Source entries: Blust & Trussel (2019a)

Blust & Trussel (2019a): Proto-Austronesian

Original citation: Blust, Robert and Stephen Trussel. 2019. Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition. URL: www.trussel2.com/ACD

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Total entries: 1771

Headword	IPA	Glosses
*<in>		‘perfective marker’
*<um>		‘verbal infix marking actor voice’
*-a		‘imperative suffix’
*-a		‘subjunctive suffix’
*a		‘hesitation particle’
*a		‘ligature’
*aba		‘father’
*aCab		‘cover’
*aCas		‘high, tall’
*aCay		‘death’
*adaS		‘bring, take along’
*adi		‘no, not’
*a-enem		‘six (of humans)’
*a-esa		‘one (of humans)’
*ai		‘come’
*ai		‘interjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc.’
*ajem		1. ‘heart’ 2. ‘mind’
*aken		‘1sg oblique’
*aki		‘grandfather, ancestor’
*aku		1. ‘1sg nominative’ 2. ‘I’
*ala		1. ‘take, get, fetch, obtain’ 2. ‘marry’
*ala-en		‘take’
*alap		‘fetch, get, take’
*alaq		‘fetch, get, take’
*alaq-en		‘take’
*alikas		‘quick, fast’
*alim		‘forget’
*a(lR)im		‘pancreas, spleen’
*aluja		‘to paddle’
*alujah		‘ant sp.’
*amax		‘father’
*amen		‘1pl ex oblique’
*ami		‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’
*amin		1. ‘all’ 2. ‘finished’
*amu		‘2pl. nominative pronoun’
*-an		1. ‘verbal suffix marking locative voice’ 2. ‘nominal suffix marking location’
*aNak		1. ‘child, offspring’ 2. ‘son, daughter’ 3. ‘interest on a loan’
*aN-aNak		‘child’
*aNay		‘insect of the order Isoptera: termite, white ant’
*aŋay		‘departure (?)’
*apa		‘carry on the back’
*apu		‘grandparent/ grandchild (reciprocal)’
*apuR		‘betel chew’
*aRi		1. ‘come’ 2. ‘toward the speaker’ 3. ‘let’s go!’
*asa		‘one’
*asaŋ		‘village’
*aSik		‘to sweep, remove trash’
*asu		‘dog’
*ata		‘1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our’
*atuR		‘stone wall’
*au		‘yes’
*aya		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*aya		‘exclamation of annoyance, surprise, etc.’
*b<aR>eŋbeŋ		‘buzz’
*b<in>ahi		‘woman, wife’
*b<in>eCik		‘tattoo’
*b<in>elaq		‘to have been split, cloven in two’
*b<in>uRuk		‘to have become rotten’
*b<um>aliw		‘buy’
*b<um>asuq		‘to wash’
*baba		1. ‘carry a person pick-a-back’ 2. ‘ride pick-a-back’
*ba-bahi		‘woman, female’
*babaw		1. ‘upper surface, top’ 2. ‘highlands’ 3. ‘on, upon, over, above’
*babuy		‘pig’
*babuy-an		‘pig’
*baCaR		‘broomcorn millet: Panicum miliaceum’
*bahi		‘female’
*bajaq		1. ‘know, understand’ 2. ‘ask, inquire’
*bajiw		‘edible mushroom sp.’
*bakaŋ		‘bowlegged’
*bakaR		‘kind of basket’
*bakbak		‘clap’
*bakes		1. ‘belt’ 2. ‘tie around the waist’
*baki		‘grandfather’
*bakuŋ		‘lily-like plant: Crinum asiaticum L.’
*balalaCuk		‘bird: the woodpecker’
*balaŋa		‘shallow earthenware cooking pot or pan’
*balbal		1. ‘beating stick’ 2. ‘to beat, beat (esp. clothes in washing them)’
*baleŋ		‘preserve meat in salt or brine’
*bales		1. ‘to answer, retaliate’ 2. ‘reciprocate good or evil’
*bali		‘wind’
*baliw		‘buy, sell’
*baliw		‘return’
*baluN		‘bind, bundle’
*baNaR		‘thorny vine: Smilax spp.’
*baNaS		‘male (of animals)’
*baNaw		‘thorny vine: Smilax spp.’
*banaw		‘lake’
*bañaw		‘wash the body’
*baŋaS		‘tree: Melia azedarach’
*baŋaw		‘paddy bug, foul-smelling insect that preys on rice in the field’
*baŋbaŋ		‘butterfly, moth’
*baŋbaŋ		‘resound resounding sound’
*baŋeliS		1. ‘tusk’ 2. ‘canine tooth’
*baŋ(e)qeR		‘rotten smell, stench’
*baŋeS		‘skin’
*baŋeSiS		‘fragrant’
*baŋuN		‘wake up, get out of bed’
*baŋun		‘Japanese cypress: Chamaecyparis obtusa’
*baNiC		‘to skin, flay’
*baqeRuh		1. ‘new’ 2. ‘bachelor’
*baqeSiŋ		‘sneeze’
*baqi		‘grandmother’
*baRah		‘ember, glowing coal’
*baRaŋ		‘rib (?)’
*baRaq		‘lung’
*baRat		‘cross’
*baRat		‘cucumber: Cucumis sativus’
*barat		‘cross’
*baReq		‘abscess, boil, swelling on the body’
*baRija		‘weaver's sword ( lath used to beat in and tighten the woof)’
*baRiuS		‘typhoon’
*baRuj		‘dove: probably Ducula spp.’
*baSaq		1. ‘flood’ 2. ‘to overflow, be in flood’
*baSaw		1. ‘cold, of leftover food’ 2. ‘leftovers from a meal’
*baSay		‘hairy vine: Pueraria hirsuta’
*basbas		‘hit, strike’
*basbas		‘sprinkle’
*baseq		‘wash clothes’
*basuq		‘to wash’
*batu		‘to throw’
*batux		1. ‘stone’ 2. ‘testicle’
*bayu		‘to pound rice’
*beCeŋ		‘millet sp., probably foxtail millet: Setaria italica’
*beCik		‘tattoo’
*beCu		‘callus, blister’
*bedul		‘swelling of the body’
*bejbej		1. ‘wrap around repeatedly, bind by wrapping’ 2. ‘bundle of wrapped material’
*bekas		‘swift, fast’
*bekas		‘to spring a trap’
*bekbek		‘sound of breaking, etc.’
*bekuC		1. ‘to bend over, bend down (of a person)’ 2. ‘hunchbacked’
*belaq		‘part of something split’
*beli		‘to buy’
*benan		‘deer of the genus Cervus, either the sika deer or sambar deer’
*beNbeN		‘banana: Musa sapientum L.’
*beNelem		‘overcast, twilight’
*beŋbeŋ		‘block’
*beŋbeŋ		‘buzz, hum’
*beNuC		‘pull out, extract’
*beRas		1. ‘rice between harvesting and cooking’ 2. ‘husked rice’
*beRas-an		‘container in which rice is stored’
*beRay		‘give’
*beRek		‘domesticated pig’
*beReqaŋ		‘molar tooth’
*beriq		‘split, tear open’
*beRŋaw		‘bluebottle, large fly’
*beRŋi-n		‘night’
*beRuS		‘plant: Rhus semialata’
*bes		‘whizzing sound’
*besuR		‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’
*betak		‘crack, split open (as dry ground)’
*beties		‘calf of the leg’
*betik		1. ‘snap the fingers’ 2. ‘flick with the finger, fillip’
*betuŋ		‘bamboo of very large diameter, probably Dendrocalamus sp.’
*biaC		‘draw a bow to its full extent’
*biCuka		‘stomach’
*bilaŋ		1. ‘to count, calculate’ 2. ‘hold valuable’
*biliN		‘to follow after someone, walk behind’
*bineSiq		‘seed set aside for the next planting’
*biŋiC		‘moody, irritable’
*biNiC		‘hold in the hand’
*biqel		‘goiter’
*biqiR		‘off-, off- balance’
*biqut		‘curved, crooked, bent’
*biraŋ		‘anger, angry’
*biRaq		‘wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro, Alocasia spp.’
*biRaS		‘roe, fish eggs’
*biRaSu		‘cane grass, Miscanthus sp.’
*biRbiR		‘lip’
*birbir		‘shiver, shake, tremble’
*biriC		‘to tear, rip’
*bisuR		‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’
*bitbit		‘pull at some part of the body’
*bituqen		‘star’
*bua		‘foam, bubbles, froth’
*buak		‘bubbling up (as spring water)’
*bual		‘spring, source of fresh water’
*buaq		‘fruit’
*buay		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*bubu		‘conical bamboo basket trap for fish’
*bubu		‘grandparent’
*bubuR		‘jellyfish’
*buCa		1. ‘mote in the eye’ 2. ‘blind’ 3. ‘blindness’
*buCa-en maCa		‘get a mote in the eye’
*buCaq		‘foam, froth’
*buCbuC		‘pull up (as weeds), pluck (as feathers)’
*buCu		1. ‘callus, corn’ 2. ‘blister’
*buCuq		‘testicles’
*buhaŋ		‘hole, pit’
*buhet		‘squirrel’
*bujeq		‘foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth’
*bukas		‘release, undo’
*bukeS		‘head hair’
*bukij		1. ‘mountain’ 2. ‘forested inland mountain areas’
*bukuN		‘back (anat.)’
*bula		‘to give’
*bulaN		1. ‘moon, month’ 2. ‘menstruation’
*bulaR		1. ‘cataract of the eye’ 2. ‘hazy or blurred vision’
*bulaw		‘golden colored’
*bulaw-an		‘gold’
*bulbul		‘dust, pulverized stone’
*buled		‘mountain’
*buleS		‘tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany: Shorea albus Foxw.’
*buli-		‘prefix of the qali, kali- series’
*bulilik		‘lizard sp.’
*buluN		‘companion’
*buluq		1. ‘type of slender bamboo’ 2. ‘Schizostachyum spp.’
*bunabun		‘rice seedling’
*bunaj		‘sand’
*buNbuN		1. ‘fontanelle’ 2. ‘crown of the head’
*buŋa		‘flower, blossom’
*buŋuh		‘head’
*buŋuR		‘tree sp.’
