Blust & Trussel (2019a): Proto-Austronesian
Search entries
Headword | IPA | Glosses | |
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*<in> | ‘perfective marker’ |
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*<um> | ‘verbal infix marking actor voice’ |
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*-a | ‘imperative suffix’ |
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*-a | ‘subjunctive suffix’ |
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*a | ‘hesitation particle’ |
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*a | ‘ligature’ |
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*aba | ‘father’ |
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*aCab | ‘cover’ |
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*aCas | ‘high, tall’ |
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*aCay | ‘death’ |
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*adaS | ‘bring, take along’ |
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*adi | ‘no, not’ |
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*a-enem | ‘six (of humans)’ |
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*a-esa | ‘one (of humans)’ |
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*ai | ‘come’ |
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*ai | ‘interjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc.’ |
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*ajem | 1. ‘heart’ 2. ‘mind’ |
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*aken | ‘1sg oblique’ |
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*aki | ‘grandfather, ancestor’ |
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*aku | 1. ‘1sg nominative’ 2. ‘I’ |
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*ala | 1. ‘take, get, fetch, obtain’ 2. ‘marry’ |
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*ala-en | ‘take’ |
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*alap | ‘fetch, get, take’ |
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*alaq | ‘fetch, get, take’ |
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*alaq-en | ‘take’ |
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*alikas | ‘quick, fast’ |
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*alim | ‘forget’ |
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*a(lR)im | ‘pancreas, spleen’ |
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*aluja | ‘to paddle’ |
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*alujah | ‘ant sp.’ |
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*amax | ‘father’ |
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*amen | ‘1pl ex oblique’ |
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*ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’ |
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*amin | 1. ‘all’ 2. ‘finished’ |
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*amu | ‘2pl. nominative pronoun’ |
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*-an | 1. ‘verbal suffix marking locative voice’ 2. ‘nominal suffix marking location’ |
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*aNak | 1. ‘child, offspring’ 2. ‘son, daughter’ 3. ‘interest on a loan’ |
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*aN-aNak | ‘child’ |
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*aNay | ‘insect of the order *Isoptera*: termite, white ant’ |
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*aŋay | ‘departure (?)’ |
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*apa | ‘carry on the back’ |
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*apu | ‘grandparent/ grandchild (reciprocal)’ |
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*apuR | ‘betel chew’ |
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*aRi | 1. ‘come’ 2. ‘toward the speaker’ 3. ‘let’s go!’ |
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*asa | ‘one’ |
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*asaŋ | ‘village’ |
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*aSik | ‘to sweep, remove trash’ |
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*asu | ‘dog’ |
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*ata | ‘1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our’ |
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*atuR | ‘stone wall’ |
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*au | ‘yes’ |
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*aya | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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*aya | ‘exclamation of annoyance, surprise, etc.’ |
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*b<aR>eŋbeŋ | ‘buzz’ |
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*b<in>ahi | ‘woman, wife’ |
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*b<in>eCik | ‘tattoo’ |
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*b<in>elaq | ‘to have been split, cloven in two’ |
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*b<in>uRuk | ‘to have become rotten’ |
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*b<um>aliw | ‘buy’ |
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*b<um>asuq | ‘to wash’ |
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*baba | 1. ‘carry a person pick-a-back’ 2. ‘ride pick-a-back’ |
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*ba-bahi | ‘woman, female’ |
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*babaw | 1. ‘upper surface, top’ 2. ‘highlands’ 3. ‘on, upon, over, above’ |
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*babuy | ‘pig’ |
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*babuy-an | ‘pig’ |
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*baCaR | ‘broomcorn millet: *Panicum miliaceum*’ |
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*bahi | ‘female’ |
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*bajaq | 1. ‘know, understand’ 2. ‘ask, inquire’ |
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*bajiw | ‘edible mushroom sp.’ |
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*bakaŋ | ‘bowlegged’ |
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*bakaR | ‘kind of basket’ |
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*bakbak | ‘clap’ |
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*bakes | 1. ‘belt’ 2. ‘tie around the waist’ |
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*baki | ‘grandfather’ |
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*bakuŋ | ‘lily-like plant: *Crinum asiaticum* L.’ |
