Blust & Trussel (2019a): Proto-Austronesian
Search entries
| Headword | IPA | Glosses | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *<in> | ‘perfective marker’ | ||
| *<um> | ‘verbal infix marking actor voice’ | ||
| *-a | ‘imperative suffix’ | ||
| *-a | ‘subjunctive suffix’ | ||
| *a | ‘hesitation particle’ | ||
| *a | ‘ligature’ | ||
| *aba | ‘father’ | ||
| *aCab | ‘cover’ | ||
| *aCas | ‘high, tall’ | ||
| *aCay | ‘death’ | ||
| *adaS | ‘bring, take along’ | ||
| *adi | ‘no, not’ | ||
| *a-enem | ‘six (of humans)’ | ||
| *a-esa | ‘one (of humans)’ | ||
| *ai | ‘come’ | ||
| *ai | ‘interjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc.’ | ||
| *ajem | 1. ‘heart’ 2. ‘mind’ | ||
| *aken | ‘1sg oblique’ | ||
| *aki | ‘grandfather, ancestor’ | ||
| *aku | 1. ‘1sg nominative’ 2. ‘I’ | ||
| *ala | 1. ‘take, get, fetch, obtain’ 2. ‘marry’ | ||
| *ala-en | ‘take’ | ||
| *alap | ‘fetch, get, take’ | ||
| *alaq | ‘fetch, get, take’ | ||
| *alaq-en | ‘take’ | ||
| *alikas | ‘quick, fast’ | ||
| *alim | ‘forget’ | ||
| *a(lR)im | ‘pancreas, spleen’ | ||
| *aluja | ‘to paddle’ | ||
| *alujah | ‘ant sp.’ | ||
| *amax | ‘father’ | ||
| *amen | ‘1pl ex oblique’ | ||
| *ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’ | ||
| *amin | 1. ‘all’ 2. ‘finished’ | ||
| *amu | ‘2pl. nominative pronoun’ | ||
| *-an | 1. ‘verbal suffix marking locative voice’ 2. ‘nominal suffix marking location’ | ||
| *aNak | 1. ‘child, offspring’ 2. ‘son, daughter’ 3. ‘interest on a loan’ | ||
| *aN-aNak | ‘child’ | ||
| *aNay | ‘insect of the order *Isoptera*: termite, white ant’ | ||
| *aŋay | ‘departure (?)’ | ||
| *apa | ‘carry on the back’ | ||
| *apu | ‘grandparent/ grandchild (reciprocal)’ | ||
| *apuR | ‘betel chew’ | ||
| *aRi | 1. ‘come’ 2. ‘toward the speaker’ 3. ‘let’s go!’ | ||
| *asa | ‘one’ | ||
| *asaŋ | ‘village’ | ||
| *aSik | ‘to sweep, remove trash’ | ||
| *asu | ‘dog’ | ||
| *ata | ‘1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our’ | ||
| *atuR | ‘stone wall’ | ||
| *au | ‘yes’ | ||
| *aya | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *aya | ‘exclamation of annoyance, surprise, etc.’ | ||
| *b<aR>eŋbeŋ | ‘buzz’ | ||
| *b<in>ahi | ‘woman, wife’ | ||
| *b<in>eCik | ‘tattoo’ | ||
| *b<in>elaq | ‘to have been split, cloven in two’ | ||
| *b<in>uRuk | ‘to have become rotten’ | ||
| *b<um>aliw | ‘buy’ | ||
| *b<um>asuq | ‘to wash’ | ||
| *baba | 1. ‘carry a person pick-a-back’ 2. ‘ride pick-a-back’ | ||
| *ba-bahi | ‘woman, female’ | ||
| *babaw | 1. ‘upper surface, top’ 2. ‘highlands’ 3. ‘on, upon, over, above’ | ||
| *babuy | ‘pig’ | ||
| *babuy-an | ‘pig’ | ||
| *baCaR | ‘broomcorn millet: *Panicum miliaceum*’ | ||
| *bahi | ‘female’ | ||
| *bajaq | 1. ‘know, understand’ 2. ‘ask, inquire’ | ||
| *bajiw | ‘edible mushroom sp.’ | ||
| *bakaŋ | ‘bowlegged’ | ||
| *bakaR | ‘kind of basket’ | ||
| *bakbak | ‘clap’ | ||
| *bakes | 1. ‘belt’ 2. ‘tie around the waist’ | ||
| *baki | ‘grandfather’ | ||
| *bakuŋ | ‘lily-like plant: *Crinum asiaticum* L.’ | ||
| *balalaCuk | ‘bird: the woodpecker’ | ||
| *balaŋa | ‘shallow earthenware cooking pot or pan’ | ||
| *balbal | 1. ‘beating stick’ 2. ‘to beat, beat (esp. clothes in washing them)’ | ||
| *baleŋ | ‘preserve meat in salt or brine’ | ||
| *bales | 1. ‘to answer, retaliate’ 2. ‘reciprocate good or evil’ | ||
| *bali | ‘wind’ | ||
| *baliw | ‘buy, sell’ | ||
| *baliw | ‘return’ | ||
| *baluN | ‘bind, bundle’ | ||
| *baNaR | ‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ | ||
| *baNaS | ‘male (of animals)’ | ||
| *baNaw | ‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ | ||
| *banaw | ‘lake’ | ||
| *bañaw | ‘wash the body’ | ||
| *baŋaS | ‘tree: *Melia azedarach*’ | ||
| *baŋaw | ‘paddy bug, foul-smelling insect that preys on rice in the field’ | ||
| *baŋbaŋ | ‘butterfly, moth’ | ||
| *baŋbaŋ | ‘resound resounding sound’ | ||
| *baŋeliS | 1. ‘tusk’ 2. ‘canine tooth’ | ||
| *baŋ(e)qeR | ‘rotten smell, stench’ | ||
| *baŋeS | ‘skin’ | ||
| *baŋeSiS | ‘fragrant’ | ||
| *baŋuN | ‘wake up, get out of bed’ | ||
| *baŋun | ‘Japanese cypress: *Chamaecyparis obtusa*’ | ||
| *baNiC | ‘to skin, flay’ | ||
| *baqeRuh | 1. ‘new’ 2. ‘bachelor’ | ||
| *baqeSiŋ | ‘sneeze’ | ||
| *baqi | ‘grandmother’ | ||
| *baRah | ‘ember, glowing coal’ | ||
| *baRaŋ | ‘rib (?)’ | ||
| *baRaq | ‘lung’ | ||
| *baRat | ‘cross’ | ||
| *baRat | ‘cucumber: *Cucumis sativus*’ | ||
| *barat | ‘cross’ | ||
| *baReq | ‘abscess, boil, swelling on the body’ | ||
| *baRija | ‘weaver's sword ( lath used to beat in and tighten the woof)’ | ||
| *baRiuS | ‘typhoon’ | ||
| *baRuj | ‘dove: probably *Ducula* spp.’ | ||
| *baSaq | 1. ‘flood’ 2. ‘to overflow, be in flood’ | ||
| *baSaw | 1. ‘cold, of leftover food’ 2. ‘leftovers from a meal’ | ||
| *baSay | ‘hairy vine: *Pueraria hirsuta*’ | ||
| *basbas | ‘hit, strike’ | ||
| *basbas | ‘sprinkle’ | ||
| *baseq | ‘wash clothes’ | ||
| *basuq | ‘to wash’ | ||
| *batu | ‘to throw’ | ||
| *batux | 1. ‘stone’ 2. ‘testicle’ | ||
| *bayu | ‘to pound rice’ | ||
| *beCeŋ | ‘millet sp., probably foxtail millet: *Setaria italica*’ | ||
| *beCik | ‘tattoo’ | ||
| *beCu | ‘callus, blister’ | ||
| *bedul | ‘swelling of the body’ | ||
| *bejbej | 1. ‘wrap around repeatedly, bind by wrapping’ 2. ‘bundle of wrapped material’ | ||
| *bekas | ‘swift, fast’ | ||
| *bekas | ‘to spring a trap’ | ||
| *bekbek | ‘sound of breaking, etc.’ | ||
| *bekuC | 1. ‘to bend over, bend down (of a person)’ 2. ‘hunchbacked’ | ||
| *belaq | ‘part of something split’ | ||
| *beli | ‘to buy’ | ||
| *benan | ‘deer of the genus *Cervus*, either the sika deer or sambar deer’ | ||
| *beNbeN | ‘banana: *Musa sapientum* L.’ | ||
| *beNelem | ‘overcast, twilight’ | ||
| *beŋbeŋ | ‘block’ | ||
| *beŋbeŋ | ‘buzz, hum’ | ||
| *beNuC | ‘pull out, extract’ | ||
| *beRas | 1. ‘rice between harvesting and cooking’ 2. ‘husked rice’ | ||
| *beRas-an | ‘container in which rice is stored’ | ||
| *beRay | ‘give’ | ||
| *beRek | ‘domesticated pig’ | ||
| *beReqaŋ | ‘molar tooth’ | ||
| *beriq | ‘split, tear open’ | ||
| *beRŋaw | ‘bluebottle, large fly’ | ||
| *beRŋi-n | ‘night’ | ||
| *beRuS | ‘plant: *Rhus semialata*’ | ||
| *bes | ‘whizzing sound’ | ||
| *besuR | ‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ | ||
| *betak | ‘crack, split open (as dry ground)’ | ||
| *beties | ‘calf of the leg’ | ||
| *betik | 1. ‘snap the fingers’ 2. ‘flick with the finger, fillip’ | ||
| *betuŋ | ‘bamboo of very large diameter, probably *Dendrocalamus* sp.’ | ||
| *biaC | ‘draw a bow to its full extent’ | ||
| *biCuka | ‘stomach’ | ||
| *bilaŋ | 1. ‘to count, calculate’ 2. ‘hold valuable’ | ||
| *biliN | ‘to follow after someone, walk behind’ | ||
| *bineSiq | ‘seed set aside for the next planting’ | ||
| *biŋiC | ‘moody, irritable’ | ||
| *biNiC | ‘hold in the hand’ | ||
| *biqel | ‘goiter’ | ||
| *biqiR | ‘off-, off- balance’ | ||
| *biqut | ‘curved, crooked, bent’ | ||
| *biraŋ | ‘anger, angry’ | ||
| *biRaq | ‘wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro, *Alocasia* spp.’ | ||
| *biRaS | ‘roe, fish eggs’ | ||
| *biRaSu | ‘cane grass, *Miscanthus* sp.’ | ||
| *biRbiR | ‘lip’ | ||
| *birbir | ‘shiver, shake, tremble’ | ||
| *biriC | ‘to tear, rip’ | ||
| *bisuR | ‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ | ||
| *bitbit | ‘pull at some part of the body’ | ||
| *bituqen | ‘star’ | ||
| *bua | ‘foam, bubbles, froth’ | ||
| *buak | ‘bubbling up (as spring water)’ | ||
| *bual | ‘spring, source of fresh water’ | ||
| *buaq | ‘fruit’ | ||
| *buay | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *bubu | ‘conical bamboo basket trap for fish’ | ||
| *bubu | ‘grandparent’ | ||
| *bubuR | ‘jellyfish’ | ||
| *buCa | 1. ‘mote in the eye’ 2. ‘blind’ 3. ‘blindness’ | ||
| *buCa-en maCa | ‘get a mote in the eye’ | ||
| *buCaq | ‘foam, froth’ | ||
| *buCbuC | ‘pull up (as weeds), pluck (as feathers)’ | ||
| *buCu | 1. ‘callus, corn’ 2. ‘blister’ | ||
| *buCuq | ‘testicles’ | ||
| *buhaŋ | ‘hole, pit’ | ||
| *buhet | ‘squirrel’ | ||
| *bujeq | ‘foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth’ | ||
| *bukas | ‘release, undo’ | ||
| *bukeS | ‘head hair’ | ||
| *bukij | 1. ‘mountain’ 2. ‘forested inland mountain areas’ | ||
| *bukuN | ‘back (anat.)’ | ||
| *bula | ‘to give’ | ||
| *bulaN | 1. ‘moon, month’ 2. ‘menstruation’ | ||
| *bulaR | 1. ‘cataract of the eye’ 2. ‘hazy or blurred vision’ | ||
| *bulaw | ‘golden colored’ | ||
| *bulaw-an | ‘gold’ | ||
| *bulbul | ‘dust, pulverized stone’ | ||
| *buled | ‘mountain’ | ||
| *buleS | ‘tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany: *Shorea albus* Foxw.’ | ||
| *buli- | ‘prefix of the *qali, *kali- series’ | ||
| *bulilik | ‘lizard sp.’ | ||
| *buluN | ‘companion’ | ||
| *buluq | 1. ‘type of slender bamboo’ 2. ‘*Schizostachyum* spp.’ | ||
| *bunabun | ‘rice seedling’ | ||
| *bunaj | ‘sand’ | ||
| *buNbuN | 1. ‘fontanelle’ 2. ‘crown of the head’ | ||
| *buŋa | ‘flower, blossom’ | ||
| *buŋuh | ‘head’ | ||
| *buŋuR | ‘tree sp.’ | ||
| *buNi | ‘to hide, conceal’ | ||
| *buNuq | ‘constellation: the Pleiades’ | ||
| *buNuq | ‘throw at, hit with a projectile’ | ||
| *bunuR | 1. ‘to swell’ 2. ‘swollen’ | ||
| *bunuS | ‘machete’ | ||