*buNi		‘to hide, conceal’
*buNuq		‘constellation: the Pleiades’
*buNuq		‘throw at, hit with a projectile’
*bunuR		1. ‘to swell’ 2. ‘swollen’
*bunuS		‘machete’
*buqaya		‘crocodile’
*buRaw		‘drive off, chase away, expel’
*buRay		‘flower’
*buReS		‘spray water from the mouth’
*buRuk		1. ‘rotten meat’ 2. ‘addled eggs’ 3. ‘bad character’
*buSuk		‘drunkenness, intoxication’
*busuR		‘enemy’
*busuR		‘hunting bow’
*buuŋ		‘buzzing or humming sound’
*C<in>akaw		1. ‘what is stolen, stolen goods’ 2. ‘was stolen (past tense of direct passive)’
*C<in>aliS		1. ‘was made into rope’ 2. ‘what was made into rope’
*C<in>apa		‘smoke’
*C<in>aqi		‘small intestine’
*C<in>aqiS		‘sew’
*C<in>uNuh		‘roast’
*C<um>abu		‘to wrap’
*C<um>aki		‘defecate’
*C<um>aliS		‘to tie with rope, fasten with rope’
*C<um>aŋis		‘to weep, cry, mourn’
*C<um>apu		‘to sweep’
*C<um>aqi		‘to defecate’
*C<um>aqiS		‘to sew’
*C<um>ubuq		‘to sprout, to grow’
*C<um>ugCug		‘knock or bump the head’
*C<um>uNuh		‘to roast (intr.)’
*C<um>uSuR		‘to string beads, etc.’
*CabCab		‘clap, beat, hack’
*Cabu		‘to wrap’
*Ca-Capuh		‘broom’
*Ca-CaqiS		‘sew’
*CaCaw		‘pupil of the eye’
*Ca-Cawa		‘to laugh’
*Cakaw		‘steal’
*Cakaw-an		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*Caki		‘feces, excreta’
*Cali		‘cultivated taro: Colocasia esculenta’
*Caliŋa		‘ear’
*Caliŋa nu kaSiw		‘wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks’
*CaliS		‘rope, cord, twine, string’
*CaluN		1. ‘fallow land’ 2. ‘secondary forest’
*CaNem		1. ‘grave’ 2. ‘to bury’
*CaNem-en		‘what is buried or planted’
*Caŋelaj		‘elephant grass, miscanthus grass: Themeda gigantea’
*Caŋila		‘ear’
*Caŋis		1. ‘weep, cry’ 2. ‘mourn’ 3. ‘to beseech’
*Caŋis-an		‘to cry over something or someone’
*CaNum		‘carry water’
*Capa		‘to smoke fish or meat for preservation’
*Capaŋ		‘patch, as on clothing’
*Capel		1. ‘patch’ 2. ‘to patch’
*Capuh		‘sweep’
*Caqi		‘feces, excrement’
*CaqiS		‘to sew’
*CaqiS-an		‘sew’
*Caqu		‘to know how, be able to, be skilled at’
*Caqu-an		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*CaSaw		‘open-’
*Cau		‘person, human being’
*Cau Cau		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*Cau nu maCa		‘pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)’
*Cawa		‘to laugh’
*CawiN		‘year’
*Cazem		‘sharp (of point or blade)’
*Cebak		‘smack against’
*Cebej		‘spring of water, spring water’
*Cebiq		‘split, divide, break off’
*Cebuj		‘natural spring, fresh water spring’
*Cebuk		‘thud’
*CebuN		‘smoke’
*Cebuŋ		‘to meet, come together’
*CebuS		‘sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum’
*CegCeg		‘beat, pound, hit’
*CegCeg		‘to beat, pound on’
*CekCek		‘pierce, penetrate’
*Ceked		‘to rest, take a break from work or other activity’
*CekeS		‘kind of very slender bamboo’
*Celaq		‘crack, split, fissure’
*CelCel		‘beat, pound’
*Ceme-Cemel		‘uncultivated land’
*Cemel		1. ‘grass, herbs’ 2. ‘medicine’
*Cenek		‘thorn’
*CeRab		‘belch’
*Cesek		‘insert, pierce, penetrate’
*Cidu		‘spoon, ladle, dipper’
*Cikel		‘return, go back’
*CiŋaS		‘food particles caught between the teeth’
*Ciqaw		‘fish sp.’
*-Cu		1. ‘spatio- deixis and spatio- temporal reference: that’ 2. ‘there, then’
*Cubuq		‘plant sprout’
*CugCug		‘hit something against something else’
*CugCug		‘knock or bump the head’
*Cukul		‘huddle, bow the head’
*Culi		‘deaf’
*Cumay		‘Formosan black bear’
*Cumek		1. ‘pulverize’ 2. ‘crumble’
*CumeS		1. ‘clothes louse’ 2. ‘body louse’
*CuŋCuŋ		‘make a booming sound’
*CuNuh		‘roast food over a fire’
*CuNuh-an		‘to roast’
*CuqelaN		1. ‘condylar bone’ 2. ‘bone of fauna exclusive of fish’
*CuquR		‘tree: Bischofia javanica’
*Curis		‘scratch a line’
*CuSuR		‘string together, as beads’
*CuSuR-en		‘strung, be skewered’
*Cuzuq		‘index finger’
*d<um>akep		1. ‘to catch, capture’ 2. ‘embrace’
*d<um>akiS		‘climb, ascend’
*d<um>ilaq		‘to lick’
*da		‘locative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. di, du)’
*da-amax		‘father’
*dadaN		1. ‘old, of things’ 2. ‘ancient times’
*da-duSa		‘two, of people’
*dajam		‘accustomed to, tame’
*dajem		‘chills, as of malaria’
*dakep		1. ‘catch, seize’ 2. ‘embrace’
*dakep-en		‘caught, captured’
*dakeS		‘tree: the camphor laurel: Cinnamomum spp.’
*daki		1. ‘dirt on skin’ 2. ‘dandruff’
*dakiS		‘climb, ascend’
*dakuC		‘snatch, grab’
*dalayap		‘kind of citrus tree and fruit’
*dalem		1. ‘in, inside’ 2. ‘deep’
*damaR		‘tree resin used in torches (?)’
*damuq		‘dew’
*damuq		‘menstrual blood?’
*danaw		‘lake’
*daŋdaŋ		1. ‘broil’ 2. ‘warm oneself or something near a fire’
*daŋdaŋ-an		‘place something near a fire’
*daNi		1. ‘soon, presently’ 2. ‘almost’
*daNum		‘fresh water’
*danum-an		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*dapa		‘palm of the hand’
*dapaN		1. ‘sole of the foot’ 2. ‘footprint’
*dapuR		‘pile up, as stones’
*daqaN		‘old, ancient’
*daqaNi		‘day’
*daqiS		1. ‘forehead’ 2. ‘face’
*daqu		‘soapberry: Sapindus mukrossi, S. saponaria’
*daRa		‘Formosan maple: Liquidambar formosana’
*daRaq		1. ‘blood’ 2. ‘to bleed’ 3. ‘menstruate’
*daReq		‘soil, probably clay’
*daRiŋ		‘groan, moan’
*daRiq		‘soil, probably clay’
*daSdaS		‘chest (anat.)’
*dataR		‘flat, flat or level land’
*dawiN		‘far’
*daya		‘upriver, toward the interior’
*debdeb		‘chest’
*dekdek		‘to tamp down, compact something’
*dekeC		‘paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice)’
*dekep		‘embrace’
*dekiŋ		‘to bark, of a deer’
*deles		‘bowstring’
*demdem		‘brood, hold a grudge, remember, keep still’
*demdem		1. ‘gloom, darkness’ 2. ‘dark, overcast, gloomy’
*deŋdeŋ		1. ‘thunder’ 2. ‘roaring or thunderous sound’
*deŋeR		1. ‘to hear’ 2. ‘sound’
*depah		‘fathom’
*depuŋ		‘venomous snake’
*deRdeR		‘thunder’
*deRuŋ		‘distant rolling thunder’
*deruŋ		‘deep booming boom’
*detdet		‘packed tightly together’
*di		‘locative case marker (probably for singular personal names; cf. <pwd>da</pwd>, <pwd>du</pwd>)’
*dikeC		‘sticky, adhesive’
*dikit		‘little, few, small in amount’
*dilaq		‘to lick’
*diNaŋ		1. ‘rust’ 2. ‘hematite’
*di-ni		‘here’
*diRi		‘to stand’
*diRus		‘bathe’
*disdis		‘cut, slice’
*diteq		‘sticky substance’
*dua		‘over there, yonder’
*du-duSa		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*duhduh		‘thunder’
*dukduk		‘ginger’
*dukduk		‘to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab’
*duma		1. ‘someone’ 2. ‘other people’ 3. ‘different’
*du(ŋ)kuŋ		‘bend, curve’
*duRi		‘thorn’
*duSa		‘two’
*duSa duSa		1. ‘two by two, two at a time’ 2. ‘two each’
*duSa-en		‘divided into two’
*edem		‘soak, dye’
*-en		1. ‘verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice’ 2. ‘nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action’
*enem		‘six’
*esa		‘one’
*g<um>aruC		‘to comb’
*gaCel		‘itch, feel itchy’
*gaRaŋ		‘small edible freshwater crab’
*garaŋ		‘fierce, intense, as of appetite or temper’
*garuC		‘comb’
*gayaŋ		‘hunting spear’
*geCel		‘to pinch’
*gemel		‘take in the hand, clasp, grasp’
*gemgem		1. ‘fist’ 2. ‘hold in the fist’
*gereC		‘slit an animal's throat’
*gerger		‘shake, shiver, tremble’
*geriC		‘gnaw of ripping, gnawing, etc.’
*getil		‘to pinch’
*giŋgiŋ		‘cold, shivering’
*giRiŋ		‘ring’
*gisgis		‘rub, scrape against’
*guCguC		‘pluck, pull out’
*guCguC		‘to scratch, as an itch’
*gumuN		‘body hair’
*guŋguŋ		‘deep resounding sound’
*gurgur		‘boil of boiling water’
*guRiCa		‘octopus’
*guris		1. ‘line’ 2. ‘scratch a line’
*guSam		‘fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush’
*gusgus		‘to scrape, scratch, rub’
*gusi		‘gums’
*gutgut		‘front teeth, incisors’
*haŋut		‘smell, odor’
*hesek		‘drive in stakes or posts’
*hisep		‘suck, inhale’
*hukaq		‘loosen, open’
*hulhul		‘to bark, of a dog’
*huRaC		1. ‘artery, blood vessel, blood vein’ 2. ‘muscle’ 3. ‘nerve’ 4. ‘sinew’ 5. ‘tendon’
*-i		‘imperative suffix’
*i		‘exclamation of wonder, disgust, etc.’
