sole of the foot’ (eng) 2. ‘footprint’ (eng) | ||
| *dapuR | ‘pile up, as stones’ (eng) | ||
| *daqaN | ‘old, ancient’ (eng) | ||
| *daqaNi | ‘day’ (eng) | ||
| *daqiS | 1. ‘forehead’ (eng) 2. ‘face’ (eng) | ||
| *daqu | ‘soapberry: *Sapindus mukrossi*, *S. saponaria*’ (eng) | ||
| *daRa | ‘Formosan maple: *Liquidambar formosana*’ (eng) | ||
| *daRaq | 1. ‘blood’ (eng) 2. ‘to bleed’ (eng) 3. ‘menstruate’ (eng) | ||
| *daReq | ‘soil, probably clay’ (eng) | ||
| *daRiŋ | ‘groan, moan’ (eng) | ||
| *daRiq | ‘soil, probably clay’ (eng) | ||
| *daSdaS | ‘chest (anat.)’ (eng) | ||
| *dataR | ‘flat, flat or level land’ (eng) | ||
| *dawiN | ‘far’ (eng) | ||
| *daya | ‘upriver, toward the interior’ (eng) | ||
| *debdeb | ‘chest’ (eng) | ||
| *dekdek | ‘to tamp down, compact something’ (eng) | ||
| *dekeC | ‘paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice)’ (eng) | ||
| *dekep | ‘embrace’ (eng) | ||
| *dekiŋ | ‘to bark, of a deer’ (eng) | ||
| *deles | ‘bowstring’ (eng) | ||
| *demdem | ‘brood, hold a grudge, remember, keep still’ (eng) | ||
| *demdem | 1. ‘gloom, darkness’ (eng) 2. ‘dark, overcast, gloomy’ (eng) | ||
| *deŋdeŋ | 1. ‘thunder’ (eng) 2. ‘roaring or thunderous sound’ (eng) | ||
| *deŋeR | 1. ‘to hear’ (eng) 2. ‘sound’ (eng) | ||
| *depah | ‘fathom’ (eng) | ||
| *depuŋ | ‘venomous snake’ (eng) | ||
| *deRdeR | ‘thunder’ (eng) | ||
| *deRuŋ | ‘distant rolling thunder’ (eng) | ||
| *deruŋ | ‘deep booming boom’ (eng) | ||
| *detdet | ‘packed tightly together’ (eng) | ||
| *di | ‘locative case marker (probably for singular personal names; *cf.* *<pwd>da</pwd>, *<pwd>du</pwd>)’ (eng) | ||
| *dikeC | ‘sticky, adhesive’ (eng) | ||
| *dikit | ‘little, few, small in amount’ (eng) | ||
| *dilaq | ‘to lick’ (eng) | ||
| *diNaŋ | 1. ‘rust’ (eng) 2. ‘hematite’ (eng) | ||
| *di-ni | ‘here’ (eng) | ||
| *diRi | ‘to stand’ (eng) | ||
| *diRus | ‘bathe’ (eng) | ||
| *disdis | ‘cut, slice’ (eng) | ||
| *diteq | ‘sticky substance’ (eng) | ||
| *dua | ‘over there, yonder’ (eng) | ||
| *du-duSa | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) | ||
| *duhduh | ‘thunder’ (eng) | ||
| *dukduk | ‘ginger’ (eng) | ||
| *dukduk | ‘to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab’ (eng) | ||
| *duma | 1. ‘someone’ (eng) 2. ‘other people’ (eng) 3. ‘different’ (eng) | ||
| *du(ŋ)kuŋ | ‘bend, curve’ (eng) | ||
| *duRi | ‘thorn’ (eng) | ||
| *duSa | ‘two’ (eng) | ||
| *duSa duSa | 1. ‘two by two, two at a time’ (eng) 2. ‘two each’ (eng) | ||
| *duSa-en | ‘divided into two’ (eng) | ||
| *edem | ‘soak, dye’ (eng) | ||
| *-en | 1. ‘verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice’ (eng) 2. ‘nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action’ (eng) | ||
| *enem | ‘six’ (eng) | ||
| *esa | ‘one’ (eng) | ||
| *g<um>aruC | ‘to comb’ (eng) | ||
| *gaCel | ‘itch, feel itchy’ (eng) | ||
| *gaRaŋ | ‘small edible freshwater crab’ (eng) | ||
| *garaŋ | ‘fierce, intense, as of appetite or temper’ (eng) | ||
| *garuC | ‘comb’ (eng) | ||
| *gayaŋ | ‘hunting spear’ (eng) | ||
| *geCel | ‘to pinch’ (eng) | ||
| *gemel | ‘take in the hand, clasp, grasp’ (eng) | ||
| *gemgem | 1. ‘fist’ (eng) 2. ‘hold in the fist’ (eng) | ||
| *gereC | ‘slit an animal's throat’ (eng) | ||
| *gerger | ‘shake, shiver, tremble’ (eng) | ||
| *geriC | ‘gnaw of ripping, gnawing, etc.’ (eng) | ||
| *getil | ‘to pinch’ (eng) | ||
| *giŋgiŋ | ‘cold, shivering’ (eng) | ||
| *giRiŋ | ‘ring’ (eng) | ||
| *gisgis | ‘rub, scrape against’ (eng) | ||
| *guCguC | ‘pluck, pull out’ (eng) | ||
| *guCguC | ‘to scratch, as an itch’ (eng) | ||
| *gumuN | ‘body hair’ (eng) | ||
| *guŋguŋ | ‘deep resounding sound’ (eng) | ||