| *buqaya | ‘crocodile’ | ||
| *buRaw | ‘drive off, chase away, expel’ | ||
| *buRay | ‘flower’ | ||
| *buReS | ‘spray water from the mouth’ | ||
| *buRuk | 1. ‘rotten meat’ 2. ‘addled eggs’ 3. ‘bad character’ | ||
| *buSuk | ‘drunkenness, intoxication’ | ||
| *busuR | ‘enemy’ | ||
| *busuR | ‘hunting bow’ | ||
| *buuŋ | ‘buzzing or humming sound’ | ||
| *C<in>akaw | 1. ‘what is stolen, stolen goods’ 2. ‘was stolen (past tense of direct passive)’ | ||
| *C<in>aliS | 1. ‘was made into rope’ 2. ‘what was made into rope’ | ||
| *C<in>apa | ‘smoke’ | ||
| *C<in>aqi | ‘small intestine’ | ||
| *C<in>aqiS | ‘sew’ | ||
| *C<in>uNuh | ‘roast’ | ||
| *C<um>abu | ‘to wrap’ | ||
| *C<um>aki | ‘defecate’ | ||
| *C<um>aliS | ‘to tie with rope, fasten with rope’ | ||
| *C<um>aŋis | ‘to weep, cry, mourn’ | ||
| *C<um>apu | ‘to sweep’ | ||
| *C<um>aqi | ‘to defecate’ | ||
| *C<um>aqiS | ‘to sew’ | ||
| *C<um>ubuq | ‘to sprout, to grow’ | ||
| *C<um>ugCug | ‘knock or bump the head’ | ||
| *C<um>uNuh | ‘to roast (intr.)’ | ||
| *C<um>uSuR | ‘to string beads, etc.’ | ||
| *CabCab | ‘clap, beat, hack’ | ||
| *Cabu | ‘to wrap’ | ||
| *Ca-Capuh | ‘broom’ | ||
| *Ca-CaqiS | ‘sew’ | ||
| *CaCaw | ‘pupil of the eye’ | ||
| *Ca-Cawa | ‘to laugh’ | ||
| *Cakaw | ‘steal’ | ||
| *Cakaw-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *Caki | ‘feces, excreta’ | ||
| *Cali | ‘cultivated taro: *Colocasia esculenta*’ | ||
| *Caliŋa | ‘ear’ | ||
| *Caliŋa nu kaSiw | ‘wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks’ | ||
| *CaliS | ‘rope, cord, twine, string’ | ||
| *CaluN | 1. ‘fallow land’ 2. ‘secondary forest’ | ||
| *CaNem | 1. ‘grave’ 2. ‘to bury’ | ||
| *CaNem-en | ‘what is buried or planted’ | ||
| *Caŋelaj | ‘elephant grass, miscanthus grass: *Themeda gigantea*’ | ||
| *Caŋila | ‘ear’ | ||
| *Caŋis | 1. ‘weep, cry’ 2. ‘mourn’ 3. ‘to beseech’ | ||
| *Caŋis-an | ‘to cry over something or someone’ | ||
| *CaNum | ‘carry water’ | ||
| *Capa | ‘to smoke fish or meat for preservation’ | ||
| *Capaŋ | ‘patch, as on clothing’ | ||
| *Capel | 1. ‘patch’ 2. ‘to patch’ | ||
| *Capuh | ‘sweep’ | ||
| *Caqi | ‘feces, excrement’ | ||
| *CaqiS | ‘to sew’ | ||
| *CaqiS-an | ‘sew’ | ||
| *Caqu | ‘to know how, be able to, be skilled at’ | ||
| *Caqu-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *CaSaw | ‘open-’ | ||
| *Cau | ‘person, human being’ | ||
| *Cau Cau | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *Cau nu maCa | ‘pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)’ | ||
| *Cawa | ‘to laugh’ | ||
| *CawiN | ‘year’ | ||
| *Cazem | ‘sharp (of point or blade)’ | ||
| *Cebak | ‘smack against’ | ||
| *Cebej | ‘spring of water, spring water’ | ||
| *Cebiq | ‘split, divide, break off’ | ||
| *Cebuj | ‘natural spring, fresh water spring’ | ||
| *Cebuk | ‘thud’ | ||
| *CebuN | ‘smoke’ | ||
| *Cebuŋ | ‘to meet, come together’ | ||
| *CebuS | ‘sugarcane: *Saccharum officinarum*’ | ||
| *CegCeg | ‘beat, pound, hit’ | ||
| *CegCeg | ‘to beat, pound on’ | ||
| *CekCek | ‘pierce, penetrate’ | ||
| *Ceked | ‘to rest, take a break from work or other activity’ | ||
| *CekeS | ‘kind of very slender bamboo’ | ||
| *Celaq | ‘crack, split, fissure’ | ||
| *CelCel | ‘beat, pound’ | ||
| *Ceme-Cemel | ‘uncultivated land’ | ||
| *Cemel | 1. ‘grass, herbs’ 2. ‘medicine’ | ||
| *Cenek | ‘thorn’ | ||
| *CeRab | ‘belch’ | ||
| *Cesek | ‘insert, pierce, penetrate’ | ||
| *Cidu | ‘spoon, ladle, dipper’ | ||
| *Cikel | ‘return, go back’ | ||
| *CiŋaS | ‘food particles caught between the teeth’ | ||
| *Ciqaw | ‘fish sp.’ | ||
| *-Cu | 1. ‘spatio- deixis and spatio- temporal reference: that’ 2. ‘there, then’ | ||
| *Cubuq | ‘plant sprout’ | ||
| *CugCug | ‘hit something against something else’ | ||
| *CugCug | ‘knock or bump the head’ | ||
| *Cukul | ‘huddle, bow the head’ | ||
| *Culi | ‘deaf’ | ||
| *Cumay | ‘Formosan black bear’ | ||
| *Cumek | 1. ‘pulverize’ 2. ‘crumble’ | ||
| *CumeS | 1. ‘clothes louse’ 2. ‘body louse’ | ||
| *CuŋCuŋ | ‘make a booming sound’ | ||
| *CuNuh | ‘roast food over a fire’ | ||
| *CuNuh-an | ‘to roast’ | ||
| *CuqelaN | 1. ‘condylar bone’ 2. ‘bone of fauna exclusive of fish’ | ||
| *CuquR | ‘tree: *Bischofia javanica*’ | ||
| *Curis | ‘scratch a line’ | ||
| *CuSuR | ‘string together, as beads’ | ||
| *CuSuR-en | ‘strung, be skewered’ | ||
| *Cuzuq | ‘index finger’ | ||
| *d<um>akep | 1. ‘to catch, capture’ 2. ‘embrace’ | ||
| *d<um>akiS | ‘climb, ascend’ | ||
| *d<um>ilaq | ‘to lick’ | ||
| *da | ‘locative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. *di, *du)’ | ||
| *da-amax | ‘father’ | ||
| *dadaN | 1. ‘old, of things’ 2. ‘ancient times’ | ||
| *da-duSa | ‘two, of people’ | ||
| *dajam | ‘accustomed to, tame’ | ||
| *dajem | ‘chills, as of malaria’ | ||
| *dakep | 1. ‘catch, seize’ 2. ‘embrace’ | ||
| *dakep-en | ‘caught, captured’ | ||
| *dakeS | ‘tree: the camphor laurel: *Cinnamomum* spp.’ | ||
| *daki | 1. ‘dirt on skin’ 2. ‘dandruff’ | ||
| *dakiS | ‘climb, ascend’ | ||
| *dakuC | ‘snatch, grab’ | ||
| *dalayap | ‘kind of citrus tree and fruit’ | ||
| *dalem | 1. ‘in, inside’ 2. ‘deep’ | ||
| *damaR | ‘tree resin used in torches (?)’ | ||
| *damuq | ‘dew’ | ||
| *damuq | ‘menstrual blood?’ | ||
| *danaw | ‘lake’ | ||
| *daŋdaŋ | 1. ‘broil’ 2. ‘warm oneself or something near a fire’ | ||
| *daŋdaŋ-an | ‘place something near a fire’ | ||
| *daNi | 1. ‘soon, presently’ 2. ‘almost’ | ||
| *daNum | ‘fresh water’ | ||
| *danum-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *dapa | ‘palm of the hand’ | ||
| *dapaN | 1. ‘sole of the foot’ 2. ‘footprint’ | ||
| *dapuR | ‘pile up, as stones’ | ||
| *daqaN | ‘old, ancient’ | ||
| *daqaNi | ‘day’ | ||
| *daqiS | 1. ‘forehead’ 2. ‘face’ | ||
| *daqu | ‘soapberry: *Sapindus mukrossi*, *S. saponaria*’ | ||
| *daRa | ‘Formosan maple: *Liquidambar formosana*’ | ||
| *daRaq | 1. ‘blood’ 2. ‘to bleed’ 3. ‘menstruate’ | ||
| *daReq | ‘soil, probably clay’ | ||
| *daRiŋ | ‘groan, moan’ | ||
| *daRiq | ‘soil, probably clay’ | ||
| *daSdaS | ‘chest (anat.)’ | ||
| *dataR | ‘flat, flat or level land’ | ||
| *dawiN | ‘far’ | ||
| *daya | ‘upriver, toward the interior’ | ||
| *debdeb | ‘chest’ | ||
| *dekdek | ‘to tamp down, compact something’ | ||
| *dekeC | ‘paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice)’ | ||
| *dekep | ‘embrace’ | ||
| *dekiŋ | ‘to bark, of a deer’ | ||
| *deles | ‘bowstring’ | ||
| *demdem | ‘brood, hold a grudge, remember, keep still’ | ||
| *demdem | 1. ‘gloom, darkness’ 2. ‘dark, overcast, gloomy’ | ||
| *deŋdeŋ | 1. ‘thunder’ 2. ‘roaring or thunderous sound’ | ||
| *deŋeR | 1. ‘to hear’ 2. ‘sound’ | ||
| *depah | ‘fathom’ | ||
| *depuŋ | ‘venomous snake’ | ||
| *deRdeR | ‘thunder’ | ||
| *deRuŋ | ‘distant rolling thunder’ | ||
| *deruŋ | ‘deep booming boom’ | ||
| *detdet | ‘packed tightly together’ | ||
| *di | ‘locative case marker (probably for singular personal names; *cf.* *<pwd>da</pwd>, *<pwd>du</pwd>)’ | ||
| *dikeC | ‘sticky, adhesive’ | ||
| *dikit | ‘little, few, small in amount’ | ||
| *dilaq | ‘to lick’ | ||
| *diNaŋ | 1. ‘rust’ 2. ‘hematite’ | ||
| *di-ni | ‘here’ | ||
| *diRi | ‘to stand’ | ||
| *diRus | ‘bathe’ | ||
| *disdis | ‘cut, slice’ | ||
| *diteq | ‘sticky substance’ | ||
| *dua | ‘over there, yonder’ | ||
| *du-duSa | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *duhduh | ‘thunder’ | ||
| *dukduk | ‘ginger’ | ||
| *dukduk | ‘to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab’ | ||
| *duma | 1. ‘someone’ 2. ‘other people’ 3. ‘different’ | ||
| *du(ŋ)kuŋ | ‘bend, curve’ | ||
| *duRi | ‘thorn’ | ||
| *duSa | ‘two’ | ||
| *duSa duSa | 1. ‘two by two, two at a time’ 2. ‘two each’ | ||
| *duSa-en | ‘divided into two’ | ||
| *edem | ‘soak, dye’ | ||
| *-en | 1. ‘verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice’ 2. ‘nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action’ | ||
| *enem | ‘six’ | ||
| *esa | ‘one’ | ||
| *g<um>aruC | ‘to comb’ | ||
| *gaCel | ‘itch, feel itchy’ | ||
| *gaRaŋ | ‘small edible freshwater crab’ | ||
| *garaŋ | ‘fierce, intense, as of appetite or temper’ | ||
| *garuC | ‘comb’ | ||
| *gayaŋ | ‘hunting spear’ | ||
| *geCel | ‘to pinch’ | ||
| *gemel | ‘take in the hand, clasp, grasp’ | ||
| *gemgem | 1. ‘fist’ 2. ‘hold in the fist’ | ||
| *gereC | ‘slit an animal's throat’ | ||
| *gerger | ‘shake, shiver, tremble’ | ||
| *geriC | ‘gnaw of ripping, gnawing, etc.’ | ||
| *getil | ‘to pinch’ | ||
| *giŋgiŋ | ‘cold, shivering’ | ||
| *giRiŋ | ‘ring’ | ||
| *gisgis | ‘rub, scrape against’ | ||
| *guCguC | ‘pluck, pull out’ | ||
| *guCguC | ‘to scratch, as an itch’ | ||
| *gumuN | ‘body hair’ | ||
| *guŋguŋ | ‘deep resounding sound’ | ||
| *gurgur | ‘boil of boiling water’ | ||
| *guRiCa | ‘octopus’ | ||
| *guris | 1. ‘line’ 2. ‘scratch a line’ | ||
| *guSam | ‘fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush’ | ||
| *gusgus | ‘to scrape, scratch, rub’ | ||
| *gusi | ‘gums’ | ||
| *gutgut | ‘front teeth, incisors’ | ||
| *haŋut | ‘smell, odor’ | ||
| *hesek | ‘drive in stakes or posts’ | ||
| *hisep | ‘suck, inhale’ | ||
| *hukaq | ‘loosen, open’ | ||
| *hulhul | ‘to bark, of a dog’ | ||
| *huRaC | 1. ‘artery, blood vessel, blood vein’ 2. ‘muscle’ 3. ‘nerve’ 4. ‘sinew’ 5. ‘tendon’ | ||