*i		‘in’
*i		‘personal article’
*i aCas		‘above, on top’
*i babaw		‘above, on top of’
*ia		1. ‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she’ 2. ‘him, her, it’
*i-aku		‘1sg., I, me’
*i-amen		‘1pl. ex oblique’
*i-ami		‘1pl. excl. nominative, we’
*ian		‘dwell, reside, live in a place’
*ia-ni		1. ‘this’ 2. ‘here’
*ibaS		‘companion, close relative, other one’
*i-Cu		‘that (2p)’
*idas		‘affine of Ego's generation’
*ijan		‘when?’
*i-kaSu		‘2sg., you’
*ikuD		‘to follow’
*ikud		‘to sit’
*ikuR		‘tail’
*iluR		‘river channel’
*ima		‘who?’
*imah		‘drink’
*ina		‘mother, mother's sister’
*in-alap		‘take’
*iná-q		‘mother, mother's sister (address, vocative)’
*iŋ(e)pis		‘thin (of material objects)’
*iŋsuŋ		‘wooden rice mortar’
*i-ni		‘this, here’
*ini		‘negative marker: no, not’
*i-nu		‘place which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where?’
*inu		‘where?’
*ipit		1. ‘near, come near’ 2. ‘edge, border’
*iRik		‘thresh with the feet (as rice)’
*isa		‘one’
*isa isa		1. ‘distributive’ 2. ‘one-by-one, one at a time’
*isa-ŋa		‘remaining one’
*iSeq		‘urine, urinate’
*isi		1. ‘flesh (of humans, animals, fruits, tubers)’ 2. ‘reside’ 3. ‘blade of a knife’ 4. ‘inhabitants, residents’
*iSiq		‘urine, urinate’
*iSu		‘2sg. personal pronoun: you’
*ita		‘we (incl.)’
*iten		‘1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.)’
*iten		‘we (incl.)’
*i-ti		1. ‘1p deixis and spatial reference: this’ 2. ‘here’
*iuk		‘citrus fruit (both orange and pomelo?)’
*k<aN>uSkuS		‘claw, talon, fingernail’
*k<ar>uSkuS		‘scrape, scratch something from a surface’
*k<in>a-Cau-an		‘nature, character’
*k<in>aCu		1. ‘was brought’ 2. ‘what was brought’
*k<in>aen		‘eat’
*k<in>aen-an		‘eat’
*k<in>alih-an		‘place that has been dug up’
*k<in>aRaC-an		‘bite of an animal’
*k<in>uja		‘what has been said/done (to cause someone to react)?’
*k<um>aCu		‘to bring, to carry along’
*k<um>aen		‘to eat’
*k<um>ahuS		‘scoop up’
*k<um>ali		‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’
*k<um>aRaC		‘to bite’
*k<um>aRaw		‘to scratch an itch’
*k<um>aSiw		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*k<um>auS		‘to scoop up, as with a fish net’
*k<um>eRet		‘cut something slender’
*k<um>etun		‘chop up, as firewood’
*k<um>iRim		‘to seek, search, look for’
*k<um>ita		‘to see’
*k<um>uCu		‘to de louse’
*k<um>uja		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*k<um>uRi		‘to rake’
*k<um>uSkuS		‘to scrape’
*ka		‘conditional, if’
*ka		‘conjunctive particle, and’
*ka		‘oblique case marker for plural personal names’
*ka-		‘formative for abstract nouns of quality’
*ka-		‘marker of past time in temporal expressions’
*ka-		‘stative marker in irrealis constructions, counterpart to <pwd>*ma-</pwd> in realis constructions’
*ka- -an		‘formative for abstract nouns (often deverbal)’
*ka- -an		‘formative for nouns of location’
*ka- -an		‘marker of the adversative passive’
*ka-aCay		‘kill (?)’
*ka-aCay-an		‘lose someone through death (?)’
*ka-bajaq		‘know, understand’
*kabal		‘clothing’
*kabaR		‘clothing’
*kabit		‘hook’
*kabus		‘shrimp, lobster’
*ka-CaSaw-an		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*ka-Cau-an		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*kaCu		‘bring, carry’
*ka-dataR-an		‘plain, region of level land’
*kaen		‘eat’
*kaen-an		1. ‘place where one eats’ 2. ‘food’
*kaen-ay		‘will eat’
*kaen-en		‘eat’
*kaen-i		‘eat it!’
*kahuS		‘scoop up’
*kahut		1. ‘to take in one’s hand’ 2. ‘handful’
*kaija		‘when? (in the past)’
*kak		‘sound of a cackle, loud laugh, etc.’
*kaka		‘elder sibling’
*kakaCu		‘spider’
*ka-kaen-an		‘place where one eats’
*ka-kaen-en		‘edible things, food’
*kakak		‘caw, cackle’
*ka-kalih		‘dig’
*k-aku		‘1sg oblique: to me, for me’
*ka-kuRi		‘rake’
*kalaw		‘bird sp.’
*kalaw		‘eyebrow’
*kali		‘canal, ditch’
*kali-		‘prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. <pwd>*qali-</pwd>)’
*kalih		1. ‘hole in the ground’ 2. ‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’
*kaluŋkuŋ		‘deep resounding sound’
*kamay		‘hand’
*kamaya		‘plant sp.: Diospyros discolor’
*k-ami		‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’
*k-amu		‘2pl. nominative, you all’
*kamu-yu		‘2pl. nominative, you all’
*kaNasay		‘fish: the mullet’
*kaNawaS		‘small tree bearing round, green fruit: Ehretia spp.’
*kaŋkaŋ		‘resounding sound’
*ka-nu		1. ‘interrogative’ 2. ‘probably 'when?'’
*ka-pajay-an		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*ka-piliq-an		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*kapit		‘fasten together by sewing or tying’
*ka-pitu-an		‘seven’
*kapkap		‘feel in the dark, grope’
*kapua		‘silk cotton, kapok’
*ka-qudip-an		‘livelihood’
*ka-Rabi-an		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*kaRaC		‘to bite’
*kaRaC-i		‘bite (imperative)’
*kaRaw		‘to scratch an itch’
*kaRi		‘word, speech, language’
*karkar		‘scratch up the earth, as a fowl’
*kaRus		‘scrape’
*karus		‘to scratch, scrape’
*karut		‘scrape, rasp’
*kaS(e)pal		‘thick, of solid objects’
*kaSi-kaSiw		‘wood’
*kaSiw		1. ‘wood’ 2. ‘tree’
*kaSiw-en		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*kaSkaS		‘scratch up the soil, as a chicken looking for food’
*kaSu		‘2sg., you’
*ka-tanem-an		‘area that is planted(?)’
*katawa		‘castor bean: Ricinus communis L.’
*ka-telu		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*kati		‘exhortation to call a person or animal’
*katkat		‘come undone, of stitches’
*kauS		‘scoop up, as with a fish net’
*ka-wanaN		‘right ( side, hand, direction)’
*kawaS		‘talk, talk about, discuss’
*kawaS		1. ‘year, season’ 2. ‘sky, heaven’
*kaway		‘net bag used by men for carrying things on back’
*kawayan		‘bamboo, Bambusa spp., probably Bambusa spinosa’
*kawil		‘fishhook’
*ka-wiRi		‘left side or direction’
*kawit		‘hook’
*kawkaw		‘sickle for harvesting grain’
*ka-zalan-an		‘improvised trail, trail made by passing through?’
*kebkeb		‘to lie prone, face down’
*kedi		‘small in size or amount’
*kedip		‘to blink’
*kelem		‘dark, overcast, visually obscure’
*kelip		‘to blink’
*kemkem		‘bite down hard’
*keNa		1. ‘ensnared, caught in a trap’ 2. ‘suffer, undergo, be struck by something’ 3. ‘entrapped or deceived’ 4. ‘hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true’
*keŋkeŋ		‘hollow, resounding sound’
*kepit		1. ‘press together’ 2. ‘pressed together’
*keRan		‘scab on a wound’
*keRaŋ		‘dry’
*keRaŋ		‘scab, crust on a wound’
*keRet		1. ‘cut something slender or soft’ 2. ‘reap crops’
*keret		‘to sever, cut off’
*keRet-en		‘cut’
*keriq		‘chatter’
*keRiw		1. ‘hemp plant’ 2. ‘hemp’
*keRkeR		‘shake, tremble’
*keRuŋ		‘sound">resound’
*keseR		‘strength, vigor, force’
*keskes		‘scratch, scrape’
*ketil		‘pinch off’
*ketun		‘cut, sever’
*kezem		‘close the eyes’
*kezuC		‘to jerk suddenly, jump when startled’
*ki		‘oblique case marker for personal nouns’
*ki-		‘prefixed to a noun means ‘to get, obtain, collect, gather’ (noun)’
*kiaw		‘puling sound of a bird’
*kiCiŋ		‘body part’
*ki-CuNuh		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*kidiq		‘to tickle’
*kikuR		‘tail’
*kilala		1. ‘to know (a person), recognize, be acquainted with’ 2. ‘to feel, perceive’
*kiluŋ		‘curve’
*kiŋeR		‘to hear’
*kiŋkiŋ		‘ring’
*kipit		1. ‘narrow’ 2. ‘pinch between tongs, etc.’
*kiRim		‘seek, search, look for’
*kiRim-en		‘look’
*kiRkiR		‘rasp, file’
*kiRus		‘scrape’
*kiSkiS		‘scrape off’
*kiskis		‘to shave, scrape off’
*k-ita		‘we (incl.)’
*kita		‘to see’
*kita-en		‘see’
*ki-tunuh		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*kiwkiw		1. ‘to wave, wag ( tail)’ 2. ‘to stir (people) up’
*-ku		‘1sg genitive ( marker of non-subject agency and possession; my; by me)’
*ku		‘oblique of common nouns (cf. ki, ka)’
*kuan		1. ‘hamlet’ 2. ‘kin-based residential unit’
*kuaw		‘kind of bird and the sound of its call’
*kuCkuC		‘roll up, curl up tightly’
*kuCux		‘head louse’
*kudem		‘dark’
*kuden		‘clay cooking pot’
*kudeŋ		‘clay cooking pot’
*kudis		1. ‘scurfy skin disease’ 2. ‘scabies’
*kudkud		‘hoof, lower leg of an ungulate’
*kuja		‘how?, how is it? what is the matter?’