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*balalaCuk | ‘bird: the woodpecker’ |
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*balaŋa | ‘shallow earthenware cooking pot or pan’ |
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*balbal | 1. ‘beating stick’ 2. ‘to beat, beat (esp. clothes in washing them)’ |
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*baleŋ | ‘preserve meat in salt or brine’ |
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*bales | 1. ‘to answer, retaliate’ 2. ‘reciprocate good or evil’ |
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*bali | ‘wind’ |
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*baliw | ‘buy, sell’ |
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*baliw | ‘return’ |
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*baluN | ‘bind, bundle’ |
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*baNaR | ‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ |
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*baNaS | ‘male (of animals)’ |
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*baNaw | ‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ |
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*banaw | ‘lake’ |
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*bañaw | ‘wash the body’ |
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*baŋaS | ‘tree: *Melia azedarach*’ |
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*baŋaw | ‘paddy bug, foul-smelling insect that preys on rice in the field’ |
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*baŋbaŋ | ‘butterfly, moth’ |
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*baŋbaŋ | ‘resound resounding sound’ |
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*baŋeliS | 1. ‘tusk’ 2. ‘canine tooth’ |
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*baŋ(e)qeR | ‘rotten smell, stench’ |
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*baŋeS | ‘skin’ |
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*baŋeSiS | ‘fragrant’ |
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*baŋuN | ‘wake up, get out of bed’ |
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*baŋun | ‘Japanese cypress: *Chamaecyparis obtusa*’ |
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*baNiC | ‘to skin, flay’ |
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*baqeRuh | 1. ‘new’ 2. ‘bachelor’ |
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*baqeSiŋ | ‘sneeze’ |
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*baqi | ‘grandmother’ |
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*baRah | ‘ember, glowing coal’ |
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*baRaŋ | ‘rib (?)’ |
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*baRaq | ‘lung’ |
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*baRat | ‘cross’ |
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*baRat | ‘cucumber: *Cucumis sativus*’ |
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*barat | ‘cross’ |
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*baReq | ‘abscess, boil, swelling on the body’ |
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*baRija | ‘weaver's sword ( lath used to beat in and tighten the woof)’ |
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*baRiuS | ‘typhoon’ |
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*baRuj | ‘dove: probably *Ducula* spp.’ |
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*baSaq | 1. ‘flood’ 2. ‘to overflow, be in flood’ |
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*baSaw | 1. ‘cold, of leftover food’ 2. ‘leftovers from a meal’ |
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*baSay | ‘hairy vine: *Pueraria hirsuta*’ |
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*basbas | ‘hit, strike’ |
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*basbas | ‘sprinkle’ |
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*baseq | ‘wash clothes’ |
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*basuq | ‘to wash’ |
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*batu | ‘to throw’ |
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*batux | 1. ‘stone’ 2. ‘testicle’ |
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*bayu | ‘to pound rice’ |
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*beCeŋ | ‘millet sp., probably foxtail millet: *Setaria italica*’ |
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*beCik | ‘tattoo’ |
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*beCu | ‘callus, blister’ |
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*bedul | ‘swelling of the body’ |
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*bejbej | 1. ‘wrap around repeatedly, bind by wrapping’ 2. ‘bundle of wrapped material’ |
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*bekas | ‘swift, fast’ |
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*bekas | ‘to spring a trap’ |
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*bekbek | ‘sound of breaking, etc.’ |
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*bekuC | 1. ‘to bend over, bend down (of a person)’ 2. ‘hunchbacked’ |
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*belaq | ‘part of something split’ |
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*beli | ‘to buy’ |
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*benan | ‘deer of the genus *Cervus*, either the sika deer or sambar deer’ |
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*beNbeN | ‘banana: *Musa sapientum* L.’ |
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*beNelem | ‘overcast, twilight’ |
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*beŋbeŋ | ‘block’ |
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*beŋbeŋ | ‘buzz, hum’ |
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*beNuC | ‘pull out, extract’ |
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*beRas | 1. ‘rice between harvesting and cooking’ 2. ‘husked rice’ |
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*beRas-an | ‘container in which rice is stored’ |
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*beRay | ‘give’ |
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*beRek | ‘domesticated pig’ |
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*beReqaŋ | ‘molar tooth’ |
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*beriq | ‘split, tear open’ |
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*beRŋaw | ‘bluebottle, large fly’ |
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*beRŋi-n | ‘night’ |
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*beRuS | ‘plant: *Rhus semialata*’ |