| *-i | ‘imperative suffix’ | ||
| *i | ‘exclamation of wonder, disgust, etc.’ | ||
| *i | ‘in’ | ||
| *i | ‘personal article’ | ||
| *i aCas | ‘above, on top’ | ||
| *i babaw | ‘above, on top of’ | ||
| *ia | 1. ‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she’ 2. ‘him, her, it’ | ||
| *i-aku | ‘1sg., I, me’ | ||
| *i-amen | ‘1pl. ex oblique’ | ||
| *i-ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative, we’ | ||
| *ian | ‘dwell, reside, live in a place’ | ||
| *ia-ni | 1. ‘this’ 2. ‘here’ | ||
| *ibaS | ‘companion, close relative, other one’ | ||
| *i-Cu | ‘that (2p)’ | ||
| *idas | ‘affine of Ego's generation’ | ||
| *ijan | ‘when?’ | ||
| *i-kaSu | ‘2sg., you’ | ||
| *ikuD | ‘to follow’ | ||
| *ikud | ‘to sit’ | ||
| *ikuR | ‘tail’ | ||
| *iluR | ‘river channel’ | ||
| *ima | ‘who?’ | ||
| *imah | ‘drink’ | ||
| *ina | ‘mother, mother's sister’ | ||
| *in-alap | ‘take’ | ||
| *iná-q | ‘mother, mother's sister (address, vocative)’ | ||
| *iŋ(e)pis | ‘thin (of material objects)’ | ||
| *iŋsuŋ | ‘wooden rice mortar’ | ||
| *i-ni | ‘this, here’ | ||
| *ini | ‘negative marker: no, not’ | ||
| *i-nu | ‘place which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where?’ | ||
| *inu | ‘where?’ | ||
| *ipit | 1. ‘near, come near’ 2. ‘edge, border’ | ||
| *iRik | ‘thresh with the feet (as rice)’ | ||
| *isa | ‘one’ | ||
| *isa isa | 1. ‘distributive’ 2. ‘one-by-one, one at a time’ | ||
| *isa-ŋa | ‘remaining one’ | ||
| *iSeq | ‘urine, urinate’ | ||
| *isi | 1. ‘flesh (of humans, animals, fruits, tubers)’ 2. ‘reside’ 3. ‘blade of a knife’ 4. ‘inhabitants, residents’ | ||
| *iSiq | ‘urine, urinate’ | ||
| *iSu | ‘2sg. personal pronoun: you’ | ||
| *ita | ‘we (incl.)’ | ||
| *iten | ‘1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.)’ | ||
| *iten | ‘we (incl.)’ | ||
| *i-ti | 1. ‘1p deixis and spatial reference: this’ 2. ‘here’ | ||
| *iuk | ‘citrus fruit (both orange and pomelo?)’ | ||
| *k<aN>uSkuS | ‘claw, talon, fingernail’ | ||
| *k<ar>uSkuS | ‘scrape, scratch something from a surface’ | ||
| *k<in>a-Cau-an | ‘nature, character’ | ||
| *k<in>aCu | 1. ‘was brought’ 2. ‘what was brought’ | ||
| *k<in>aen | ‘eat’ | ||
| *k<in>aen-an | ‘eat’ | ||
| *k<in>alih-an | ‘place that has been dug up’ | ||
| *k<in>aRaC-an | ‘bite of an animal’ | ||
| *k<in>uja | ‘what has been said/done (to cause someone to react)?’ | ||
| *k<um>aCu | ‘to bring, to carry along’ | ||
| *k<um>aen | ‘to eat’ | ||
| *k<um>ahuS | ‘scoop up’ | ||
| *k<um>ali | ‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’ | ||
| *k<um>aRaC | ‘to bite’ | ||
| *k<um>aRaw | ‘to scratch an itch’ | ||
| *k<um>aSiw | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *k<um>auS | ‘to scoop up, as with a fish net’ | ||
| *k<um>eRet | ‘cut something slender’ | ||
| *k<um>etun | ‘chop up, as firewood’ | ||
| *k<um>iRim | ‘to seek, search, look for’ | ||
| *k<um>ita | ‘to see’ | ||
| *k<um>uCu | ‘to de louse’ | ||
| *k<um>uja | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *k<um>uRi | ‘to rake’ | ||
| *k<um>uSkuS | ‘to scrape’ | ||
| *ka | ‘conditional, if’ | ||
| *ka | ‘conjunctive particle, and’ | ||
| *ka | ‘oblique case marker for plural personal names’ | ||
| *ka- | ‘formative for abstract nouns of quality’ | ||
| *ka- | ‘marker of past time in temporal expressions’ | ||
| *ka- | ‘stative marker in irrealis constructions, counterpart to <pwd>*ma-</pwd> in realis constructions’ | ||
| *ka- -an | ‘formative for abstract nouns (often deverbal)’ | ||
| *ka- -an | ‘formative for nouns of location’ | ||
| *ka- -an | ‘marker of the adversative passive’ | ||
| *ka-aCay | ‘kill (?)’ | ||
| *ka-aCay-an | ‘lose someone through death (?)’ | ||
| *ka-bajaq | ‘know, understand’ | ||
| *kabal | ‘clothing’ | ||
| *kabaR | ‘clothing’ | ||
| *kabit | ‘hook’ | ||
| *kabus | ‘shrimp, lobster’ | ||
| *ka-CaSaw-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ka-Cau-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *kaCu | ‘bring, carry’ | ||
| *ka-dataR-an | ‘plain, region of level land’ | ||
| *kaen | ‘eat’ | ||
| *kaen-an | 1. ‘place where one eats’ 2. ‘food’ | ||
| *kaen-ay | ‘will eat’ | ||
| *kaen-en | ‘eat’ | ||
| *kaen-i | ‘eat it!’ | ||
| *kahuS | ‘scoop up’ | ||
| *kahut | 1. ‘to take in one’s hand’ 2. ‘handful’ | ||
| *kaija | ‘when? (in the past)’ | ||
| *kak | ‘sound of a cackle, loud laugh, etc.’ | ||
| *kaka | ‘elder sibling’ | ||
| *kakaCu | ‘spider’ | ||
| *ka-kaen-an | ‘place where one eats’ | ||
| *ka-kaen-en | ‘edible things, food’ | ||
| *kakak | ‘caw, cackle’ | ||
| *ka-kalih | ‘dig’ | ||
| *k-aku | ‘1sg oblique: to me, for me’ | ||
| *ka-kuRi | ‘rake’ | ||
| *kalaw | ‘bird sp.’ | ||
| *kalaw | ‘eyebrow’ | ||
| *kali | ‘canal, ditch’ | ||
| *kali- | ‘prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. <pwd>*qali-</pwd>)’ | ||
| *kalih | 1. ‘hole in the ground’ 2. ‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’ | ||
| *kaluŋkuŋ | ‘deep resounding sound’ | ||
| *kamay | ‘hand’ | ||
| *kamaya | ‘plant sp.: *Diospyros discolor*’ | ||
| *k-ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’ | ||
| *k-amu | ‘2pl. nominative, you all’ | ||
| *kamu-yu | ‘2pl. nominative, you all’ | ||
| *kaNasay | ‘fish: the mullet’ | ||
| *kaNawaS | ‘small tree bearing round, green fruit: *Ehretia* spp.’ | ||
| *kaŋkaŋ | ‘resounding sound’ | ||
| *ka-nu | 1. ‘interrogative’ 2. ‘probably 'when?'’ | ||
| *ka-pajay-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ka-piliq-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *kapit | ‘fasten together by sewing or tying’ | ||
| *ka-pitu-an | ‘seven’ | ||
| *kapkap | ‘feel in the dark, grope’ | ||
| *kapua | ‘silk cotton, kapok’ | ||
| *ka-qudip-an | ‘livelihood’ | ||
| *ka-Rabi-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *kaRaC | ‘to bite’ | ||
| *kaRaC-i | ‘bite (imperative)’ | ||
| *kaRaw | ‘to scratch an itch’ | ||
| *kaRi | ‘word, speech, language’ | ||
| *karkar | ‘scratch up the earth, as a fowl’ | ||
| *kaRus | ‘scrape’ | ||
| *karus | ‘to scratch, scrape’ | ||
| *karut | ‘scrape, rasp’ | ||
| *kaS(e)pal | ‘thick, of solid objects’ | ||
| *kaSi-kaSiw | ‘wood’ | ||
| *kaSiw | 1. ‘wood’ 2. ‘tree’ | ||
| *kaSiw-en | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *kaSkaS | ‘scratch up the soil, as a chicken looking for food’ | ||
| *kaSu | ‘2sg., you’ | ||
| *ka-tanem-an | ‘area that is planted(?)’ | ||
| *katawa | ‘castor bean: *Ricinus communis* L.’ | ||
| *ka-telu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *kati | ‘exhortation to call a person or animal’ | ||
| *katkat | ‘come undone, of stitches’ | ||
| *kauS | ‘scoop up, as with a fish net’ | ||
| *ka-wanaN | ‘right ( side, hand, direction)’ | ||
| *kawaS | ‘talk, talk about, discuss’ | ||
| *kawaS | 1. ‘year, season’ 2. ‘sky, heaven’ | ||
| *kaway | ‘net bag used by men for carrying things on back’ | ||
| *kawayan | ‘bamboo, *Bambusa* spp., probably *Bambusa spinosa*’ | ||
| *kawil | ‘fishhook’ | ||
| *ka-wiRi | ‘left side or direction’ | ||
| *kawit | ‘hook’ | ||
| *kawkaw | ‘sickle for harvesting grain’ | ||
| *ka-zalan-an | ‘improvised trail, trail made by passing through?’ | ||
| *kebkeb | ‘to lie prone, face down’ | ||
| *kedi | ‘small in size or amount’ | ||
| *kedip | ‘to blink’ | ||
| *kelem | ‘dark, overcast, visually obscure’ | ||
| *kelip | ‘to blink’ | ||
| *kemkem | ‘bite down hard’ | ||
| *keNa | 1. ‘ensnared, caught in a trap’ 2. ‘suffer, undergo, be struck by something’ 3. ‘entrapped or deceived’ 4. ‘hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true’ | ||
| *keŋkeŋ | ‘hollow, resounding sound’ | ||
| *kepit | 1. ‘press together’ 2. ‘pressed together’ | ||
| *keRan | ‘scab on a wound’ | ||
| *keRaŋ | ‘dry’ | ||
| *keRaŋ | ‘scab, crust on a wound’ | ||
| *keRet | 1. ‘cut something slender or soft’ 2. ‘reap crops’ | ||
| *keret | ‘to sever, cut off’ | ||
| *keRet-en | ‘cut’ | ||
| *keriq | ‘chatter’ | ||
| *keRiw | 1. ‘hemp plant’ 2. ‘hemp’ | ||
| *keRkeR | ‘shake, tremble’ | ||
| *keRuŋ | ‘sound">resound’ | ||
| *keseR | ‘strength, vigor, force’ | ||
| *keskes | ‘scratch, scrape’ | ||
| *ketil | ‘pinch off’ | ||
| *ketun | ‘cut, sever’ | ||
| *kezem | ‘close the eyes’ | ||
| *kezuC | ‘to jerk suddenly, jump when startled’ | ||
| *ki | ‘oblique case marker for personal nouns’ | ||
| *ki- | ‘prefixed to a noun means ‘to get, obtain, collect, gather’ (noun)’ | ||
| *kiaw | ‘puling sound of a bird’ | ||
| *kiCiŋ | ‘body part’ | ||
| *ki-CuNuh | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *kidiq | ‘to tickle’ | ||
| *kikuR | ‘tail’ | ||
| *kilala | 1. ‘to know (a person), recognize, be acquainted with’ 2. ‘to feel, perceive’ | ||
| *kiluŋ | ‘curve’ | ||
| *kiŋeR | ‘to hear’ | ||
| *kiŋkiŋ | ‘ring’ | ||
| *kipit | 1. ‘narrow’ 2. ‘pinch between tongs, etc.’ | ||
| *kiRim | ‘seek, search, look for’ | ||
| *kiRim-en | ‘look’ | ||
| *kiRkiR | ‘rasp, file’ | ||
| *kiRus | ‘scrape’ | ||
| *kiSkiS | ‘scrape off’ | ||
| *kiskis | ‘to shave, scrape off’ | ||
| *k-ita | ‘we (incl.)’ | ||
| *kita | ‘to see’ | ||
| *kita-en | ‘see’ | ||
| *ki-tunuh | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *kiwkiw | 1. ‘to wave, wag ( tail)’ 2. ‘to stir (people) up’ | ||