*kukuŋ		‘small bird that produces a deep resounding call’
*kulaC		‘bracket fungus, Polyporus spp.’
*kulay		‘worm, insect’
*kuliC		‘rind, peeling of fruits or tubers’
*kumeS		‘pubic hair’
*kumiS		‘pubic hair’
*ku(ŋ)kuŋ		1. ‘deep resonant sound’ 2. ‘name of a bird with deep resonant cry’
*kuŋkuŋ		1. ‘deep resounding sound’ 2. ‘slit-gong, hollowed tree trunk used to send messages’
*kuNkuN		‘Formosan hill partridge’
*kupit		‘press together, close tightly’
*kurap		‘ringworm’
*kuRi		‘rake’
*kuris		1. ‘scurfy skin disease’ 2. ‘scabies’
*kurkur		‘dig in the soil’
*kuSa		‘work’
*kuSkuS		‘claw, talon, fingernail’
*kuSkuS		‘scrape’
*kuti		‘vulva, vagina’
*kutkut		‘scrape off’
*kuya		‘defect’
*l<um>edep		‘to dive, swim under water’
*l<um>ubaŋ		‘to bury, place in a pit or hole’
*l<um>udaq		‘to spit’
*labaw		‘rat’
*labeR		‘roam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered’
*labiq		‘excess, surplus’
*laCeŋ		‘stinging nettle: Laportea spp.’
*lahud		‘downstream, toward the sea’
*lahuN		‘steam, vapor’
*lajam		‘familiar with, accustomed to’
*lakat		‘walk, take a step’
*lakup		‘cover, wrapping’
*lalay		‘cicada’
*la-lima		‘five (in counting people)’
*lama		‘old, former’
*lamlam		‘impetuous’
*laŋaw		‘housefly’
*laŋaw-en		‘infested with flies, covered with flies’
*laŋ(e)si		‘unpleasant odor’
*laŋiC		‘sky’
*laŋu		‘vertigo’
*la(n)tuk		‘curve’
*lapaq		‘to cut up, butcher, slaughter an animal’
*lapis		‘flying squirrel’
*laplap		‘loose (as of clothing)’
*lapus		‘untie (a knot), undress, remove clothes’
*laRaŋ		‘to forbid’
*laRiw		‘run, run away, flee, escape’
*lasuq		1. ‘hot’ 2. ‘blistered by heat’
*lawa		‘wide’
*lawaq		1. ‘spider’ 2. ‘spider web’
*lawaR		‘flying squirrel’
*lawas		1. ‘internode of bamboo’ 2. ‘section of something’
*lawas		‘wide, broad’
*laway		‘thread, yarn’
*layap		‘to fly’
*layaR		‘sail’
*layu		‘wither, wilt’
*lebeŋ		‘to bury’
*lebleb		‘foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain’
*lecik		‘fly off, of solid bits or water droplets’
*ledep		‘to dive, swim under water’
*ledled		‘to rub the eyes’
*lekab		‘open, uncover’
*lekuq		1. ‘bend’ 2. ‘bending part, joint’
*lemek		‘soft’
*lemlem		1. ‘dark, of weather’ 2. ‘overcast’
*lepaw		‘hut’
*lezep		‘submerge, disappear under water’
*lidam		‘tongue’
*liduŋ		1. ‘shelter, cover, protection’ 2. ‘shade’
*likaC		‘lightning’
*likaw		‘curve, bend, winding’
*likeS		‘mosquito’
*likud		‘back’
*likud-an		‘back area, place at the back?’
*liku-likud		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*liku-likud-an		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*lima		‘five’
*liŋaw		‘shadow’
*liNuŋ		‘calm, tranquil, of the surface of water’
*linuR		‘earthquake’
*lipas		‘to pass, pass by’
*lipen		‘tooth’
*lipet		‘to fold, fold over’
*lipuC		‘disappear behind something that envelops or blocks the view’
*liqeR		‘neck’
*liseqeS		‘nit, egg of a hair louse’
*litlit		‘wind around, bind by winding around’
*liuS		‘a’
*lubaŋ		‘burial pit’
*lubuk		‘bag, sack’
*luCuŋ		‘Formosan rock monkey: Macaca cyclopis’
*ludaq		‘saliva’
*luem		‘ripe’
*lukeNaw		‘Formosan clouded leopard’
*lukuC		‘parasitic plant sp.’
*luluj		‘shin’
*luluN		‘to roll up, as a mat’
*luNuŋ		‘cloud’
*lupaS		‘spit, spit out’
*lupas		‘peach’
*luSeq		‘tears’
*lutay		‘weak, exhausted’
*lutuk		‘Formosan hare: Lepus sinensis formosus’
*m<in>aCa		‘eye’
*m<in>aCay		‘burial ground (?)’
*ma-		‘future prefix’
*ma-		‘stative prefix’
*ma-aCay		1. ‘die’ 2. ‘dead’ 3. ‘eclipse of sun or moon’
*ma-ala		‘take’
*ma-alap		‘take’
*ma-anak		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*ma-b<in>ahi		‘female, woman’
*ma-bajaq		‘know, understand’
*ma-bali		‘wind’
*ma-bañaw		‘wash the body’
*ma-baSaw		‘cooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long’
*ma-belaq		‘split, in two’
*ma-besuR		‘satiated, full from eating’
*ma-buCa		‘blind’
*ma-bunuR		1. ‘to swell’ 2. ‘swollen’
*ma-buRaw		‘drive’
*ma-buSuk		‘drunk, intoxicated’
*maCa		‘eye, focal point, center or most prominent part’
*ma-Cakaw		‘to steal’
*ma-Caŋis		‘cry’
*ma-Caqu		‘know’
*ma-Cawa		‘to laugh’
*ma-CuNuh		‘roast’
*ma-dajam		‘accustomed to, tame’
*ma-dajem		‘chills, as of malaria’
*ma-dalem		‘deep’
*ma-dalis		‘smooth, slippery’
*ma-daRaq		‘blood’
*ma-demdem		‘gloom’
*ma-hemis		‘sweet’
*ma-kaen		‘will eat (?)’
*maka-enem		‘six times (frequentative multiplicative)’
*maka-lima		‘five times’
*maka-pija		‘(for) how many days?’
*maka-pitu		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*ma-kaRaC		‘bitten’
*maka-Sepat		‘four times’
*maka-walu		‘eight times (frequentative, multiplicative)’
*ma-keseR		‘vigor’
*ma-kiRim		‘found?’
*ma-kuCu		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*ma-kuja		‘what are you doing? what’s happening?’
*ma-kuliC		‘skinny, thin, underweight’
*ma-laŋu		‘dizzy, drunk’
*ma-laRiw		‘run, run away, flee’
*ma-lebleb		‘foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain’
*ma-lima-N		‘fifty’
*maliqi		‘pregnant’
*ma-litlit		‘or become wound around something’
*mamah		‘father’s brother’
*ma-najam		1. ‘accustomed to, familiar with’ 2. ‘tame’
*maNaŋ		‘sharp’
*ma-ŋilu		‘painful, as of teeth on edge from eating something very sour’
*ma-Nipis		‘thin (of materials)’
*ma-Niwaŋ		‘thin, of persons and animals’
*manu		‘interrogative marker: which?’
*manuk		‘chicken’
*ma-Nuka		‘wound’
*ma-paqiC		‘bitter’
*ma-piliq		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*ma-piNay		‘lame, crippled’
*ma-pizpiz		‘close’
*ma-pukaw		‘dim, of vision’
*ma-puNi		‘white’
*ma-puSaN		‘twenty’
*ma-qaCi		1. ‘ebb, of water in streams’ 2. ‘low tide’
*ma-qajaw		‘sunny, hot’
*ma-qataq		‘raw, unripe’
*maqaw		‘plant: Litsea cubeba (Lour.)’
*ma-qetaq		‘raw, unripe, green (fruit), uncooked’
*ma-qudem		‘dark, cloudy’
*ma-quSaw		‘thirst’
*ma-quzaN		‘rain’
*maR-amax		‘father and child’
*maR-buaq		‘bear fruit’
*maRe-anak		‘parent and child’
*maR-ina		‘mother and child’
*maR-luSeq		‘to shed tears, weep’
*maR-qani		1. ‘harvest’ 2. ‘to harvest’
*maS		‘and’
*ma-Sasak		1. ‘ripe’ 2. ‘cooked’
*ma-SateD		‘escort, accompany’
*ma-Sepat		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*ma-SeReC		‘tight, firm’
*ma-Seyaq		‘shame’
*ma-Sikad		1. ‘ashamed’ 2. ‘shy’ 3. ‘modest’
*ma-Suab		‘to yawn, yawning’
*ma-Suaw		‘to yawn’
*ma-Sulem		‘dim, dark’
*mata nu qalejaw		‘sun (‘ eye of the day’)’
*ma-takut		‘fear’
*ma-talaw		‘fear’
*ma-taŋa		‘will open?’
*-matek		‘jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp.’
*ma-telu		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*ma-tuduR		‘to sleep’
*ma-tunuh		‘roast’
*ma-tuqaS		‘old, of people’
*ma-tuqaS tuqaS		‘old, elder, senior’
*ma-ulaw		‘dazed, confused’
*-meCaq		‘paddy leech’
*-medaw		‘dizzy, giddy’
*mesmes		‘grasp, grip, squeeze’
*metmet		‘to hold tightly’
*mi-		‘prefix marking possession of some object’
*mi-da-duSa		‘do something with someone else, perform an action together’
*mu-		‘movement prefix’
*mudaq		1. ‘young (of fruits)’ 2. ‘immature’
*mujiŋ		‘face (human)’
*mujiŋ-an		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*mula		‘to plant’
*mulmul		‘hold in the mouth and suck’
*mumu		‘Formosan blind mole: Talpa micrura insularis (Swinhoe)’
*muRmuR		‘gargle, rinse the mouth’
*N<um>aŋuy		‘to swim’
*-na		1. ‘distal spatio-temporal deixis: that, there’ 2. ‘then’
*Na		‘already’
*Na		‘conjunction: and’
*na		‘genitive of plural personal names’
*na		‘linker marking emphatic attribution’
*Nabek		‘breakers, surf, waves’
*NaCeŋ		‘vegetables’
*najam		1. ‘accustomed to, familiar with’ 2. ‘tame’
*Nali		‘cicada’
*Namat		‘iron ( metal)’
*n-ami		‘1pl. excl. genitive, our’
*ñamñam		‘tasty, delicious (?)’