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*bes | ‘whizzing sound’ |
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*besuR | ‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ |
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*betak | ‘crack, split open (as dry ground)’ |
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*beties | ‘calf of the leg’ |
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*betik | 1. ‘snap the fingers’ 2. ‘flick with the finger, fillip’ |
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*betuŋ | ‘bamboo of very large diameter, probably *Dendrocalamus* sp.’ |
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*biaC | ‘draw a bow to its full extent’ |
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*biCuka | ‘stomach’ |
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*bilaŋ | 1. ‘to count, calculate’ 2. ‘hold valuable’ |
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*biliN | ‘to follow after someone, walk behind’ |
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*bineSiq | ‘seed set aside for the next planting’ |
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*biŋiC | ‘moody, irritable’ |
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*biNiC | ‘hold in the hand’ |
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*biqel | ‘goiter’ |
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*biqiR | ‘off-, off- balance’ |
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*biqut | ‘curved, crooked, bent’ |
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*biraŋ | ‘anger, angry’ |
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*biRaq | ‘wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro, *Alocasia* spp.’ |
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*biRaS | ‘roe, fish eggs’ |
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*biRaSu | ‘cane grass, *Miscanthus* sp.’ |
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*biRbiR | ‘lip’ |
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*birbir | ‘shiver, shake, tremble’ |
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*biriC | ‘to tear, rip’ |
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*bisuR | ‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ |
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*bitbit | ‘pull at some part of the body’ |
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*bituqen | ‘star’ |
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*bua | ‘foam, bubbles, froth’ |
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*buak | ‘bubbling up (as spring water)’ |
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*bual | ‘spring, source of fresh water’ |
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*buaq | ‘fruit’ |
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*buay | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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*bubu | ‘conical bamboo basket trap for fish’ |
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*bubu | ‘grandparent’ |
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*bubuR | ‘jellyfish’ |
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*buCa | 1. ‘mote in the eye’ 2. ‘blind’ 3. ‘blindness’ |
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*buCa-en maCa | ‘get a mote in the eye’ |
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*buCaq | ‘foam, froth’ |
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*buCbuC | ‘pull up (as weeds), pluck (as feathers)’ |
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*buCu | 1. ‘callus, corn’ 2. ‘blister’ |
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*buCuq | ‘testicles’ |
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*buhaŋ | ‘hole, pit’ |
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*buhet | ‘squirrel’ |
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*bujeq | ‘foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth’ |
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*bukas | ‘release, undo’ |
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*bukeS | ‘head hair’ |
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*bukij | 1. ‘mountain’ 2. ‘forested inland mountain areas’ |
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*bukuN | ‘back (anat.)’ |
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*bula | ‘to give’ |
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*bulaN | 1. ‘moon, month’ 2. ‘menstruation’ |
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*bulaR | 1. ‘cataract of the eye’ 2. ‘hazy or blurred vision’ |
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*bulaw | ‘golden colored’ |
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*bulaw-an | ‘gold’ |
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*bulbul | ‘dust, pulverized stone’ |
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*buled | ‘mountain’ |
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*buleS | ‘tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany: *Shorea albus* Foxw.’ |
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*buli- | ‘prefix of the *qali, *kali- series’ |
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*bulilik | ‘lizard sp.’ |
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*buluN | ‘companion’ |
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*buluq | 1. ‘type of slender bamboo’ 2. ‘*Schizostachyum* spp.’ |
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*bunabun | ‘rice seedling’ |
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*bunaj | ‘sand’ |
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*buNbuN | 1. ‘fontanelle’ 2. ‘crown of the head’ |
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*buŋa | ‘flower, blossom’ |
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*buŋuh | ‘head’ |
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*buŋuR | ‘tree sp.’ |
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*buNi | ‘to hide, conceal’ |
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*buNuq | ‘constellation: the Pleiades’ |
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*buNuq | ‘throw at, hit with a projectile’ |
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*bunuR | 1. ‘to swell’ 2. ‘swollen’ |
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*bunuS | ‘machete’ |
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*buqaya | ‘crocodile’ |
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*buRaw | ‘drive off, chase away, expel’ |