| *-ku | ‘1sg genitive ( marker of non-subject agency and possession; my; by me)’ | ||
| *ku | ‘oblique of common nouns (cf. *ki, *ka)’ | ||
| *kuan | 1. ‘hamlet’ 2. ‘kin-based residential unit’ | ||
| *kuaw | ‘kind of bird and the sound of its call’ | ||
| *kuCkuC | ‘roll up, curl up tightly’ | ||
| *kuCux | ‘head louse’ | ||
| *kudem | ‘dark’ | ||
| *kuden | ‘clay cooking pot’ | ||
| *kudeŋ | ‘clay cooking pot’ | ||
| *kudis | 1. ‘scurfy skin disease’ 2. ‘scabies’ | ||
| *kudkud | ‘hoof, lower leg of an ungulate’ | ||
| *kuja | ‘how?, how is it? what is the matter?’ | ||
| *kukuŋ | ‘small bird that produces a deep resounding call’ | ||
| *kulaC | ‘bracket fungus, *Polyporus* spp.’ | ||
| *kulay | ‘worm, insect’ | ||
| *kuliC | ‘rind, peeling of fruits or tubers’ | ||
| *kumeS | ‘pubic hair’ | ||
| *kumiS | ‘pubic hair’ | ||
| *ku(ŋ)kuŋ | 1. ‘deep resonant sound’ 2. ‘name of a bird with deep resonant cry’ | ||
| *kuŋkuŋ | 1. ‘deep resounding sound’ 2. ‘slit-gong, hollowed tree trunk used to send messages’ | ||
| *kuNkuN | ‘Formosan hill partridge’ | ||
| *kupit | ‘press together, close tightly’ | ||
| *kurap | ‘ringworm’ | ||
| *kuRi | ‘rake’ | ||
| *kuris | 1. ‘scurfy skin disease’ 2. ‘scabies’ | ||
| *kurkur | ‘dig in the soil’ | ||
| *kuSa | ‘work’ | ||
| *kuSkuS | ‘claw, talon, fingernail’ | ||
| *kuSkuS | ‘scrape’ | ||
| *kuti | ‘vulva, vagina’ | ||
| *kutkut | ‘scrape off’ | ||
| *kuya | ‘defect’ | ||
| *l<um>edep | ‘to dive, swim under water’ | ||
| *l<um>ubaŋ | ‘to bury, place in a pit or hole’ | ||
| *l<um>udaq | ‘to spit’ | ||
| *labaw | ‘rat’ | ||
| *labeR | ‘roam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered’ | ||
| *labiq | ‘excess, surplus’ | ||
| *laCeŋ | ‘stinging nettle: *Laportea* spp.’ | ||
| *lahud | ‘downstream, toward the sea’ | ||
| *lahuN | ‘steam, vapor’ | ||
| *lajam | ‘familiar with, accustomed to’ | ||
| *lakat | ‘walk, take a step’ | ||
| *lakup | ‘cover, wrapping’ | ||
| *lalay | ‘cicada’ | ||
| *la-lima | ‘five (in counting people)’ | ||
| *lama | ‘old, former’ | ||
| *lamlam | ‘impetuous’ | ||
| *laŋaw | ‘housefly’ | ||
| *laŋaw-en | ‘infested with flies, covered with flies’ | ||
| *laŋ(e)si | ‘unpleasant odor’ | ||
| *laŋiC | ‘sky’ | ||
| *laŋu | ‘vertigo’ | ||
| *la(n)tuk | ‘curve’ | ||
| *lapaq | ‘to cut up, butcher, slaughter an animal’ | ||
| *lapis | ‘flying squirrel’ | ||
| *laplap | ‘loose (as of clothing)’ | ||
| *lapus | ‘untie (a knot), undress, remove clothes’ | ||
| *laRaŋ | ‘to forbid’ | ||
| *laRiw | ‘run, run away, flee, escape’ | ||
| *lasuq | 1. ‘hot’ 2. ‘blistered by heat’ | ||
| *lawa | ‘wide’ | ||
| *lawaq | 1. ‘spider’ 2. ‘spider web’ | ||
| *lawaR | ‘flying squirrel’ | ||
| *lawas | 1. ‘internode of bamboo’ 2. ‘section of something’ | ||
| *lawas | ‘wide, broad’ | ||
| *laway | ‘thread, yarn’ | ||
| *layap | ‘to fly’ | ||
| *layaR | ‘sail’ | ||
| *layu | ‘wither, wilt’ | ||
| *lebeŋ | ‘to bury’ | ||
| *lebleb | ‘foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain’ | ||
| *lecik | ‘fly off, of solid bits or water droplets’ | ||
| *ledep | ‘to dive, swim under water’ | ||
| *ledled | ‘to rub the eyes’ | ||
| *lekab | ‘open, uncover’ | ||
| *lekuq | 1. ‘bend’ 2. ‘bending part, joint’ | ||
| *lemek | ‘soft’ | ||
| *lemlem | 1. ‘dark, of weather’ 2. ‘overcast’ | ||
| *lepaw | ‘hut’ | ||
| *lezep | ‘submerge, disappear under water’ | ||
| *lidam | ‘tongue’ | ||
| *liduŋ | 1. ‘shelter, cover, protection’ 2. ‘shade’ | ||
| *likaC | ‘lightning’ | ||
| *likaw | ‘curve, bend, winding’ | ||
| *likeS | ‘mosquito’ | ||
| *likud | ‘back’ | ||
| *likud-an | ‘back area, place at the back?’ | ||
| *liku-likud | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *liku-likud-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *lima | ‘five’ | ||
| *liŋaw | ‘shadow’ | ||
| *liNuŋ | ‘calm, tranquil, of the surface of water’ | ||
| *linuR | ‘earthquake’ | ||
| *lipas | ‘to pass, pass by’ | ||
| *lipen | ‘tooth’ | ||
| *lipet | ‘to fold, fold over’ | ||
| *lipuC | ‘disappear behind something that envelops or blocks the view’ | ||
| *liqeR | ‘neck’ | ||
| *liseqeS | ‘nit, egg of a hair louse’ | ||
| *litlit | ‘wind around, bind by winding around’ | ||
| *liuS | ‘a’ | ||
| *lubaŋ | ‘burial pit’ | ||
| *lubuk | ‘bag, sack’ | ||
| *luCuŋ | ‘Formosan rock monkey: *Macaca cyclopis*’ | ||
| *ludaq | ‘saliva’ | ||
| *luem | ‘ripe’ | ||
| *lukeNaw | ‘Formosan clouded leopard’ | ||
| *lukuC | ‘parasitic plant sp.’ | ||
| *luluj | ‘shin’ | ||
| *luluN | ‘to roll up, as a mat’ | ||
| *luNuŋ | ‘cloud’ | ||
| *lupaS | ‘spit, spit out’ | ||
| *lupas | ‘peach’ | ||
| *luSeq | ‘tears’ | ||
| *lutay | ‘weak, exhausted’ | ||
| *lutuk | ‘Formosan hare: Lepus sinensis formosus’ | ||
| *m<in>aCa | ‘eye’ | ||
| *m<in>aCay | ‘burial ground (?)’ | ||
| *ma- | ‘future prefix’ | ||
| *ma- | ‘stative prefix’ | ||
| *ma-aCay | 1. ‘die’ 2. ‘dead’ 3. ‘eclipse of sun or moon’ | ||
| *ma-ala | ‘take’ | ||
| *ma-alap | ‘take’ | ||
| *ma-anak | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ma-b<in>ahi | ‘female, woman’ | ||
| *ma-bajaq | ‘know, understand’ | ||
| *ma-bali | ‘wind’ | ||
| *ma-bañaw | ‘wash the body’ | ||
| *ma-baSaw | ‘cooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long’ | ||
| *ma-belaq | ‘split, in two’ | ||
| *ma-besuR | ‘satiated, full from eating’ | ||
| *ma-buCa | ‘blind’ | ||
| *ma-bunuR | 1. ‘to swell’ 2. ‘swollen’ | ||
| *ma-buRaw | ‘drive’ | ||
| *ma-buSuk | ‘drunk, intoxicated’ | ||
| *maCa | ‘eye, focal point, center or most prominent part’ | ||
| *ma-Cakaw | ‘to steal’ | ||
| *ma-Caŋis | ‘cry’ | ||
| *ma-Caqu | ‘know’ | ||
| *ma-Cawa | ‘to laugh’ | ||
| *ma-CuNuh | ‘roast’ | ||
| *ma-dajam | ‘accustomed to, tame’ | ||
| *ma-dajem | ‘chills, as of malaria’ | ||
| *ma-dalem | ‘deep’ | ||
| *ma-dalis | ‘smooth, slippery’ | ||
| *ma-daRaq | ‘blood’ | ||
| *ma-demdem | ‘gloom’ | ||
| *ma-hemis | ‘sweet’ | ||
| *ma-kaen | ‘will eat (?)’ | ||
| *maka-enem | ‘six times (frequentative multiplicative)’ | ||
| *maka-lima | ‘five times’ | ||
| *maka-pija | ‘(for) how many days?’ | ||
| *maka-pitu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ma-kaRaC | ‘bitten’ | ||
| *maka-Sepat | ‘four times’ | ||
| *maka-walu | ‘eight times (frequentative, multiplicative)’ | ||
| *ma-keseR | ‘vigor’ | ||
| *ma-kiRim | ‘found?’ | ||
| *ma-kuCu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ma-kuja | ‘what are you doing? what’s happening?’ | ||
| *ma-kuliC | ‘skinny, thin, underweight’ | ||
| *ma-laŋu | ‘dizzy, drunk’ | ||
| *ma-laRiw | ‘run, run away, flee’ | ||
| *ma-lebleb | ‘foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain’ | ||
| *ma-lima-N | ‘fifty’ | ||
| *maliqi | ‘pregnant’ | ||
| *ma-litlit | ‘or become wound around something’ | ||
| *mamah | ‘father’s brother’ | ||
| *ma-najam | 1. ‘accustomed to, familiar with’ 2. ‘tame’ | ||
| *maNaŋ | ‘sharp’ | ||
| *ma-ŋilu | ‘painful, as of teeth on edge from eating something very sour’ | ||
| *ma-Nipis | ‘thin (of materials)’ | ||
| *ma-Niwaŋ | ‘thin, of persons and animals’ | ||
| *manu | ‘interrogative marker: which?’ | ||
| *manuk | ‘chicken’ | ||
| *ma-Nuka | ‘wound’ | ||
| *ma-paqiC | ‘bitter’ | ||
| *ma-piliq | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ma-piNay | ‘lame, crippled’ | ||
| *ma-pizpiz | ‘close’ | ||
| *ma-pukaw | ‘dim, of vision’ | ||
| *ma-puNi | ‘white’ | ||
| *ma-puSaN | ‘twenty’ | ||
| *ma-qaCi | 1. ‘ebb, of water in streams’ 2. ‘low tide’ | ||
| *ma-qajaw | ‘sunny, hot’ | ||
| *ma-qataq | ‘raw, unripe’ | ||
| *maqaw | ‘plant: *Litsea cubeba* (Lour.)’ | ||
| *ma-qetaq | ‘raw, unripe, green (fruit), uncooked’ | ||
| *ma-qudem | ‘dark, cloudy’ | ||
| *ma-quSaw | ‘thirst’ | ||
| *ma-quzaN | ‘rain’ | ||
| *maR-amax | ‘father and child’ | ||
| *maR-buaq | ‘bear fruit’ | ||
| *maRe-anak | ‘parent and child’ | ||
| *maR-ina | ‘mother and child’ | ||
| *maR-luSeq | ‘to shed tears, weep’ | ||
| *maR-qani | 1. ‘harvest’ 2. ‘to harvest’ | ||
| *maS | ‘and’ | ||
| *ma-Sasak | 1. ‘ripe’ 2. ‘cooked’ | ||
| *ma-SateD | ‘escort, accompany’ | ||
| *ma-Sepat | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ma-SeReC | ‘tight, firm’ | ||
| *ma-Seyaq | ‘shame’ | ||
| *ma-Sikad | 1. ‘ashamed’ 2. ‘shy’ 3. ‘modest’ | ||
| *ma-Suab | ‘to yawn, yawning’ | ||
| *ma-Suaw | ‘to yawn’ | ||
| *ma-Sulem | ‘dim, dark’ | ||
| *mata nu qalejaw | ‘sun (‘ eye of the day’)’ | ||
| *ma-takut | ‘fear’ | ||
| *ma-talaw | ‘fear’ | ||
| *ma-taŋa | ‘will open?’ | ||
| *-matek | ‘jungle leech, *Haemadipsa* spp.’ | ||
| *ma-telu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *ma-tuduR | ‘to sleep’ | ||
| *ma-tunuh | ‘roast’ | ||
| *ma-tuqaS | ‘old, of people’ | ||
| *ma-tuqaS tuqaS | ‘old, elder, senior’ | ||
| *ma-ulaw | ‘dazed, confused’ | ||
| *-meCaq | ‘paddy leech’ | ||
| *-medaw | ‘dizzy, giddy’ | ||
| *mesmes | ‘grasp, grip, squeeze’ | ||
| *metmet | ‘to hold tightly’ | ||
| *mi- | ‘prefix marking possession of some object’ | ||
| *mi-da-duSa | ‘do something with someone else, perform an action together’ | ||
| *mu- | ‘movement prefix’ | ||
| *mudaq | 1. ‘young (of fruits)’ 2. ‘immature’ | ||
| *mujiŋ | ‘face (human)’ | ||
| *mujiŋ-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *mula | ‘to plant’ | ||