*n-amu		‘2pl. genitive, your, by you’
*ñamuR		‘dew’
*naNaq		‘pus’
*Naŋuy		‘to swim’
*na-nu		‘what(?)’
*Naqeji		‘boundary between adjacent rice fields’
*naRa		‘to wait’
*Nasu		‘cook by boiling’
*nasuk		‘cook by boiling’
*NataD		‘outside’
*ñawñaw		‘rinse, wash’
*nay		‘deictic particle: this’
*Nayad		‘plant: Sambucus formosana’
*nema		‘what thing?’
*nemnem		‘think’
*Neŋ		‘look, see’
*NeŋNeŋ		‘stare, look fixedly’
*ŋabŋab		‘bite off the surface of something’
*ŋajan		‘name’
*ŋajay		‘saliva, drivel’
*ŋalŋal		‘to chew, masticate’
*ŋaŋa		‘open the mouth’
*ŋawŋaw		1. ‘sound produced by an animal’ 2. ‘unintelligible muttering of a person’
*ŋayaw		‘headhunting’
*ŋeCŋeC		‘gnash the teeth’
*ŋerŋer		‘growl’
*ŋesŋes		‘to pant, be out of breath’
*ŋetŋet		‘gnaw, nibble’
*ŋiCŋiC		‘show annoyance or irritation’
*ŋidaw		‘toothless’
*ŋilu		‘painful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour’
*ŋipen		‘tooth’
*ŋiSŋiS		‘beard’
*ŋitŋit		‘gnaw’
*ŋusŋus		‘to snore, growl, grunt’
*ŋuSuN		‘nosebleed’
*ŋusuq		1. ‘nasal area’ 2. ‘snout’
*ŋuSuR		‘nasal mucus’
*-ni		1. ‘proximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here’ 2. ‘now’
*ni		1. ‘genitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns’ 2. ‘marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb’
*ni-a		‘3sg. agent/possessor’
*Nibu		‘lair, den of an animal’
*Nihib		‘rock shelter, cave under a rock’
*ni-ia		‘he. genitive, his, it’
*ni-ima		‘whose?’
*nimas		‘bailer in a canoe’
*nipen		‘tooth’
*Nipis		‘thinness (of materials)’
*NiSawa		1. ‘breath’ 2. ‘to breathe’
*n-ita		1. ‘1st pers. incl. genitive’ 2. ‘our’
*Nitaq		‘type of soil, clay’
*Niteq		‘sap of a tree or plant’
*Niwaŋ		‘thinness, slenderness’
*-nu		‘2sg possessor and non-subject agent’
*-nu		‘marker of uncertainty’
*nu		‘genitive case marker for common nouns (cf. na, ni)’
*nu		‘if, when (in future)’
*nu-		‘future marker with words for days’
*Nuka		‘wound’
*nuka		‘to make hemp yarn’
*numa		‘how?’
*nunuh		‘female breast’
*NuqeS		‘bone marrow’
*Nusuŋ		‘rice mortar’
*Nutud		‘join two things to give added length (rope, bamboo, etc.)’
*p<in>a-kaen		‘was fed by someone’
*p<in>anaq		‘shoot with a bow’
*p<in>espes		‘massage’
*p<um>anaq		‘shoot with a bow’
*p<um>ataS		‘to tattoo, make designs’
*p<um>ekpek		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*p<um>espes		‘to massage’
*p<um>iliq		‘to choose, select, pick out’
*pa		‘still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)’
*pa-		‘causative prefix’
*pa-aCay		‘kill’
*pa-aluja		‘to paddle’
*pa-añud		‘set a drift’
*pa-bajaq		‘know’
*pa-beRay		‘to give’
*paCak		‘spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal’
*pa-Caŋis		1. ‘to make someone cry’ 2. ‘to let someone cry’
*p-aCay-en		‘kill’
*pacek		1. ‘wooden nail, dowel’ 2. ‘drive in, as a wooden nail or dowel’
*pa-daNum		‘to irrigate’
*pa-dekeC		‘to stick or paste on’
*padeŋ		‘to extinguish, douse a fire’
*paen		‘bait’
*paheku		‘bracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum’
*pa-hinzam		‘lend’
*pahpah		‘flower (?)’
*paid		‘fan’
*pajay		1. ‘rice in the field’ 2. ‘rice plant’
*pajiS		‘enemy’
*pa-ka-		‘causative of stative verbs’
*pa-kaCu		‘to send’
*paka-duSa		‘twice, do something twice’
*pa-kaen		‘to feed’
*pa-kaen-en		‘to feed, be fed’
*pa-ka-keseR		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*pa-kita		‘to show’
*pakpak		1. ‘to clap, flap the wings’ 2. ‘sound of clapping or flapping’
*paleCuk		‘shoot, sound of shooting’
*pa-likaw		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*pa-likud		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*paliq		‘internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas’
*paliSi		1. ‘taboo, ritual purify’ 2. ‘purifying rite’
*paliSi-an		‘taboo’
*paliSi-en		‘taboo’
*pa-litlit		‘to make something wind around something else’
*palu		‘to hammer, pound, hit’
*palu-palu		‘pound, mallet, instrument for pounding or hammering’
*panaq		1. ‘throw something at a target’ 2. ‘shoot with bow and arrow’
*paNaw		‘go, walk away, depart’
*paŋa		1. ‘fork of a branch’ 2. ‘any forked structure’ 3. ‘bifurcation’
*paŋaq		‘fork’
*paŋudaN		‘pandanus’
*paNid		‘wing’
*paNij		‘wing’
*paNiŋ		‘door’
*pa(n)tuk		‘to knock, strike against’
*pa-p-aCay		‘kill’
*pa-pespes		‘to massage’
*pa-pija		‘how many? (of people)’
*pa-pitu		‘seven (of humans)’
*paqa		‘thigh’
*paqeju		‘gall, gall bladder’
*pa-qetut		‘to fart, break wind’
*paqiC		1. ‘hotness of taste, spiciness’ 2. ‘bitterness’
*paqpaq		‘chew’
*pa-qudip		‘care for, raise (an animal)’
*pa-qumah-an		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*pa-quzaN		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*paR-		‘divide into x (x = numeral)’
*paRa		1. ‘storage shelf’ 2. ‘attic, loft’
*paRaw		‘hoarse’
*paR-enem-en		‘do six times’
*paRiS		‘sting’
*paR-isa-an		‘to unite, combine in one’
*pariuk		‘earthenware cooking pot’
*paR-Sepat-en		‘do four times’
*paR-walu-en		‘do eight times’
*pasaqaN		1. ‘shoulder pole’ 2. ‘carry with a shoulder pole’
*pa-SateD		‘send (?)’
*pasek		1. ‘wooden nail, dowel’ 2. ‘drive in, as a wooden nail, dowel, or fencepost’
*pa-Sezam		‘lend’
*paspas		‘beat out, thresh’
*pasu		‘cheek bone’
*pasuk		‘enter’
*pa-susu		‘give the breast to, nurse a child’
*pa-susu-en		‘to nurse, give a child the breast (to be sucked)’
*pat-a		‘four (in counting certain referents)’
*pataS		‘tattoo’
*pataS-an		‘tattoo’
*pa-tumaNa		‘to make someone listen’
*pa-tuzuq		‘to point out, give directions (?)’
*pa-uSa		‘to send away’
*pa-utaq		‘cause to vomit’
*peceq		‘break into several large pieces’
*peCik		‘snap, as the fingers or a slingshot’
*pedek		‘wink, blink’
*pedel		‘to wring out, as water from wet clothes’
*pedped		‘press together, pack solid’
*pekpek		‘beat, hit’
*pelus		‘slip off’
*peñu		‘sea turtle’
*peNuq		‘full, of a container’
*peReq		‘squeeze out juice, wring out water’
*peRes		‘squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing’
*perus		‘slip or slide off’
*peSiq		1. ‘squeeze out juice’ 2. ‘squirt out’
*pespes		‘squeeze, massage’
*pespes-i		‘massage (imperative)’
*pi-		‘causative of location’
*piad		‘dish, plate’
*piak		1. ‘baby chick’ 2. ‘peeping of chick’
*pija pija		‘some, several’
*pijax		1. ‘interrogative of quantity: how much?, how many?’ 2. ‘adjective of indefinite quantity: some, several, a few’
*pijpij		‘close together’
*pikpik		‘sound of patting or tapping’
*piku		‘bend, curve’
*pikuq		1. ‘to bend, curve’ 2. ‘bent, curved’
*piliq		1. ‘to choose, to select’ 2. ‘to pick out’
*piliq-i		‘choose it!’
*piluk		1. ‘crippled’ 2. ‘bent or twisted, of the leg or foot’
*piNay		‘lame, crippled’
*pin-duSa		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*piŋi		‘cheek’
*pipi		‘female genitalia (child’s word?)’
*pi-pitu		‘seven each’
*piRaS		‘roe, eggs of fish or crustacean’
*piRaS-an		‘laden with roe, of a fish or crustacean’
*pisel		1. ‘pinch, squeeze’ 2. ‘knead’
*piSpiS		‘cheeks, temples’
*pispis		‘hair on the temples’
*pitpit		1. ‘pinch, squeeze, press between two surfaces’ 2. ‘pluck, pick off’
*pitpit		‘to beat, whip’
*pitpit-en		‘pinch’
*pitu		‘seven’
*pitu pitu		‘seven by seven, seven at a time’
*piuk		‘dent, dimple’
*pu-		‘causative of motion’
*puCaq		‘foam, froth, lather’
*pu-Caqi		‘to defecate’
*pu-daNum		‘to water, irrigate’
*pudu		‘fruit of the betel pepper’
*puduN		1. ‘ball of thread’ 2. ‘spool’
*puja		‘navel, umbilical cord’
*pujek		‘navel, umbilical cord’
*pukaw		‘night-’
*puki		‘vulva, vagina’
*pukpuk		‘to hammer, pound, beat’
*pulu		‘handle’
*puluC		‘plant: Urena lobata’
*puluŋ		‘collection, gathering, assembly’
*puluq		‘group of ten’
*puna-punay		‘greenish fruit dove’
*punay		‘greenish fruit dove’
*pu-ŋajan		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*puŋuN		‘bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.)’