| *gurgur | ‘boil of boiling water’ (eng) | ||
| *guRiCa | ‘octopus’ (eng) | ||
| *guris | 1. ‘line’ (eng) 2. ‘scratch a line’ (eng) | ||
| *guSam | ‘fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush’ (eng) | ||
| *gusgus | ‘to scrape, scratch, rub’ (eng) | ||
| *gusi | ‘gums’ (eng) | ||
| *gutgut | ‘front teeth, incisors’ (eng) | ||
| *haŋut | ‘smell, odor’ (eng) | ||
| *hesek | ‘drive in stakes or posts’ (eng) | ||
| *hisep | ‘suck, inhale’ (eng) | ||
| *hukaq | ‘loosen, open’ (eng) | ||
| *hulhul | ‘to bark, of a dog’ (eng) | ||
| *huRaC | 1. ‘artery, blood vessel, blood vein’ (eng) 2. ‘muscle’ (eng) 3. ‘nerve’ (eng) 4. ‘sinew’ (eng) 5. ‘tendon’ (eng) | ||
| *-i | ‘imperative suffix’ (eng) | ||
| *i | ‘exclamation of wonder, disgust, etc.’ (eng) | ||
| *i | ‘in’ (eng) | ||
| *i | ‘personal article’ (eng) | ||
| *i aCas | ‘above, on top’ (eng) | ||
| *i babaw | ‘above, on top of’ (eng) | ||
| *ia | 1. ‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she’ (eng) 2. ‘him, her, it’ (eng) | ||
| *i-aku | ‘1sg., I, me’ (eng) | ||
| *i-amen | ‘1pl. ex oblique’ (eng) | ||
| *i-ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative, we’ (eng) | ||
| *ian | ‘dwell, reside, live in a place’ (eng) | ||
| *ia-ni | 1. ‘this’ (eng) 2. ‘here’ (eng) | ||
| *ibaS | ‘companion, close relative, other one’ (eng) | ||
| *i-Cu | ‘that (2p)’ (eng) | ||
| *idas | ‘affine of Ego's generation’ (eng) | ||
| *ijan | ‘when?’ (eng) | ||
| *i-kaSu | ‘2sg., you’ (eng) | ||
| *ikuD | ‘to follow’ (eng) | ||
| *ikud | ‘to sit’ (eng) | ||
| *ikuR | ‘tail’ (eng) | ||
| *iluR | ‘river channel’ (eng) | ||
| *ima | ‘who?’ (eng) | ||
| *imah | ‘drink’ (eng) | ||
| *ina | ‘mother, mother's sister’ (eng) | ||
| *in-alap | ‘take’ (eng) | ||
| *iná-q | ‘mother, mother's sister (address, vocative)’ (eng) | ||
| *iŋ(e)pis | ‘thin (of material objects)’ (eng) | ||
| *iŋsuŋ | ‘wooden rice mortar’ (eng) | ||
| *i-ni | ‘this, here’ (eng) | ||
| *ini | ‘negative marker: no, not’ (eng) | ||
| *i-nu | ‘place which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where?’ (eng) | ||
| *inu | ‘where?’ (eng) | ||
| *ipit | 1. ‘near, come near’ (eng) 2. ‘edge, border’ (eng) | ||
| *iRik | ‘thresh with the feet (as rice)’ (eng) | ||
| *isa | ‘one’ (eng) | ||
| *isa isa | 1. ‘distributive’ (eng) 2. ‘one-by-one, one at a time’ (eng) | ||
| *isa-ŋa | ‘remaining one’ (eng) | ||
| *iSeq | ‘urine, urinate’ (eng) | ||
| *isi | 1. ‘flesh (of humans, animals, fruits, tubers)’ (eng) 2. ‘reside’ (eng) 3. ‘blade of a knife’ (eng) 4. ‘inhabitants, residents’ (eng) | ||
| *iSiq | ‘urine, urinate’ (eng) | ||
| *iSu | ‘2sg. personal pronoun: you’ (eng) | ||
| *ita | ‘we (incl.)’ (eng) | ||
| *iten | ‘1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.)’ (eng) | ||
| *iten | ‘we (incl.)’ (eng) | ||
| *i-ti | 1. ‘1p deixis and spatial reference: this’ (eng) 2. ‘here’ (eng) | ||
| *iuk | ‘citrus fruit (both orange and pomelo?)’ (eng) | ||
| *k<aN>uSkuS | ‘claw, talon, fingernail’ (eng) | ||
| *k<ar>uSkuS | ‘scrape, scratch something from a surface’ (eng) | ||
| *k<in>a-Cau-an | ‘nature, character’ (eng) | ||
| *k<in>aCu | 1. ‘was brought’ (eng) 2. ‘what was brought’ (eng) | ||
| *k<in>aen | ‘eat’ (eng) | ||
| *k<in>aen-an | ‘eat’ (eng) | ||
| *k<in>alih-an | ‘place that has been dug up’ (eng) | ||
| *k<in>aRaC-an | ‘bite of an animal’ (eng) | ||
| *k<in>uja | ‘what has been said/done (to cause someone to react)?’ (eng) | ||
| *k<um>aCu | ‘to bring, to carry along’ (eng) | ||
| *k<um>aen | ‘to eat’ (eng) | ||
| *k<um>ahuS | ‘scoop up’ (eng) | ||
| *k<um>ali | ‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’ (eng) | ||
| *k<um>aRaC | ‘to bite’ (eng) |