| *mulmul | ‘hold in the mouth and suck’ | ||
| *mumu | ‘Formosan blind mole: *Talpa micrura insularis* (Swinhoe)’ | ||
| *muRmuR | ‘gargle, rinse the mouth’ | ||
| *N<um>aŋuy | ‘to swim’ | ||
| *-na | 1. ‘distal spatio-temporal deixis: that, there’ 2. ‘then’ | ||
| *Na | ‘already’ | ||
| *Na | ‘conjunction: and’ | ||
| *na | ‘genitive of plural personal names’ | ||
| *na | ‘linker marking emphatic attribution’ | ||
| *Nabek | ‘breakers, surf, waves’ | ||
| *NaCeŋ | ‘vegetables’ | ||
| *najam | 1. ‘accustomed to, familiar with’ 2. ‘tame’ | ||
| *Nali | ‘cicada’ | ||
| *Namat | ‘iron ( metal)’ | ||
| *n-ami | ‘1pl. excl. genitive, our’ | ||
| *ñamñam | ‘tasty, delicious (?)’ | ||
| *n-amu | ‘2pl. genitive, your, by you’ | ||
| *ñamuR | ‘dew’ | ||
| *naNaq | ‘pus’ | ||
| *Naŋuy | ‘to swim’ | ||
| *na-nu | ‘what(?)’ | ||
| *Naqeji | ‘boundary between adjacent rice fields’ | ||
| *naRa | ‘to wait’ | ||
| *Nasu | ‘cook by boiling’ | ||
| *nasuk | ‘cook by boiling’ | ||
| *NataD | ‘outside’ | ||
| *ñawñaw | ‘rinse, wash’ | ||
| *nay | ‘deictic particle: this’ | ||
| *Nayad | ‘plant: *Sambucus formosana*’ | ||
| *nema | ‘what thing?’ | ||
| *nemnem | ‘think’ | ||
| *Neŋ | ‘look, see’ | ||
| *NeŋNeŋ | ‘stare, look fixedly’ | ||
| *ŋabŋab | ‘bite off the surface of something’ | ||
| *ŋajan | ‘name’ | ||
| *ŋajay | ‘saliva, drivel’ | ||
| *ŋalŋal | ‘to chew, masticate’ | ||
| *ŋaŋa | ‘open the mouth’ | ||
| *ŋawŋaw | 1. ‘sound produced by an animal’ 2. ‘unintelligible muttering of a person’ | ||
| *ŋayaw | ‘headhunting’ | ||
| *ŋeCŋeC | ‘gnash the teeth’ | ||
| *ŋerŋer | ‘growl’ | ||
| *ŋesŋes | ‘to pant, be out of breath’ | ||
| *ŋetŋet | ‘gnaw, nibble’ | ||
| *ŋiCŋiC | ‘show annoyance or irritation’ | ||
| *ŋidaw | ‘toothless’ | ||
| *ŋilu | ‘painful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour’ | ||
| *ŋipen | ‘tooth’ | ||
| *ŋiSŋiS | ‘beard’ | ||
| *ŋitŋit | ‘gnaw’ | ||
| *ŋusŋus | ‘to snore, growl, grunt’ | ||
| *ŋuSuN | ‘nosebleed’ | ||
| *ŋusuq | 1. ‘nasal area’ 2. ‘snout’ | ||
| *ŋuSuR | ‘nasal mucus’ | ||
| *-ni | 1. ‘proximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here’ 2. ‘now’ | ||
| *ni | 1. ‘genitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns’ 2. ‘marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb’ | ||
| *ni-a | ‘3sg. agent/possessor’ | ||
| *Nibu | ‘lair, den of an animal’ | ||
| *Nihib | ‘rock shelter, cave under a rock’ | ||
| *ni-ia | ‘he. genitive, his, it’ | ||
| *ni-ima | ‘whose?’ | ||
| *nimas | ‘bailer in a canoe’ | ||
| *nipen | ‘tooth’ | ||
| *Nipis | ‘thinness (of materials)’ | ||
| *NiSawa | 1. ‘breath’ 2. ‘to breathe’ | ||
| *n-ita | 1. ‘1st pers. incl. genitive’ 2. ‘our’ | ||
| *Nitaq | ‘type of soil, clay’ | ||
| *Niteq | ‘sap of a tree or plant’ | ||
| *Niwaŋ | ‘thinness, slenderness’ | ||
| *-nu | ‘2sg possessor and non-subject agent’ | ||
| *-nu | ‘marker of uncertainty’ | ||
| *nu | ‘genitive case marker for common nouns (cf. *na, *ni)’ | ||
| *nu | ‘if, when (in future)’ | ||
| *nu- | ‘future marker with words for days’ | ||
| *Nuka | ‘wound’ | ||
| *nuka | ‘to make hemp yarn’ | ||
| *numa | ‘how?’ | ||
| *nunuh | ‘female breast’ | ||
| *NuqeS | ‘bone marrow’ | ||
| *Nusuŋ | ‘rice mortar’ | ||
| *Nutud | ‘join two things to give added length (rope, bamboo, etc.)’ | ||
| *p<in>a-kaen | ‘was fed by someone’ | ||
| *p<in>anaq | ‘shoot with a bow’ | ||
| *p<in>espes | ‘massage’ | ||
| *p<um>anaq | ‘shoot with a bow’ | ||
| *p<um>ataS | ‘to tattoo, make designs’ | ||
| *p<um>ekpek | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *p<um>espes | ‘to massage’ | ||
| *p<um>iliq | ‘to choose, select, pick out’ | ||
| *pa | ‘still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)’ | ||
| *pa- | ‘causative prefix’ | ||
| *pa-aCay | ‘kill’ | ||
| *pa-aluja | ‘to paddle’ | ||
| *pa-añud | ‘set a drift’ | ||
| *pa-bajaq | ‘know’ | ||
| *pa-beRay | ‘to give’ | ||
| *paCak | ‘spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal’ | ||
| *pa-Caŋis | 1. ‘to make someone cry’ 2. ‘to let someone cry’ | ||
| *p-aCay-en | ‘kill’ | ||
| *pacek | 1. ‘wooden nail, dowel’ 2. ‘drive in, as a wooden nail or dowel’ | ||
| *pa-daNum | ‘to irrigate’ | ||
| *pa-dekeC | ‘to stick or paste on’ | ||
| *padeŋ | ‘to extinguish, douse a fire’ | ||
| *paen | ‘bait’ | ||
| *paheku | ‘bracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum’ | ||
| *pa-hinzam | ‘lend’ | ||
| *pahpah | ‘flower (?)’ | ||
| *paid | ‘fan’ | ||
| *pajay | 1. ‘rice in the field’ 2. ‘rice plant’ | ||
| *pajiS | ‘enemy’ | ||
| *pa-ka- | ‘causative of stative verbs’ | ||
| *pa-kaCu | ‘to send’ | ||
| *paka-duSa | ‘twice, do something twice’ | ||
| *pa-kaen | ‘to feed’ | ||
| *pa-kaen-en | ‘to feed, be fed’ | ||
| *pa-ka-keseR | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *pa-kita | ‘to show’ | ||
| *pakpak | 1. ‘to clap, flap the wings’ 2. ‘sound of clapping or flapping’ | ||
| *paleCuk | ‘shoot, sound of shooting’ | ||
| *pa-likaw | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *pa-likud | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *paliq | ‘internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas’ | ||
| *paliSi | 1. ‘taboo, ritual purify’ 2. ‘purifying rite’ | ||
| *paliSi-an | ‘taboo’ | ||
| *paliSi-en | ‘taboo’ | ||
| *pa-litlit | ‘to make something wind around something else’ | ||
| *palu | ‘to hammer, pound, hit’ | ||
| *palu-palu | ‘pound, mallet, instrument for pounding or hammering’ | ||
| *panaq | 1. ‘throw something at a target’ 2. ‘shoot with bow and arrow’ | ||
| *paNaw | ‘go, walk away, depart’ | ||
| *paŋa | 1. ‘fork of a branch’ 2. ‘any forked structure’ 3. ‘bifurcation’ | ||
| *paŋaq | ‘fork’ | ||
| *paŋudaN | ‘pandanus’ | ||
| *paNid | ‘wing’ | ||
| *paNij | ‘wing’ | ||
| *paNiŋ | ‘door’ | ||
| *pa(n)tuk | ‘to knock, strike against’ | ||
| *pa-p-aCay | ‘kill’ | ||
| *pa-pespes | ‘to massage’ | ||
| *pa-pija | ‘how many? (of people)’ | ||
| *pa-pitu | ‘seven (of humans)’ | ||
| *paqa | ‘thigh’ | ||
| *paqeju | ‘gall, gall bladder’ | ||
| *pa-qetut | ‘to fart, break wind’ | ||
| *paqiC | 1. ‘hotness of taste, spiciness’ 2. ‘bitterness’ | ||
| *paqpaq | ‘chew’ | ||
| *pa-qudip | ‘care for, raise (an animal)’ | ||
| *pa-qumah-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *pa-quzaN | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *paR- | ‘divide into x (x = numeral)’ | ||
| *paRa | 1. ‘storage shelf’ 2. ‘attic, loft’ | ||
| *paRaw | ‘hoarse’ | ||
| *paR-enem-en | ‘do six times’ | ||
| *paRiS | ‘sting’ | ||
| *paR-isa-an | ‘to unite, combine in one’ | ||
| *pariuk | ‘earthenware cooking pot’ | ||
| *paR-Sepat-en | ‘do four times’ | ||
| *paR-walu-en | ‘do eight times’ | ||
| *pasaqaN | 1. ‘shoulder pole’ 2. ‘carry with a shoulder pole’ | ||
| *pa-SateD | ‘send (?)’ | ||
| *pasek | 1. ‘wooden nail, dowel’ 2. ‘drive in, as a wooden nail, dowel, or fencepost’ | ||
| *pa-Sezam | ‘lend’ | ||
| *paspas | ‘beat out, thresh’ | ||
| *pasu | ‘cheek bone’ | ||
| *pasuk | ‘enter’ | ||
| *pa-susu | ‘give the breast to, nurse a child’ | ||
| *pa-susu-en | ‘to nurse, give a child the breast (to be sucked)’ | ||
| *pat-a | ‘four (in counting certain referents)’ | ||
| *pataS | ‘tattoo’ | ||
| *pataS-an | ‘tattoo’ | ||
| *pa-tumaNa | ‘to make someone listen’ | ||
| *pa-tuzuq | ‘to point out, give directions (?)’ | ||
| *pa-uSa | ‘to send away’ | ||
| *pa-utaq | ‘cause to vomit’ | ||
| *peceq | ‘break into several large pieces’ | ||
| *peCik | ‘snap, as the fingers or a slingshot’ | ||
| *pedek | ‘wink, blink’ | ||
| *pedel | ‘to wring out, as water from wet clothes’ | ||
| *pedped | ‘press together, pack solid’ | ||
| *pekpek | ‘beat, hit’ | ||
| *pelus | ‘slip off’ | ||
| *peñu | ‘sea turtle’ | ||
| *peNuq | ‘full, of a container’ | ||
| *peReq | ‘squeeze out juice, wring out water’ | ||
| *peRes | ‘squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing’ | ||
| *perus | ‘slip or slide off’ | ||
| *peSiq | 1. ‘squeeze out juice’ 2. ‘squirt out’ | ||
| *pespes | ‘squeeze, massage’ | ||
| *pespes-i | ‘massage (imperative)’ | ||
| *pi- | ‘causative of location’ | ||
| *piad | ‘dish, plate’ | ||
| *piak | 1. ‘baby chick’ 2. ‘peeping of chick’ | ||
| *pija pija | ‘some, several’ | ||
| *pijax | 1. ‘interrogative of quantity: how much?, how many?’ 2. ‘adjective of indefinite quantity: some, several, a few’ | ||
| *pijpij | ‘close together’ | ||
| *pikpik | ‘sound of patting or tapping’ | ||
| *piku | ‘bend, curve’ | ||
| *pikuq | 1. ‘to bend, curve’ 2. ‘bent, curved’ | ||
| *piliq | 1. ‘to choose, to select’ 2. ‘to pick out’ | ||
| *piliq-i | ‘choose it!’ | ||
| *piluk | 1. ‘crippled’ 2. ‘bent or twisted, of the leg or foot’ | ||
| *piNay | ‘lame, crippled’ | ||
| *pin-duSa | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *piŋi | ‘cheek’ | ||
| *pipi | ‘female genitalia (child’s word?)’ | ||
| *pi-pitu | ‘seven each’ | ||
| *piRaS | ‘roe, eggs of fish or crustacean’ | ||
| *piRaS-an | ‘laden with roe, of a fish or crustacean’ | ||
| *pisel | 1. ‘pinch, squeeze’ 2. ‘knead’ | ||
| *piSpiS | ‘cheeks, temples’ | ||
| *pispis | ‘hair on the temples’ | ||
| *pitpit | 1. ‘pinch, squeeze, press between two surfaces’ 2. ‘pluck, pick off’ | ||