*puNi		‘whiteness’
*punti		‘banana’
*punuq		‘brain, marrow’
*puRuq		‘bird, the quail’
*puSaN		‘twice’
*puteq		‘gummy secretion’
*putput		‘to pluck, pull out’
*putun		‘to break off, cut off, as a limb’
*q<in>umah		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*q<um>ajaw		‘to shine, of the sun’
*q<um>aŋqaŋ		‘to bark, of a dog’
*q<um>aNiC		‘to skin an animal’
*q<um>aNup		‘to hunt, go hunting’
*q<um>esep		‘suck’
*q<um>etut		‘to fart, break wind’
*(q)<um>uNah		1. ‘to do or go first’ 2. ‘to lead’
*q<um>uzaN		1. ‘to rain’ 2. ‘it is raining’
*qa		‘interrogative particle’
*qa		‘locative particle’
*qabaŋ		‘boat, canoe’
*qabaRa		‘shoulder’
*qabaRa-an		‘shoulder (?)’
*qabaS		‘notch cut in a tree’
*qabu		‘ash, cinder, powder’
*qabu-an		‘ash’
*qaCay		‘liver’
*qaCeb		‘deadfall trap to catch small mammals’
*qaCi		‘ebb, of water in streams’
*qaCi-		‘prefix variant of the *qali/kali- set’
*qaCipa		‘soft-shelled turtle’
*qadiS		‘hawk sp. ( harrier?)’
*qajaw		‘day’
*qajiS		‘boundary’
*qalad		‘fence, wall’
*qaleb		‘knee’
*qalep		‘beckon, wave’
*qali-		‘prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. <pwd>*kali-</pwd>)’
*qa-lima		‘hand’
*qalima		‘hand’
*qali-puju		‘hair whorl’
*qali-puju-an		‘hair whorl’
*qali-puspus		‘whirlwind’
*qalupaR		‘persimmon’
*qaluR		‘current, deep channel in the middle of a river’
*qalu-Sipan		‘centipede’
*qamiS		‘north wind’
*qamiS-an		1. ‘north’ 2. ‘winter’
*qaNa		1. ‘stranger’ 2. ‘enemy’
*qaNeb		‘close a door’
*qaNeb		‘door’
*qaNeb-an		‘door panel’
*qaŋeliC		‘stench of burning substances’
*qaŋeRiS		‘stench of spoiling fish’
*qaŋeRu		‘stench of spoiled or souring organic matter’
*qaŋeseR		‘stench of urine’
*qaŋeSit		‘stench, musky odor of an animal’
*qaŋqaŋ		‘barking of a dog’
*qa-ni		1. ‘this’ 2. ‘here’
*qaNi		‘weaving spindle’
*qaNi-		‘variant of the *qali/kali- prefix’
*qani		‘proximal deictic: this’
*qanibuŋ		‘fruit-bearing bush or tree’
*qaNiC		‘animal skin, hide, leather’
*qaNiCu		1. ‘ghost, spirit of the dead’ 2. ‘owl’
*qaNi-matek		‘jungle leech, Haemadipsa spp.’
*qaNi-meCaq		‘paddy leech’
*qaNiŋu		‘' shadow, reflection’
*qaniS		1. ‘harvest’ 2. ‘to harvest’
*qaNuaŋ		‘large ruminant species: carabao, water buffalo (?)’
*qañud		‘drift on a current, carried away by flowing water’
*qaNuNaŋ		‘tree: Cordia dichotoma’
*qanup		‘to hunt wild game’
*qaNup-an		‘hunt’
*qaNup-en		‘hunt’
*qanus		‘plant: Begonia aptera (Hay)’
*qapejux		‘gall, gall bladder, bile’
*qapiC		‘tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching’
*qapid		‘braid, twine’
*qapucuk		‘peak of a mountain’
*qapuR		‘lime, calcium’
*qaqay		‘foot, leg’
*qaRaw		‘snatch, take away by force, rob’
*qaRem		‘pangolin, scaly anteater’
*qaReNu		‘plant, Phragmites spp.’
*qaRidaŋ		‘bean, pea (generic)’
*qaRiw		‘dry’
*qaRsem		‘sourness, acidity’
*qasawa		‘spouse: husband, wife’
*qaseb		‘smoke’
*qaSelu		‘pestle’
*qasepa		‘astringent’
*qasiN		‘saltiness, salty taste’
*qasiRa		‘salt’
*qasiRa-en		‘salt’
*qataq		‘eat something raw’
*qatimela		‘flea’
*qatip		‘part of the loom’
*qatip-an		‘part of the loom’
*qauŋ		‘to howl, of a dog’
*qauR		‘bamboo sp.’
*qawqaw		‘to bark, of a dog’
*qayam		‘bird’
*qazi		1. ‘no, not’ 2. ‘negator of verbs and adjectives (cf , , *)’
*qebel		‘smoke’
*qeCah		‘rice husk, rice bran’
*qeCeŋ		‘obstruction, barrier’
*qeCeŋeN		‘black’
*qeCqeC		‘tight, constricted’
*qeCuR		‘sexual arousal, sexual excitement’
*qedet		‘press down on’
*qekuŋ		‘owl’
*qeleC		‘interval, intervening space’
*qelqel		‘chew, gnaw on’
*qelud		‘housepost, pillar’
*qemin		‘all’
*qemqem		‘hold in the closed mouth’
*qemu		‘sticky rice cake’
*qenay		‘sand’
*qeNeb		‘spread all over’
*qeNeb		1. ‘to close, to shut’ 2. ‘door’
*qeNuR		‘animal trail’
*qenuR-an		‘animal haunt, place frequented by animals’
*qepit		‘squeeze, press between’
*qesak		1. ‘ripe’ 2. ‘cooked’ 3. ‘ready to eat’
*qesep		‘sip, suck’
*qesir		‘hiss, sizzle’
*qetaq		‘eat something raw’
*qetut		‘fart, flatulence’
*qia		‘confirm (probably of affirmation or confirmation)’
*qiaw		‘animal cry’
*qiCeluR		‘egg’
*qiCqiC		‘nibble off, gnaw off’
*qiduS		‘spoon, ladle’
*qidus		‘spoon, ladle’
*qijap		1. ‘resent, blame’ 2. ‘resentment, jealousy’
*qiluS		‘wipe after defecating’
*qiNaS		‘moon, month’
*qiNeb		‘door’
*qinep		‘lie down to sleep’
*qiNuaŋ		‘large ruminant species’
*qipiŋ		‘incline one's head to the side’
*qipit		1. ‘pincer of crustaceans’ 2. ‘tongs’ 3. ‘press together, pinch, squeeze’
*qiRik		‘thresh with the feet, as rice’
*qiSqiS		‘to rub hard on a surface’
*qiSu		‘shark’
*qitik		1. ‘small, little’ 2. ‘few’
*qiuŋ		‘natural sound’
*qiut		‘copulate, have sexual intercourse’
*qu		‘grammatical particle’
*quaŋ		‘empty, vacant’
*quaŋ		‘howl’
*quay		‘rattan, Calamus sp.’
*qubaN		‘gray hair’
*qubiS		‘pubic hair’
*quCaN		‘scrub-land, bush’
*qudaŋ		‘shrimp, crayfish, lobster’
*qudaS		‘gray hair’
*qudem		‘dark, dull (of light or color)’
*qudip		‘life, alive’
*qujiŋ		‘charcoal’
*qukut		‘hunched over, bowed (as with age)’
*qulas		‘dewdrop’
*qulej		‘type of small worm’
*qules		‘clothing’
*qulu qulu		‘head-end, upper part’
*quluh		‘head’
*qulu-qulu		‘tadpole, polywog’
*qumah		‘swidden, work a swidden’
*quman		‘repeat oneself monotonously’
*qumaŋ		‘hermit crab’
*qumuR		‘fill the mouth with food or water’
*(q)uNah		‘first, before, anterior in time’
*quNuNaŋ		‘tree with sticky fruits: Cordia spp.’
*quNuq		‘beads, necklace of beads’
*qupid		‘braid’
*qupuŋ		‘bunch, cluster’
*quriaw		‘noise, clamor’
*quSaw		‘thirst’
*quSaw-an		‘thirst’
*quSeNap		‘fish scale’
*quSeŋeC		‘anger, angry’
*qusiR		‘pursuit (as of enemies or game)’
*quSuŋ		‘edible mushroom (generic)’
*qutiN		‘penis’
*quyaS		1. ‘to sing’ 2. ‘song, tune, melody’
*quzaN		‘rain’
*quzan-en		‘rain’
*R<um>ahap		‘to sow seeds’
*Rabi-an		‘evening, night’
*Rabiqi		1. ‘late afternoon, evening’ 2. ‘evening meal’
*Rabi-Rabi		‘every night, happening every night’
*RabiS		‘small knife’
*RabuC		‘uproot, pull out by the roots’
*RaCus		‘hundred’
*Rahap		‘seeds for sowing’
*rakat		‘walk’
*RameC		‘root’
*Rames		‘squeeze, knead’
*ramig		‘cold (of weather)’
*RamiS		‘root’
*Ra-RauS		‘dip net’
*RaSuŋ		‘ambush, attack from concealment’
*rauC		‘peel rattan, bamboo’
*RauS		‘scoop net’
*rawraw		‘to rinse’
*Raya		‘big, large’
*Reken		‘coil’
*reken		‘coil’
*ReŋeC		‘angry, annoyed’
*reŋeC		‘angry, annoyed’
*reŋiC		‘grimace at pain’
*Riaq		‘sword grass: Imperata cylindrica’
*RibaS		‘demolish’
*Ribawa		1. ‘swell’ 2. ‘swelling, tumor’
*Rimeja		‘sword grass: Imperata cylindrica’
*RiNaS		‘long feathers used for personal adornment’
*RiNaS-an		‘male of Swinhoe’s blue pheasant’
*Rinu		‘winnowing basket’
*RiNuk		‘Japanese raspberry: Rubus parvifolius (Linn.), Rubus taiwanianus (Matsum.)’
*Riqek		‘thresh grain by trampling’
*riSriS		1. ‘hoe up weeds’ 2. ‘weed a garden’
*Ritu		‘loquat tree and fruit: Eriobotrya deflexa’
*Rubu		‘nest, lair’
*Rudaŋ		‘old, of people’
*Rumaq		‘house’
*RuqaNay		‘male’
*RuSRuS		‘to scrape smooth, to plane a surface’
*Rusuk		‘ribcage’
*S<in>ebaN		‘what is carried on the back’
*s<um>akay		‘to walk’
*s<um>akut		‘to carry, transport, move something’
*S<um>apaR		‘unroll, spread out a mat’
*S<um>apuy		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*S<um>ateD		‘accompany, escort’
*s<um>ebuS		‘to hiss or steam, of water touching a fire’
*S<um>eŋad		‘to breathe’
*s<um>epsep		‘to suck, sip’
*S<um>eReC		‘tighten, fasten firmly’
*S<um>eyup		‘to blow’
*s<um>iku		1. ‘to elbow’ 2. ‘to push or jab with the elbow’
*s<um>uksuk		‘to enter, penetrate, pierce’
*s<um>ulud		‘to push’
*s<um>uNaR		‘to shine, radiate light’
*S<um>uni		‘to chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds)’
*s<um>upay		‘to whet, grate, sharpen’
*s<um>usu		‘to suckle, suck at the breast’
*Sa		‘ligature’
*Sa		‘locative particle’
*Sa-		‘marker of instrumental nouns’
*Sa-		‘stative prefix’
*sa		‘locative marker’
*sa		‘nominative case marker for plural personal names’
*sa		‘one (clitic form of *esa)’
*SabaN		‘cloth used to carry a child on the back’
*SabaRat		‘south wind (?)’
*sabay		‘do something together with others’
*Sabij		‘twins of the same sex’
*Sabit		‘long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying’
*sabsab		1. ‘slurp up food or water, eat like a pig or dog’ 2. ‘gulp down’
*SadiRi		‘housepost’
*Sadu		‘many, much, plenty’
*saheNaR		‘to shine, of the sun’
*Sajek		1. ‘smell’ 2. ‘to smell (transitive)’
*Sajek-en		‘to smell’
*sakal		‘restraining device on animals’
*saka-pitu		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*sakat		‘rise">rise, climb up’
*sakay		‘walk’
*sakeC		‘muntjac, barking deer’
*saksak		‘hack, chop into pieces’
*SakuC		1. ‘transport piecemeal’ 2. ‘tranport through repeated trips’
*sakut		‘to carry, transport, move something’
*Salas		‘forest, wilderness, woods’
*salaw		‘to pour, of heavy rain’
*saleŋ		‘pine tree, pitch pine’
*saliw		‘buy, sell’
*Samaq		‘plant: Lactuca indica Linn., and Sonchus oleraceus Linn.’
*samaq		‘remnant, leftover’
*SameCi		‘plant: Solanum nigrum’
*Samud		‘plant, sesame: Sesamum indicum’
*samuR		1. ‘to mix’ 2. ‘mixture’
*Sanaq		‘river otter’
*saŋeday		‘lean or rest on’
*saNiw		‘whetstone’
*sapaq		‘stream, river’
*SapaR		‘unroll a mat, spread out a mat’
*sapaw		‘field hut’
*sapay		‘drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth’
*Sapejiq		‘smart’
*sapet		‘grab with the hand, catch’
*Sapiq		‘flattened’
*Sapit		‘press together, press between two surfaces’
*SapSap		‘feel, grope’
*sa-puluq		‘ten’
*SapuSap		‘feel, grope’
*saput		‘to pick up with something to avoid getting dirty or burned’
*Sapuy		‘fire’
*saqit		1. ‘hook’ 2. ‘to hang up’
*saqsaq		‘bamboo which has been split and flattened’
*SaRuŋ		‘snore, groan, etc.’
*Sasak		1. ‘ripe’ 2. ‘cooked’
*Sasaq		‘whet, sharpen’
*Sasaq-an		‘whetstone, grindstone’
*Sa-Sepat		‘four (of humans)’
*sa-supay-an		‘whetstone’
*SateD		1. ‘accompany, escort’ 2. ‘send, return’
*SateD-an		‘escort, accompany (imperative)’
*Sauni		‘in a little while, momentarily, later’
*Saw		‘question particle’
*Sawak		‘waist, back of the waist’
*Sawiki		‘betel nut: nut of Areca catechu’
*SawSaw		‘wash, rinse’
*SayaN		‘termite’
*SebaN		‘carry a child with a carrying cloth’
*sebu		‘bladder’
*SebuC		‘pluck, pull up (as weeds)’
*sebuS		1. ‘douse a fire, extinguish a fire with water’ 2. ‘to hiss, as water on fire’’
*sedu		‘hiccough’
*sejep		‘enter, penetrate’
*Sekak		‘to crow, to caw’
*Seked		‘stop an activity, take a break, rest’
*sekel		‘bend, bow’
*seksek		1. ‘to stuff, cram in’ 2. ‘crowded’
*SekuC		‘hunched over, stoop-shouldered’
*Selem		‘dark, dim’
*selem		1. ‘sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water’ 2. ‘to set, of the sun’
*selsel		‘insert, cram in’
*Sema		‘tongue’
*Semay		‘cooked rice’
*Semut		‘smother’
*Señaw		‘to wash’
*Seŋad		‘to breathe’
*Seŋaw		‘to breathe (?)’
*seŋet		‘to sting or bite, of an insect’
*seŋseŋ		‘cork, stopper, plug’
*Sepat		‘four’
*Sepi		‘dream’
*sepiq		‘break off fruit or branches’
*sepsep		‘sip, suck’
*sepsep-en		‘suck’
*sequŋ		‘horn of an animal’
*SeReC		1. ‘to bind tightly’ 2. ‘belt’
*Sesi		‘flesh, meat’
*Setek		‘cut, sever, chop’
*Seyaq		1. ‘shyness, embarrassment’ 2. ‘shame’
*Seyup		‘blow’
*Seyup-an		‘blow’
*Sezam		‘borrow, lend’
*Si-		‘origin’
*Si-		‘to wear, put on clothes, etc.’
*Si-		‘verbal prefix marking instrumental or benefactive voice’
*si		‘nominative case marker for singular personal names or kin terms used as personal names’
*si amax		‘father (ref.)’
*si ia		‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she, it’
*si ia		1. ‘demonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here’ 2. ‘that, there’
*siap		‘chick’
*sibu		‘urine’
*Sidi		‘Formosan serow, mountain goat’
*sidu		‘spoon, ladle’
*sihikay		‘maggot’
*si-ima		‘who?’
*Sijap		‘broom’
*Sika-		‘prefix for ordinal numbers’
*Sikad		1. ‘ashamed’ 2. ‘shy’
*Sika-duSa		‘second’
*Si-kaen		‘eat’
*Sika-lima		‘fifth (ordinal numeral)’
*Sikam		‘mat’
*Sikan		‘fish’
*Sika-pitu		‘seven’
*Sika-puluq		‘ten’
*Sika-Siwa		‘ninth’
*Sika-telu		‘third’
*Siket		‘tie, bind, attach to by tying’
*sikux		‘elbow’
*Si-lahud		‘wind from the sea (?)’
*silaq		‘split’
*SimaR		‘grease, oil, fat’
*Simu		‘2p pronoun: you’
*Sin-		‘verb prefix’
*Sina		‘plant: Erechtites spp.’
*siNaR		‘sun’
*Siñaw		‘to wash’
*Siñaw-an		‘wash’
*Siŋus		‘sniff, sniffle (as with a runny nose)’
*SiNuq		‘beads, necklace’
*SipaR		‘opposite side (esp. of a river)’
*Sipes		‘cockroach’
*Sipi		‘dream’
*sipiŋ		‘supernumerary, as an extra finger or toe’
*sipit		1. ‘tongs, pincers, claw of a crab or lobster’ 2. ‘to pinch or squeeze’
*sipsip		‘sip, suck’
*SipuR		‘to count’
*siRa		‘yesterday’
*SiRup		‘sip, as soup or rice wine from a bowl’
*siRup		‘to sip, as through a straw’
*SiSiN		‘omen bird: Alcippe spp.’
*Siwa		‘nine’
*siwaq		‘fissure, split in something’
*Siwid		‘slant’
*siwsiw		1. ‘to cheep’ 2. ‘baby chick’
*Su-		‘take off, remove (+ noun)’
*su		‘nominative case marker for common nouns’
*Suab		‘yawn’
*Suaji		‘younger sibling’
*Suaji-an		‘called or regarded as siblings (?)’
*Suaw		‘yawn’
*suiq		‘bird: the sandpiper (?)’
*suked		1. ‘prop, support’ 2. ‘to prop up or support’
*suksuk		1. ‘pierce, penetrate’ 2. ‘insert’
*sukud		‘walking stick, cane, staff’
*SulaR		‘snake’
*Sulem		‘dim’
*suleN		‘insert, plug’
*suli		‘to reverse, turn around’
*Sulij		‘lie or sleep next to’
*SulSul		‘to masturbate’
*sulud		‘push’
*SuluR		‘lower or let down, as on a rope’
*suNaR		‘light, radiance’
*suŋa		‘do wrong, do in reverse’
*Suni		‘chirp’
*SuNus		‘withdraw, pull out, extract’
*supay		‘whet’
*Supiq		‘plant shoot’
*supsup		‘sip, suck’
*suqaR		‘thorn’
*SuqSuq		‘drip or drain out’
*suquN		‘carry on the head’
*SuRas		‘wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes)’
*SuRay		1. ‘to pass, of time’ 2. ‘to pass time idly’
*SuReNa		‘snow’
*SuRSuR		1. ‘draw string’ 2. ‘to thread a drawstring’
*suRuq		‘to call on a person to do something’
*SuRut		‘pull, draw’
*SuRut-en		‘pull’
*susu		1. ‘female breast’ 2. ‘udder’
*susuN		‘to stack up’
*SuSuq		‘drip or drain out’
*Suyeʔab		‘to yawn’
*Suʔu		‘2sg. agent/possessor’
*t<in>aNek		‘boiled foods other than rice?’