| *pitpit | ‘to beat, whip’ | ||
| *pitpit-en | ‘pinch’ | ||
| *pitu | ‘seven’ | ||
| *pitu pitu | ‘seven by seven, seven at a time’ | ||
| *piuk | ‘dent, dimple’ | ||
| *pu- | ‘causative of motion’ | ||
| *puCaq | ‘foam, froth, lather’ | ||
| *pu-Caqi | ‘to defecate’ | ||
| *pu-daNum | ‘to water, irrigate’ | ||
| *pudu | ‘fruit of the betel pepper’ | ||
| *puduN | 1. ‘ball of thread’ 2. ‘spool’ | ||
| *puja | ‘navel, umbilical cord’ | ||
| *pujek | ‘navel, umbilical cord’ | ||
| *pukaw | ‘night-’ | ||
| *puki | ‘vulva, vagina’ | ||
| *pukpuk | ‘to hammer, pound, beat’ | ||
| *pulu | ‘handle’ | ||
| *puluC | ‘plant: *Urena lobata*’ | ||
| *puluŋ | ‘collection, gathering, assembly’ | ||
| *puluq | ‘group of ten’ | ||
| *puna-punay | ‘greenish fruit dove’ | ||
| *punay | ‘greenish fruit dove’ | ||
| *pu-ŋajan | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *puŋuN | ‘bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.)’ | ||
| *puNi | ‘whiteness’ | ||
| *punti | ‘banana’ | ||
| *punuq | ‘brain, marrow’ | ||
| *puRuq | ‘bird, the quail’ | ||
| *puSaN | ‘twice’ | ||
| *puteq | ‘gummy secretion’ | ||
| *putput | ‘to pluck, pull out’ | ||
| *putun | ‘to break off, cut off, as a limb’ | ||
| *q<in>umah | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *q<um>ajaw | ‘to shine, of the sun’ | ||
| *q<um>aŋqaŋ | ‘to bark, of a dog’ | ||
| *q<um>aNiC | ‘to skin an animal’ | ||
| *q<um>aNup | ‘to hunt, go hunting’ | ||
| *q<um>esep | ‘suck’ | ||
| *q<um>etut | ‘to fart, break wind’ | ||
| *(q)<um>uNah | 1. ‘to do or go first’ 2. ‘to lead’ | ||
| *q<um>uzaN | 1. ‘to rain’ 2. ‘it is raining’ | ||
| *qa | ‘interrogative particle’ | ||
| *qa | ‘locative particle’ | ||
| *qabaŋ | ‘boat, canoe’ | ||
| *qabaRa | ‘shoulder’ | ||
| *qabaRa-an | ‘shoulder (?)’ | ||
| *qabaS | ‘notch cut in a tree’ | ||
| *qabu | ‘ash, cinder, powder’ | ||
| *qabu-an | ‘ash’ | ||
| *qaCay | ‘liver’ | ||
| *qaCeb | ‘deadfall trap to catch small mammals’ | ||
| *qaCi | ‘ebb, of water in streams’ | ||
| *qaCi- | ‘prefix variant of the *qali/kali- set’ | ||
| *qaCipa | ‘soft-shelled turtle’ | ||
| *qadiS | ‘hawk sp. ( harrier?)’ | ||
| *qajaw | ‘day’ | ||
| *qajiS | ‘boundary’ | ||
| *qalad | ‘fence, wall’ | ||
| *qaleb | ‘knee’ | ||
| *qalep | ‘beckon, wave’ | ||
| *qali- | ‘prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. <pwd>*kali-</pwd>)’ | ||
| *qa-lima | ‘hand’ | ||
| *qalima | ‘hand’ | ||
| *qali-puju | ‘hair whorl’ | ||
| *qali-puju-an | ‘hair whorl’ | ||
| *qali-puspus | ‘whirlwind’ | ||
| *qalupaR | ‘persimmon’ | ||
| *qaluR | ‘current, deep channel in the middle of a river’ | ||
| *qalu-Sipan | ‘centipede’ | ||
| *qamiS | ‘north wind’ | ||
| *qamiS-an | 1. ‘north’ 2. ‘winter’ | ||
| *qaNa | 1. ‘stranger’ 2. ‘enemy’ | ||
| *qaNeb | ‘close a door’ | ||
| *qaNeb | ‘door’ | ||
| *qaNeb-an | ‘door panel’ | ||
| *qaŋeliC | ‘stench of burning substances’ | ||
| *qaŋeRiS | ‘stench of spoiling fish’ | ||
| *qaŋeRu | ‘stench of spoiled or souring organic matter’ | ||
| *qaŋeseR | ‘stench of urine’ | ||
| *qaŋeSit | ‘stench, musky odor of an animal’ | ||
| *qaŋqaŋ | ‘barking of a dog’ | ||
| *qa-ni | 1. ‘this’ 2. ‘here’ | ||
| *qaNi | ‘weaving spindle’ | ||
| *qaNi- | ‘variant of the *qali/kali- prefix’ | ||
| *qani | ‘proximal deictic: this’ | ||
| *qanibuŋ | ‘fruit-bearing bush or tree’ | ||
| *qaNiC | ‘animal skin, hide, leather’ | ||
| *qaNiCu | 1. ‘ghost, spirit of the dead’ 2. ‘owl’ | ||
| *qaNi-matek | ‘jungle leech, *Haemadipsa* spp.’ | ||
| *qaNi-meCaq | ‘paddy leech’ | ||
| *qaNiŋu | ‘' shadow, reflection’ | ||
| *qaniS | 1. ‘harvest’ 2. ‘to harvest’ | ||
| *qaNuaŋ | ‘large ruminant species: carabao, water buffalo (?)’ | ||
| *qañud | ‘drift on a current, carried away by flowing water’ | ||
| *qaNuNaŋ | ‘tree: *Cordia dichotoma*’ | ||
| *qanup | ‘to hunt wild game’ | ||
| *qaNup-an | ‘hunt’ | ||
| *qaNup-en | ‘hunt’ | ||
| *qanus | ‘plant: *Begonia aptera* (Hay)’ | ||
| *qapejux | ‘gall, gall bladder, bile’ | ||
| *qapiC | ‘tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching’ | ||
| *qapid | ‘braid, twine’ | ||
| *qapucuk | ‘peak of a mountain’ | ||
| *qapuR | ‘lime, calcium’ | ||
| *qaqay | ‘foot, leg’ | ||
| *qaRaw | ‘snatch, take away by force, rob’ | ||
| *qaRem | ‘pangolin, scaly anteater’ | ||
| *qaReNu | ‘plant, *Phragmites* spp.’ | ||
| *qaRidaŋ | ‘bean, pea (generic)’ | ||
| *qaRiw | ‘dry’ | ||
| *qaRsem | ‘sourness, acidity’ | ||
| *qasawa | ‘spouse: husband, wife’ | ||
| *qaseb | ‘smoke’ | ||
| *qaSelu | ‘pestle’ | ||
| *qasepa | ‘astringent’ | ||
| *qasiN | ‘saltiness, salty taste’ | ||
| *qasiRa | ‘salt’ | ||
| *qasiRa-en | ‘salt’ | ||
| *qataq | ‘eat something raw’ | ||
| *qatimela | ‘flea’ | ||
| *qatip | ‘part of the loom’ | ||
| *qatip-an | ‘part of the loom’ | ||
| *qauŋ | ‘to howl, of a dog’ | ||
| *qauR | ‘bamboo sp.’ | ||
| *qawqaw | ‘to bark, of a dog’ | ||
| *qayam | ‘bird’ | ||
| *qazi | 1. ‘no, not’ 2. ‘negator of verbs and adjectives (cf *, *, *)’ | ||
| *qebel | ‘smoke’ | ||
| *qeCah | ‘rice husk, rice bran’ | ||
| *qeCeŋ | ‘obstruction, barrier’ | ||
| *qeCeŋeN | ‘black’ | ||
| *qeCqeC | ‘tight, constricted’ | ||
| *qeCuR | ‘sexual arousal, sexual excitement’ | ||
| *qedet | ‘press down on’ | ||
| *qekuŋ | ‘owl’ | ||
| *qeleC | ‘interval, intervening space’ | ||
| *qelqel | ‘chew, gnaw on’ | ||
| *qelud | ‘housepost, pillar’ | ||
| *qemin | ‘all’ | ||
| *qemqem | ‘hold in the closed mouth’ | ||
| *qemu | ‘sticky rice cake’ | ||
| *qenay | ‘sand’ | ||
| *qeNeb | ‘spread all over’ | ||
| *qeNeb | 1. ‘to close, to shut’ 2. ‘door’ | ||
| *qeNuR | ‘animal trail’ | ||
| *qenuR-an | ‘animal haunt, place frequented by animals’ | ||
| *qepit | ‘squeeze, press between’ | ||
| *qesak | 1. ‘ripe’ 2. ‘cooked’ 3. ‘ready to eat’ | ||
| *qesep | ‘sip, suck’ | ||
| *qesir | ‘hiss, sizzle’ | ||
| *qetaq | ‘eat something raw’ | ||
| *qetut | ‘fart, flatulence’ | ||
| *qia | ‘confirm (probably of affirmation or confirmation)’ | ||
| *qiaw | ‘animal cry’ | ||
| *qiCeluR | ‘egg’ | ||
| *qiCqiC | ‘nibble off, gnaw off’ | ||
| *qiduS | ‘spoon, ladle’ | ||
| *qidus | ‘spoon, ladle’ | ||
| *qijap | 1. ‘resent, blame’ 2. ‘resentment, jealousy’ | ||
| *qiluS | ‘wipe after defecating’ | ||
| *qiNaS | ‘moon, month’ | ||
| *qiNeb | ‘door’ | ||
| *qinep | ‘lie down to sleep’ | ||
| *qiNuaŋ | ‘large ruminant species’ | ||
| *qipiŋ | ‘incline one's head to the side’ | ||
| *qipit | 1. ‘pincer of crustaceans’ 2. ‘tongs’ 3. ‘press together, pinch, squeeze’ | ||
| *qiRik | ‘thresh with the feet, as rice’ | ||
| *qiSqiS | ‘to rub hard on a surface’ | ||
| *qiSu | ‘shark’ | ||
| *qitik | 1. ‘small, little’ 2. ‘few’ | ||
| *qiuŋ | ‘natural sound’ | ||
| *qiut | ‘copulate, have sexual intercourse’ | ||
| *qu | ‘grammatical particle’ | ||
| *quaŋ | ‘empty, vacant’ | ||
| *quaŋ | ‘howl’ | ||
| *quay | ‘rattan, *Calamus* sp.’ | ||
| *qubaN | ‘gray hair’ | ||
| *qubiS | ‘pubic hair’ | ||
| *quCaN | ‘scrub-land, bush’ | ||
| *qudaŋ | ‘shrimp, crayfish, lobster’ | ||
| *qudaS | ‘gray hair’ | ||
| *qudem | ‘dark, dull (of light or color)’ | ||
| *qudip | ‘life, alive’ | ||
| *qujiŋ | ‘charcoal’ | ||
| *qukut | ‘hunched over, bowed (as with age)’ | ||
| *qulas | ‘dewdrop’ | ||
| *qulej | ‘type of small worm’ | ||
| *qules | ‘clothing’ | ||
| *qulu qulu | ‘head-end, upper part’ | ||
| *quluh | ‘head’ | ||
| *qulu-qulu | ‘tadpole, polywog’ | ||
| *qumah | ‘swidden, work a swidden’ | ||
| *quman | ‘repeat oneself monotonously’ | ||
| *qumaŋ | ‘hermit crab’ | ||
| *qumuR | ‘fill the mouth with food or water’ | ||
| *(q)uNah | ‘first, before, anterior in time’ | ||
| *quNuNaŋ | ‘tree with sticky fruits: *Cordia* spp.’ | ||
| *quNuq | ‘beads, necklace of beads’ | ||
| *qupid | ‘braid’ | ||
| *qupuŋ | ‘bunch, cluster’ | ||
| *quriaw | ‘noise, clamor’ | ||
| *quSaw | ‘thirst’ | ||
| *quSaw-an | ‘thirst’ | ||
| *quSeNap | ‘fish scale’ | ||
| *quSeŋeC | ‘anger, angry’ | ||
| *qusiR | ‘pursuit (as of enemies or game)’ | ||
| *quSuŋ | ‘edible mushroom (generic)’ | ||
| *qutiN | ‘penis’ | ||
| *quyaS | 1. ‘to sing’ 2. ‘song, tune, melody’ | ||
| *quzaN | ‘rain’ | ||
| *quzan-en | ‘rain’ | ||
| *R<um>ahap | ‘to sow seeds’ | ||
| *Rabi-an | ‘evening, night’ | ||
| *Rabiqi | 1. ‘late afternoon, evening’ 2. ‘evening meal’ | ||
| *Rabi-Rabi | ‘every night, happening every night’ | ||
| *RabiS | ‘small knife’ | ||
| *RabuC | ‘uproot, pull out by the roots’ | ||
| *RaCus | ‘hundred’ | ||
| *Rahap | ‘seeds for sowing’ | ||
| *rakat | ‘walk’ | ||
| *RameC | ‘root’ | ||
| *Rames | ‘squeeze, knead’ | ||
| *ramig | ‘cold (of weather)’ | ||
| *RamiS | ‘root’ | ||
| *Ra-RauS | ‘dip net’ | ||
| *RaSuŋ | ‘ambush, attack from concealment’ | ||
| *rauC | ‘peel rattan, bamboo’ | ||
| *RauS | ‘scoop net’ | ||
| *rawraw | ‘to rinse’ | ||
| *Raya | ‘big, large’ | ||
| *Reken | ‘coil’ | ||
| *reken | ‘coil’ | ||
| *ReŋeC | ‘angry, annoyed’ | ||
| *reŋeC | ‘angry, annoyed’ | ||
| *reŋiC | ‘grimace at pain’ | ||
| *Riaq | ‘sword grass: *Imperata cylindrica*’ | ||
| *RibaS | ‘demolish’ | ||
| *Ribawa | 1. ‘swell’ 2. ‘swelling, tumor’ | ||
| *Rimeja | ‘sword grass: *Imperata cylindrica*’ | ||
| *RiNaS | ‘long feathers used for personal adornment’ | ||