*t<in>ektek		‘was chopped up’
*t<in>enun		1. ‘was woven by someone’ 2. ‘what was woven’
*t<in>enun-an		‘woven cloth’
*t<in>uduq		‘drip’
*t<um>aNek		‘to cook anything but rice’
*t<um>anem		‘to plant’
*t<um>aRah		‘to wait’
*t<um>aRaq		‘to adze wood, hew wood with an adze’
*t<um>azem		‘sharp’
*t<um>ebek		‘to pierce, to stab’
*t<um>enun		‘to weave’
*t<um>iktik		‘to tattoo someone’
*t<um>imaNa		‘to hear, listen’
*t<um>uba		‘to stun fish with plant poison’
*t<um>ukad		‘to climb, as a mountain or steps’
*t<um>umaNa		‘to hear, listen’
*t<um>uzuq		‘to point at, point out, lecture or instruct, give advice’
*t<um>əktək		‘to chop, hack, cut off’
*-ta		‘1pl. incl. genitive suffix’
*ta-		‘1pl. incl. nominative and hortative pronoun’
*ta-amax		‘father (ref.)’
*tabaN		‘head trophy, trophy taken in headhunting (?)’
*tabi		‘plough’
*tabtab		1. ‘slurp up food or water’ 2. ‘eat like a pig or dog’ 3. ‘gulp down’
*tabukul		‘casting net for fishing’
*tadaw		‘kind of large knife’
*tageRaŋ		‘ribcage’
*ta-ina		‘mother (ref.)’
*taina		‘female, of animals’
*takep		‘to lay something on top of another’
*takes		1. ‘to wrap around’ 2. ‘embrace, hug’
*takis		‘sword’
*taktak		‘clatter, clack’
*taktak		1. ‘to fall, of many things at once’ 2. ‘to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something’
*taku		1. ‘dipper, scoop’ 2. ‘to scoop, ladle up’
*takut		‘fear’
*talaw		1. ‘fear, fearful’ 2. ‘coward’
*taliuk		‘turn, go around’
*tama		1. ‘appropriate, suitable, right’ 2. ‘fit together’ 3. ‘hit the mark’
*tamtam		‘smack the lips’
*tamuhuŋ		‘hat, head covering’
*taNah		‘red’
*tañam		‘try, taste’
*tanaq		‘plant: Aralia decaisneana (Hance)’
*taNaS		1. ‘village’ 2. ‘place of residence’
*tanayan		‘bamboo sp.’
*taNek		‘to cook anything but rice’
*taNek-en		‘cook’
*tanem-an		‘area that is planted(?)’
*taŋa		‘to open’
*taNiud		‘mulberry tree and fruit: Morus formosensis (Hotta)’
*tapeS		‘winnow’
*tapeS-i		‘to winnow’
*tapis		‘loincloth (?)’
*tapun		‘gather, assemble’
*tapus		‘end, complete, finish’
*taqan		1. ‘snare trap’ 2. ‘set a snare trap’
*taR-		‘prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action’
*taRah		‘to wait’
*taRaq		‘hewing with an adze’
*taRaq-i		‘Adze it!, Hew it!’
*ta(R)kes		‘wrap around, encircle’
*taRuqan		1. ‘field hut’ 2. ‘temporary shelter used when working for extended periods in fields far from the village’
*tastas		‘sever, cut through, rip out stitches’
*tata		‘collateral consanguine of the first ascending generation’
*tatak		‘hoe’
*ta-telu		‘three (of humans)’
*ta-tenun-an		‘loom’
*tebaS		‘to cut, clear vegetation’
*tebek		‘pierce, stab’
*tebteb		‘to cut’
*tebuS		‘sugarcane: Saccharum officinarum’
*teda		‘leftover, remainder’
*teguŋ		‘to boom, sound">resound’
*tekep		1. ‘cover’ 2. ‘to cover with a flat surface’
*tekiq		1. ‘high-pitched sound’ 2. ‘chirp of a gecko’
*tektek		‘chopping to pieces, cutting up, as meat or vegetables’
*tektek		‘gecko, house lizard (onom.)’
*tektek-en		1. ‘chopped into pieces, be minced, as meat or vegetables’ 2. ‘what is chopped up or minced’
*tekuŋ		‘to rap, knock, make a booming sound’
*telu		‘three’
*teneb		‘to immerse, put under water’
*teñeb		‘submerge’
*tenem		‘sea, ocean’
*teŋiC		‘grimace at pain’
*teŋteŋ		‘drone, droning tone’
*tenun		‘to weave ( cloth)’
*tenun-an		‘loom’
*tenun-en		‘woven by someone’
*tepeŋ		‘to measure quantities, as amounts of grain’
*tepik		‘pat, light slap’
*tepuk		‘hit, sound of hitting, clapping, thumping’
*teRebeS		‘tree: Zelkova Formosana’
*teRteR		‘to tremble, shiver’
*terter		‘shiver, tremble’
*ti		1. ‘1p deixis and spatial reference: this’ 2. ‘here’
*tiaN		‘abdomen, belly’
*tibuk		‘pound, throb’
*tik		‘sound of tapping or flicking (of finger, small implement, etc.) against something’
*tikel		‘bend’
*tiktik		‘to tap, strike lightly on a hard surface’
*tiktik		‘to tattoo’
*tikuRas		‘bird: the Formosan bamboo partridge’
*timaNa		‘to hear, listen’
*timij		‘chin, jaw’
*timu		‘salt’
*timuR		‘south or east wind’
*timuRmuR		‘rinse the mouth’
*timus		‘salt’
*tinun		‘to weave cloth’
*ti-pitu		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*tiR(e)peS		‘spittle’
*tirtir		‘shiver, tremble’
*titik		‘to beat on something loudly’
*titu		1. ‘puppy’ 2. ‘young animal in general?’
*tubah		‘plant with roots that are pounded and put in rivers to stun fish: Derris elliptica’
*tudiŋ		‘to point out’
*tuduq		1. ‘to leak, drip, as a leaky roof’ 2. ‘drop of water’
*tuduq-an		‘to drip’
*tuduq-en		‘to drip’
*tuduR		‘to sleep’
*tuduS		‘knee’
*tuiq		‘bird sp.’
*tukad		1. ‘sloping upward’ 2. ‘to climb a mountain’
*tuked		‘prop, support’
*tuktuk		1. ‘beak of a bird’ 2. ‘to peck’
*tuktuk		1. ‘to knock, pound, beat’ 2. ‘crush’
*tuktuk		‘top, summit, crown’
*tuku		‘prop, post’
*tukud		‘prop, support’
*tukul		‘to sprout, begin to grow’
*tulani		‘bamboo nose flute’
*tumaNa		‘to hear, listen’
*tuNa		‘freshwater eel’
*tunuh-an		‘to roast’
*tuqaS		1. ‘old, of people’ 2. ‘primary forest, old forest’
*tuqaS tuqaS		‘old’
*tuqed		1. ‘tree stump’ 2. ‘stubble’
*tuqtuq		‘to hammer, pound, crush’
*tuquN		‘evergreen tree, probably Acacia confusa’
*turis		‘scratch a line, make a long shallow cut’
*tuRtuR		‘resonant sound’
*tuRukuk		‘chicken’
*tusuk		‘pierce, skewer or string together’
*tutuh		‘beat, pound, bump, thump’
*tutur		‘cooing of a dove’
*tutut		‘sparrow or similar bird’
*tuzuq		1. ‘to point at, point out’ 2. ‘give directions’
*tuzuq-en		‘point’
*ua		‘exclamation of surprise, etc.’
*ubuC		‘pluck, pull out’
*udu		‘grass’
*ujuŋ		‘nose’
*uka		‘negative existential: there is none’
*ulaŋ		‘repeat, do again’
*ulaw		‘confusion, perplexity’
*um-adaS		‘bring’
*um-ai		‘to come’
*um-ala		‘to fetch, get, take’
*um-alaq		‘fetch, get, take’
*umaN		‘again’
*um-aŋay		‘to leave, depart (?)’
*um-aRi		‘to come’
*umaS		‘to pickle, preserve meat or fish’
*um-imah		‘to drink’
*umuR		‘hold in the mouth’
*um-uSa		‘to go, to walk’
*um-utaq		‘to vomit’
*uNay		‘sliver, splinter, foreign body embedded in the flesh’
*uŋay		‘ritually sacrificed monkey?’
*uNuq		‘beads, necklace’
*upup		‘bullfrog’
*uReŋ		‘horn of an animal’
*uSa		‘go’
*u-Siwa		‘nine (of things?)’
*utan		‘taro variety’
*utaq		‘vomit’
*utaq-an		‘vomit (imperative)’
*utaq-en		‘vomit’
*waCaN		‘deep pool or pond’
*waCa-waCaN		‘small pond(?)’
*-wadaŋ		‘collarbone, clavicle’
*wakwak		1. ‘bird sp.’ 2. ‘to caw, crow’
*walay		‘thread’
*walu		‘eight’
*waNan		‘right ( side, hand, direction)’
*wanaN		‘right ( side, hand, direction)’
*waNiS		‘tusk of wild boar’
*waNiS-an		‘wild boar’
*waNu		‘honeybee’
*waqay		‘foot, leg’
*waqit		1. ‘barb, point’ 2. ‘canine tooth?’
*waray		‘to separate, as two people’
*waRi		1. ‘day’ 2. ‘sun’ 3. ‘dry in the sun’
*-waRwaR		‘rainbow’
*waSaw		‘leaf’
*watawat		‘wave, flutter (as a flag)’
*wa-walu		‘eight (of humans)’
*wili		‘return, come back’
*wiŋawiŋ		‘wag, shake, move repeatedly from side to side’
*wiRi		‘left side or direction’
*witiwit		‘wag, swing from side to side’
*ya		‘nominative case marker for singular common nouns’
*zalan		1. ‘path, made by a human as opposed to an animal’ 2. ‘way or means to do something’
*zalan-an		‘passage way, place where one has walked’
*zalan-zalan		‘small path or trail’
*za(ŋ)kuC		‘grab, grasp, seize’
*zaRami		‘rice straw’
*zaRem		‘needle’
*zaRum		‘needle’
*zawa		‘millet sp.: Setaria italica (?)’
*za-zalan		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*zekzek		‘to tread, trample on’
*zulu		‘earlier, in advance’

OUTOFPAPUA database: Lexicons of the West Papuan language area

Blust & Trussel (2019a): Proto-Austronesian

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