| *RiNaS-an | ‘male of Swinhoe’s blue pheasant’ | ||
| *Rinu | ‘winnowing basket’ | ||
| *RiNuk | ‘Japanese raspberry: *Rubus parvifolius* (Linn.), *Rubus taiwanianus* (Matsum.)’ | ||
| *Riqek | ‘thresh grain by trampling’ | ||
| *riSriS | 1. ‘hoe up weeds’ 2. ‘weed a garden’ | ||
| *Ritu | ‘loquat tree and fruit: *Eriobotrya deflexa*’ | ||
| *Rubu | ‘nest, lair’ | ||
| *Rudaŋ | ‘old, of people’ | ||
| *Rumaq | ‘house’ | ||
| *RuqaNay | ‘male’ | ||
| *RuSRuS | ‘to scrape smooth, to plane a surface’ | ||
| *Rusuk | ‘ribcage’ | ||
| *S<in>ebaN | ‘what is carried on the back’ | ||
| *s<um>akay | ‘to walk’ | ||
| *s<um>akut | ‘to carry, transport, move something’ | ||
| *S<um>apaR | ‘unroll, spread out a mat’ | ||
| *S<um>apuy | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *S<um>ateD | ‘accompany, escort’ | ||
| *s<um>ebuS | ‘to hiss or steam, of water touching a fire’ | ||
| *S<um>eŋad | ‘to breathe’ | ||
| *s<um>epsep | ‘to suck, sip’ | ||
| *S<um>eReC | ‘tighten, fasten firmly’ | ||
| *S<um>eyup | ‘to blow’ | ||
| *s<um>iku | 1. ‘to elbow’ 2. ‘to push or jab with the elbow’ | ||
| *s<um>uksuk | ‘to enter, penetrate, pierce’ | ||
| *s<um>ulud | ‘to push’ | ||
| *s<um>uNaR | ‘to shine, radiate light’ | ||
| *S<um>uni | ‘to chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds)’ | ||
| *s<um>upay | ‘to whet, grate, sharpen’ | ||
| *s<um>usu | ‘to suckle, suck at the breast’ | ||
| *Sa | ‘ligature’ | ||
| *Sa | ‘locative particle’ | ||
| *Sa- | ‘marker of instrumental nouns’ | ||
| *Sa- | ‘stative prefix’ | ||
| *sa | ‘locative marker’ | ||
| *sa | ‘nominative case marker for plural personal names’ | ||
| *sa | ‘one (clitic form of *esa)’ | ||
| *SabaN | ‘cloth used to carry a child on the back’ | ||
| *SabaRat | ‘south wind (?)’ | ||
| *sabay | ‘do something together with others’ | ||
| *Sabij | ‘twins of the same sex’ | ||
| *Sabit | ‘long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying’ | ||
| *sabsab | 1. ‘slurp up food or water, eat like a pig or dog’ 2. ‘gulp down’ | ||
| *SadiRi | ‘housepost’ | ||
| *Sadu | ‘many, much, plenty’ | ||
| *saheNaR | ‘to shine, of the sun’ | ||
| *Sajek | 1. ‘smell’ 2. ‘to smell (transitive)’ | ||
| *Sajek-en | ‘to smell’ | ||
| *sakal | ‘restraining device on animals’ | ||
| *saka-pitu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *sakat | ‘rise">rise, climb up’ | ||
| *sakay | ‘walk’ | ||
| *sakeC | ‘muntjac, barking deer’ | ||
| *saksak | ‘hack, chop into pieces’ | ||
| *SakuC | 1. ‘transport piecemeal’ 2. ‘tranport through repeated trips’ | ||
| *sakut | ‘to carry, transport, move something’ | ||
| *Salas | ‘forest, wilderness, woods’ | ||
| *salaw | ‘to pour, of heavy rain’ | ||
| *saleŋ | ‘pine tree, pitch pine’ | ||
| *saliw | ‘buy, sell’ | ||
| *Samaq | ‘plant: *Lactuca indica* Linn., and *Sonchus oleraceus* Linn.’ | ||
| *samaq | ‘remnant, leftover’ | ||
| *SameCi | ‘plant: *Solanum nigrum*’ | ||
| *Samud | ‘plant, sesame: *Sesamum indicum*’ | ||
| *samuR | 1. ‘to mix’ 2. ‘mixture’ | ||
| *Sanaq | ‘river otter’ | ||
| *saŋeday | ‘lean or rest on’ | ||
| *saNiw | ‘whetstone’ | ||
| *sapaq | ‘stream, river’ | ||
| *SapaR | ‘unroll a mat, spread out a mat’ | ||
| *sapaw | ‘field hut’ | ||
| *sapay | ‘drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth’ | ||
| *Sapejiq | ‘smart’ | ||
| *sapet | ‘grab with the hand, catch’ | ||
| *Sapiq | ‘flattened’ | ||
| *Sapit | ‘press together, press between two surfaces’ | ||
| *SapSap | ‘feel, grope’ | ||
| *sa-puluq | ‘ten’ | ||
| *SapuSap | ‘feel, grope’ | ||
| *saput | ‘to pick up with something to avoid getting dirty or burned’ | ||
| *Sapuy | ‘fire’ | ||
| *saqit | 1. ‘hook’ 2. ‘to hang up’ | ||
| *saqsaq | ‘bamboo which has been split and flattened’ | ||
| *SaRuŋ | ‘snore, groan, etc.’ | ||
| *Sasak | 1. ‘ripe’ 2. ‘cooked’ | ||
| *Sasaq | ‘whet, sharpen’ | ||
| *Sasaq-an | ‘whetstone, grindstone’ | ||
| *Sa-Sepat | ‘four (of humans)’ | ||
| *sa-supay-an | ‘whetstone’ | ||
| *SateD | 1. ‘accompany, escort’ 2. ‘send, return’ | ||
| *SateD-an | ‘escort, accompany (imperative)’ | ||
| *Sauni | ‘in a little while, momentarily, later’ | ||
| *Saw | ‘question particle’ | ||
| *Sawak | ‘waist, back of the waist’ | ||
| *Sawiki | ‘betel nut: nut of *Areca catechu*’ | ||
| *SawSaw | ‘wash, rinse’ | ||
| *SayaN | ‘termite’ | ||
| *SebaN | ‘carry a child with a carrying cloth’ | ||
| *sebu | ‘bladder’ | ||
| *SebuC | ‘pluck, pull up (as weeds)’ | ||
| *sebuS | 1. ‘douse a fire, extinguish a fire with water’ 2. ‘to hiss, as water on fire’’ | ||
| *sedu | ‘hiccough’ | ||
| *sejep | ‘enter, penetrate’ | ||
| *Sekak | ‘to crow, to caw’ | ||
| *Seked | ‘stop an activity, take a break, rest’ | ||
| *sekel | ‘bend, bow’ | ||
| *seksek | 1. ‘to stuff, cram in’ 2. ‘crowded’ | ||
| *SekuC | ‘hunched over, stoop-shouldered’ | ||
| *Selem | ‘dark, dim’ | ||
| *selem | 1. ‘sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water’ 2. ‘to set, of the sun’ | ||
| *selsel | ‘insert, cram in’ | ||
| *Sema | ‘tongue’ | ||
| *Semay | ‘cooked rice’ | ||
| *Semut | ‘smother’ | ||
| *Señaw | ‘to wash’ | ||
| *Seŋad | ‘to breathe’ | ||
| *Seŋaw | ‘to breathe (?)’ | ||
| *seŋet | ‘to sting or bite, of an insect’ | ||
| *seŋseŋ | ‘cork, stopper, plug’ | ||
| *Sepat | ‘four’ | ||
| *Sepi | ‘dream’ | ||
| *sepiq | ‘break off fruit or branches’ | ||
| *sepsep | ‘sip, suck’ | ||
| *sepsep-en | ‘suck’ | ||
| *sequŋ | ‘horn of an animal’ | ||
| *SeReC | 1. ‘to bind tightly’ 2. ‘belt’ | ||
| *Sesi | ‘flesh, meat’ | ||
| *Setek | ‘cut, sever, chop’ | ||
| *Seyaq | 1. ‘shyness, embarrassment’ 2. ‘shame’ | ||
| *Seyup | ‘blow’ | ||
| *Seyup-an | ‘blow’ | ||
| *Sezam | ‘borrow, lend’ | ||
| *Si- | ‘origin’ | ||
| *Si- | ‘to wear, put on clothes, etc.’ | ||
| *Si- | ‘verbal prefix marking instrumental or benefactive voice’ | ||
| *si | ‘nominative case marker for singular personal names or kin terms used as personal names’ | ||
| *si amax | ‘father (ref.)’ | ||
| *si ia | ‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she, it’ | ||
| *si ia | 1. ‘demonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here’ 2. ‘that, there’ | ||
| *siap | ‘chick’ | ||
| *sibu | ‘urine’ | ||
| *Sidi | ‘Formosan serow, mountain goat’ | ||
| *sidu | ‘spoon, ladle’ | ||
| *sihikay | ‘maggot’ | ||
| *si-ima | ‘who?’ | ||
| *Sijap | ‘broom’ | ||
| *Sika- | ‘prefix for ordinal numbers’ | ||
| *Sikad | 1. ‘ashamed’ 2. ‘shy’ | ||
| *Sika-duSa | ‘second’ | ||
| *Si-kaen | ‘eat’ | ||
| *Sika-lima | ‘fifth (ordinal numeral)’ | ||
| *Sikam | ‘mat’ | ||
| *Sikan | ‘fish’ | ||
| *Sika-pitu | ‘seven’ | ||
| *Sika-puluq | ‘ten’ | ||
| *Sika-Siwa | ‘ninth’ | ||
| *Sika-telu | ‘third’ | ||
| *Siket | ‘tie, bind, attach to by tying’ | ||
| *sikux | ‘elbow’ | ||
| *Si-lahud | ‘wind from the sea (?)’ | ||
| *silaq | ‘split’ | ||
| *SimaR | ‘grease, oil, fat’ | ||
| *Simu | ‘2p pronoun: you’ | ||
| *Sin- | ‘verb prefix’ | ||
| *Sina | ‘plant: *Erechtites* spp.’ | ||
| *siNaR | ‘sun’ | ||
| *Siñaw | ‘to wash’ | ||
| *Siñaw-an | ‘wash’ | ||
| *Siŋus | ‘sniff, sniffle (as with a runny nose)’ | ||
| *SiNuq | ‘beads, necklace’ | ||
| *SipaR | ‘opposite side (esp. of a river)’ | ||
| *Sipes | ‘cockroach’ | ||
| *Sipi | ‘dream’ | ||
| *sipiŋ | ‘supernumerary, as an extra finger or toe’ | ||
| *sipit | 1. ‘tongs, pincers, claw of a crab or lobster’ 2. ‘to pinch or squeeze’ | ||
| *sipsip | ‘sip, suck’ | ||
| *SipuR | ‘to count’ | ||
| *siRa | ‘yesterday’ | ||
| *SiRup | ‘sip, as soup or rice wine from a bowl’ | ||
| *siRup | ‘to sip, as through a straw’ | ||
| *SiSiN | ‘omen bird: *Alcippe* spp.’ | ||
| *Siwa | ‘nine’ | ||
| *siwaq | ‘fissure, split in something’ | ||
| *Siwid | ‘slant’ | ||
| *siwsiw | 1. ‘to cheep’ 2. ‘baby chick’ | ||
| *Su- | ‘take off, remove (+ noun)’ | ||
| *su | ‘nominative case marker for common nouns’ | ||
| *Suab | ‘yawn’ | ||
| *Suaji | ‘younger sibling’ | ||
| *Suaji-an | ‘called or regarded as siblings (?)’ | ||
| *Suaw | ‘yawn’ | ||
| *suiq | ‘bird: the sandpiper (?)’ | ||
| *suked | 1. ‘prop, support’ 2. ‘to prop up or support’ | ||
| *suksuk | 1. ‘pierce, penetrate’ 2. ‘insert’ | ||
| *sukud | ‘walking stick, cane, staff’ | ||
| *SulaR | ‘snake’ | ||
| *Sulem | ‘dim’ | ||
| *suleN | ‘insert, plug’ | ||
| *suli | ‘to reverse, turn around’ | ||
| *Sulij | ‘lie or sleep next to’ | ||
| *SulSul | ‘to masturbate’ | ||
| *sulud | ‘push’ | ||
| *SuluR | ‘lower or let down, as on a rope’ | ||
| *suNaR | ‘light, radiance’ | ||
| *suŋa | ‘do wrong, do in reverse’ | ||
| *Suni | ‘chirp’ | ||
| *SuNus | ‘withdraw, pull out, extract’ | ||
| *supay | ‘whet’ | ||
| *Supiq | ‘plant shoot’ | ||
| *supsup | ‘sip, suck’ | ||
| *suqaR | ‘thorn’ | ||
| *SuqSuq | ‘drip or drain out’ | ||
| *suquN | ‘carry on the head’ | ||
| *SuRas | ‘wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes)’ | ||
| *SuRay | 1. ‘to pass, of time’ 2. ‘to pass time idly’ | ||
| *SuReNa | ‘snow’ | ||
| *SuRSuR | 1. ‘draw string’ 2. ‘to thread a drawstring’ | ||
| *suRuq | ‘to call on a person to do something’ | ||
| *SuRut | ‘pull, draw’ | ||
| *SuRut-en | ‘pull’ | ||
| *susu | 1. ‘female breast’ 2. ‘udder’ | ||
| *susuN | ‘to stack up’ | ||
| *SuSuq | ‘drip or drain out’ | ||
| *Suyeʔab | ‘to yawn’ | ||
| *Suʔu | ‘2sg. agent/possessor’ | ||
| *t<in>aNek | ‘boiled foods other than rice?’ | ||
| *t<in>ektek | ‘was chopped up’ | ||
| *t<in>enun | 1. ‘was woven by someone’ 2. ‘what was woven’ | ||
| *t<in>enun-an | ‘woven cloth’ | ||
| *t<in>uduq | ‘drip’ | ||
| *t<um>aNek | ‘to cook anything but rice’ | ||
| *t<um>anem | ‘to plant’ | ||
| *t<um>aRah | ‘to wait’ | ||
| *t<um>aRaq | ‘to adze wood, hew wood with an adze’ | ||
| *t<um>azem | ‘sharp’ | ||
| *t<um>ebek | ‘to pierce, to stab’ | ||
| *t<um>enun | ‘to weave’ | ||
| *t<um>iktik | ‘to tattoo someone’ | ||
| *t<um>imaNa | ‘to hear, listen’ | ||
| *t<um>uba | ‘to stun fish with plant poison’ | ||
| *t<um>ukad | ‘to climb, as a mountain or steps’ | ||
| *t<um>umaNa | ‘to hear, listen’ | ||
| *t<um>uzuq | ‘to point at, point out, lecture or instruct, give advice’ | ||
| *t<um>əktək | ‘to chop, hack, cut off’ | ||
| *-ta | ‘1pl. incl. genitive suffix’ | ||
| *ta- | ‘1pl. incl. nominative and hortative pronoun’ | ||
| *ta-amax | ‘father (ref.)’ | ||
| *tabaN | ‘head trophy, trophy taken in headhunting (?)’ | ||
| *tabi | ‘plough’ | ||
| *tabtab | 1. ‘slurp up food or water’ 2. ‘eat like a pig or dog’ 3. ‘gulp down’ | ||
| *tabukul | ‘casting net for fishing’ | ||
| *tadaw | ‘kind of large knife’ | ||
| *tageRaŋ | ‘ribcage’ | ||
| *ta-ina | ‘mother (ref.)’ | ||
| *taina | ‘female, of animals’ | ||
| *takep | ‘to lay something on top of another’ | ||
| *takes | 1. ‘to wrap around’ 2. ‘embrace, hug’ | ||
| *takis | ‘sword’ | ||
| *taktak | ‘clatter, clack’ | ||
| *taktak | 1. ‘to fall, of many things at once’ 2. ‘to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something’ | ||
| *taku | 1. ‘dipper, scoop’ 2. ‘to scoop, ladle up’ | ||
| *takut | ‘fear’ | ||
| *talaw | 1. ‘fear, fearful’ 2. ‘coward’ | ||
| *taliuk | ‘turn, go around’ | ||
| *tama | 1. ‘appropriate, suitable, right’ 2. ‘fit together’ 3. ‘hit the mark’ | ||
| *tamtam | ‘smack the lips’ | ||
| *tamuhuŋ | ‘hat, head covering’ | ||
| *taNah | ‘red’ | ||
| *tañam | ‘try, taste’ | ||
| *tanaq | ‘plant: *Aralia decaisneana* (Hance)’ | ||
| *taNaS | 1. ‘village’ 2. ‘place of residence’ | ||
| *tanayan | ‘bamboo sp.’ | ||
| *taNek | ‘to cook anything but rice’ | ||
| *taNek-en | ‘cook’ | ||
| *tanem-an | ‘area that is planted(?)’ | ||
| *taŋa | ‘to open’ | ||
| *taNiud | ‘mulberry tree and fruit: *Morus formosensis* (Hotta)’ | ||
| *tapeS | ‘winnow’ | ||
| *tapeS-i | ‘to winnow’ | ||
| *tapis | ‘loincloth (?)’ | ||
| *tapun | ‘gather, assemble’ | ||
| *tapus | ‘end, complete, finish’ | ||
| *taqan | 1. ‘snare trap’ 2. ‘set a snare trap’ | ||
| *taR- | ‘prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action’ | ||
| *taRah | ‘to wait’ | ||
| *taRaq | ‘hewing with an adze’ | ||
| *taRaq-i | ‘Adze it!, Hew it!’ | ||
| *ta(R)kes | ‘wrap around, encircle’ | ||
| *taRuqan | 1. ‘field hut’ 2. ‘temporary shelter used when working for extended periods in fields far from the village’ | ||
| *tastas | ‘sever, cut through, rip out stitches’ | ||
| *tata | ‘collateral consanguine of the first ascending generation’ | ||
| *tatak | ‘hoe’ | ||
| *ta-telu | ‘three (of humans)’ | ||
| *ta-tenun-an | ‘loom’ | ||
| *tebaS | ‘to cut, clear vegetation’ | ||
| *tebek | ‘pierce, stab’ | ||
| *tebteb | ‘to cut’ | ||
| *tebuS | ‘sugarcane: *Saccharum officinarum*’ | ||
| *teda | ‘leftover, remainder’ | ||
| *teguŋ | ‘to boom, sound">resound’ | ||
| *tekep | 1. ‘cover’ 2. ‘to cover with a flat surface’ | ||
| *tekiq | 1. ‘high-pitched sound’ 2. ‘chirp of a gecko’ | ||
| *tektek | ‘chopping to pieces, cutting up, as meat or vegetables’ | ||
| *tektek | ‘gecko, house lizard (onom.)’ | ||
| *tektek-en | 1. ‘chopped into pieces, be minced, as meat or vegetables’ 2. ‘what is chopped up or minced’ | ||
| *tekuŋ | ‘to rap, knock, make a booming sound’ | ||
| *telu | ‘three’ | ||
| *teneb | ‘to immerse, put under water’ | ||
| *teñeb | ‘submerge’ | ||
| *tenem | ‘sea, ocean’ | ||
| *teŋiC | ‘grimace at pain’ | ||
| *teŋteŋ | ‘drone, droning tone’ | ||
| *tenun | ‘to weave ( cloth)’ | ||
| *tenun-an | ‘loom’ | ||
| *tenun-en | ‘woven by someone’ | ||
| *tepeŋ | ‘to measure quantities, as amounts of grain’ | ||
| *tepik | ‘pat, light slap’ | ||
| *tepuk | ‘hit, sound of hitting, clapping, thumping’ | ||
| *teRebeS | ‘tree: *Zelkova Formosana*’ | ||
| *teRteR | ‘to tremble, shiver’ | ||
| *terter | ‘shiver, tremble’ | ||
| *ti | 1. ‘1p deixis and spatial reference: this’ 2. ‘here’ | ||
| *tiaN | ‘abdomen, belly’ | ||
| *tibuk | ‘pound, throb’ | ||
| *tik | ‘sound of tapping or flicking (of finger, small implement, etc.) against something’ | ||
| *tikel | ‘bend’ | ||
| *tiktik | ‘to tap, strike lightly on a hard surface’ | ||
| *tiktik | ‘to tattoo’ | ||
| *tikuRas | ‘bird: the Formosan bamboo partridge’ | ||
| *timaNa | ‘to hear, listen’ | ||
| *timij | ‘chin, jaw’ | ||
| *timu | ‘salt’ | ||
| *timuR | ‘south or east wind’ | ||
| *timuRmuR | ‘rinse the mouth’ | ||
| *timus | ‘salt’ | ||
| *tinun | ‘to weave cloth’ | ||
| *ti-pitu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *tiR(e)peS | ‘spittle’ | ||
| *tirtir | ‘shiver, tremble’ | ||
| *titik | ‘to beat on something loudly’ | ||
| *titu | 1. ‘puppy’ 2. ‘young animal in general?’ | ||
| *tubah | ‘plant with roots that are pounded and put in rivers to stun fish: *Derris elliptica*’ | ||
| *tudiŋ | ‘to point out’ | ||
| *tuduq | 1. ‘to leak, drip, as a leaky roof’ 2. ‘drop of water’ | ||
| *tuduq-an | ‘to drip’ | ||
| *tuduq-en | ‘to drip’ | ||
| *tuduR | ‘to sleep’ | ||
| *tuduS | ‘knee’ | ||
| *tuiq | ‘bird sp.’ | ||
| *tukad | 1. ‘sloping upward’ 2. ‘to climb a mountain’ | ||
| *tuked | ‘prop, support’ | ||
| *tuktuk | 1. ‘beak of a bird’ 2. ‘to peck’ | ||
| *tuktuk | 1. ‘to knock, pound, beat’ 2. ‘crush’ | ||
| *tuktuk | ‘top, summit, crown’ | ||
| *tuku | ‘prop, post’ | ||
| *tukud | ‘prop, support’ | ||
| *tukul | ‘to sprout, begin to grow’ | ||
| *tulani | ‘bamboo nose flute’ | ||
| *tumaNa | ‘to hear, listen’ | ||
| *tuNa | ‘freshwater eel’ | ||
| *tunuh-an | ‘to roast’ | ||
| *tuqaS | 1. ‘old, of people’ 2. ‘primary forest, old forest’ | ||
| *tuqaS tuqaS | ‘old’ | ||
| *tuqed | 1. ‘tree stump’ 2. ‘stubble’ | ||
| *tuqtuq | ‘to hammer, pound, crush’ | ||
| *tuquN | ‘evergreen tree, probably *Acacia confusa*’ | ||
| *turis | ‘scratch a line, make a long shallow cut’ | ||
| *tuRtuR | ‘resonant sound’ | ||
| *tuRukuk | ‘chicken’ | ||
| *tusuk | ‘pierce, skewer or string together’ | ||
| *tutuh | ‘beat, pound, bump, thump’ | ||
| *tutur | ‘cooing of a dove’ | ||
| *tutut | ‘sparrow or similar bird’ | ||
| *tuzuq | 1. ‘to point at, point out’ 2. ‘give directions’ | ||
| *tuzuq-en | ‘point’ | ||
| *ua | ‘exclamation of surprise, etc.’ | ||
| *ubuC | ‘pluck, pull out’ | ||
| *udu | ‘grass’ | ||
| *ujuŋ | ‘nose’ | ||
| *uka | ‘negative existential: there is none’ | ||
| *ulaŋ | ‘repeat, do again’ | ||
| *ulaw | ‘confusion, perplexity’ | ||
| *um-adaS | ‘bring’ | ||
| *um-ai | ‘to come’ | ||
| *um-ala | ‘to fetch, get, take’ | ||
| *um-alaq | ‘fetch, get, take’ | ||
| *umaN | ‘again’ | ||
| *um-aŋay | ‘to leave, depart (?)’ | ||
| *um-aRi | ‘to come’ | ||
| *umaS | ‘to pickle, preserve meat or fish’ | ||
| *um-imah | ‘to drink’ | ||
| *umuR | ‘hold in the mouth’ | ||
| *um-uSa | ‘to go, to walk’ | ||
| *um-utaq | ‘to vomit’ | ||
| *uNay | ‘sliver, splinter, foreign body embedded in the flesh’ | ||
| *uŋay | ‘ritually sacrificed monkey?’ | ||
| *uNuq | ‘beads, necklace’ | ||
| *upup | ‘bullfrog’ | ||
| *uReŋ | ‘horn of an animal’ | ||
| *uSa | ‘go’ | ||
| *u-Siwa | ‘nine (of things?)’ | ||
| *utan | ‘taro variety’ | ||
| *utaq | ‘vomit’ | ||
| *utaq-an | ‘vomit (imperative)’ | ||
| *utaq-en | ‘vomit’ | ||
| *waCaN | ‘deep pool or pond’ | ||
| *waCa-waCaN | ‘small pond(?)’ | ||
| *-wadaŋ | ‘collarbone, clavicle’ | ||
| *wakwak | 1. ‘bird sp.’ 2. ‘to caw, crow’ | ||
| *walay | ‘thread’ | ||
| *walu | ‘eight’ | ||
| *waNan | ‘right ( side, hand, direction)’ | ||
| *wanaN | ‘right ( side, hand, direction)’ | ||
| *waNiS | ‘tusk of wild boar’ | ||
| *waNiS-an | ‘wild boar’ | ||
| *waNu | ‘honeybee’ | ||
| *waqay | ‘foot, leg’ | ||
| *waqit | 1. ‘barb, point’ 2. ‘canine tooth?’ | ||
| *waray | ‘to separate, as two people’ | ||
| *waRi | 1. ‘day’ 2. ‘sun’ 3. ‘dry in the sun’ | ||
| *-waRwaR | ‘rainbow’ | ||
| *waSaw | ‘leaf’ | ||
| *watawat | ‘wave, flutter (as a flag)’ | ||
| *wa-walu | ‘eight (of humans)’ | ||
| *wili | ‘return, come back’ | ||
| *wiŋawiŋ | ‘wag, shake, move repeatedly from side to side’ | ||
| *wiRi | ‘left side or direction’ | ||
| *witiwit | ‘wag, swing from side to side’ | ||
| *ya | ‘nominative case marker for singular common nouns’ | ||
| *zalan | 1. ‘path, made by a human as opposed to an animal’ 2. ‘way or means to do something’ | ||
| *zalan-an | ‘passage way, place where one has walked’ | ||
| *zalan-zalan | ‘small path or trail’ | ||
| *za(ŋ)kuC | ‘grab, grasp, seize’ | ||
| *zaRami | ‘rice straw’ | ||
| *zaRem | ‘needle’ | ||
| *zaRum | ‘needle’ | ||
| *zawa | ‘millet sp.: *Setaria italica* (?)’ | ||
| *za-zalan | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ | ||
| *zekzek | ‘to tread, trample on’ | ||
| *zulu | ‘earlier, in advance’ |