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*buRay | ‘flower’ |
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*buReS | ‘spray water from the mouth’ |
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*buRuk | 1. ‘rotten meat’ 2. ‘addled eggs’ 3. ‘bad character’ |
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*buSuk | ‘drunkenness, intoxication’ |
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*busuR | ‘enemy’ |
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*busuR | ‘hunting bow’ |
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*buuŋ | ‘buzzing or humming sound’ |
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*C<in>akaw | 1. ‘what is stolen, stolen goods’ 2. ‘was stolen (past tense of direct passive)’ |
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*C<in>aliS | 1. ‘was made into rope’ 2. ‘what was made into rope’ |
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*C<in>apa | ‘smoke’ |
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*C<in>aqi | ‘small intestine’ |
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*C<in>aqiS | ‘sew’ |
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*C<in>uNuh | ‘roast’ |
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*C<um>abu | ‘to wrap’ |
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*C<um>aki | ‘defecate’ |
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*C<um>aliS | ‘to tie with rope, fasten with rope’ |
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*C<um>aŋis | ‘to weep, cry, mourn’ |
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*C<um>apu | ‘to sweep’ |
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*C<um>aqi | ‘to defecate’ |
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*C<um>aqiS | ‘to sew’ |
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*C<um>ubuq | ‘to sprout, to grow’ |
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*C<um>ugCug | ‘knock or bump the head’ |
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*C<um>uNuh | ‘to roast (intr.)’ |
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*C<um>uSuR | ‘to string beads, etc.’ |
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*CabCab | ‘clap, beat, hack’ |
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*Cabu | ‘to wrap’ |
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*Ca-Capuh | ‘broom’ |
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*Ca-CaqiS | ‘sew’ |
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*CaCaw | ‘pupil of the eye’ |
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*Ca-Cawa | ‘to laugh’ |
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*Cakaw | ‘steal’ |
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*Cakaw-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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*Caki | ‘feces, excreta’ |
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*Cali | ‘cultivated taro: *Colocasia esculenta*’ |
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*Caliŋa | ‘ear’ |
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*Caliŋa nu kaSiw | ‘wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks’ |
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*CaliS | ‘rope, cord, twine, string’ |
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*CaluN | 1. ‘fallow land’ 2. ‘secondary forest’ |
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*CaNem | 1. ‘grave’ 2. ‘to bury’ |
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*CaNem-en | ‘what is buried or planted’ |
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*Caŋelaj | ‘elephant grass, miscanthus grass: *Themeda gigantea*’ |
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*Caŋila | ‘ear’ |
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*Caŋis | 1. ‘weep, cry’ 2. ‘mourn’ 3. ‘to beseech’ |
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*Caŋis-an | ‘to cry over something or someone’ |
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*CaNum | ‘carry water’ |
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*Capa | ‘to smoke fish or meat for preservation’ |
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*Capaŋ | ‘patch, as on clothing’ |
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*Capel | 1. ‘patch’ 2. ‘to patch’ |
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*Capuh | ‘sweep’ |
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*Caqi | ‘feces, excrement’ |
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*CaqiS | ‘to sew’ |
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*CaqiS-an | ‘sew’ |
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*Caqu | ‘to know how, be able to, be skilled at’ |
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*Caqu-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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*CaSaw | ‘open-’ |
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*Cau | ‘person, human being’ |
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*Cau Cau | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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*Cau nu maCa | ‘pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)’ |
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*Cawa | ‘to laugh’ |
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*CawiN | ‘year’ |
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*Cazem | ‘sharp (of point or blade)’ |
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*Cebak | ‘smack against’ |
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*Cebej | ‘spring of water, spring water’ |
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*Cebiq | ‘split, divide, break off’ |
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*Cebuj | ‘natural spring, fresh water spring’ |
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*Cebuk | ‘thud’ |
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*CebuN | ‘smoke’ |
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*Cebuŋ | ‘to meet, come together’ |
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*CebuS | ‘sugarcane: *Saccharum officinarum*’ |
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*CegCeg | ‘beat, pound, hit’ |
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*CegCeg | ‘to beat, pound on’ |
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*CekCek | ‘pierce, penetrate’ |
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*Ceked | ‘to rest, take a break from work or other activity’ |
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*CekeS | ‘kind of very slender bamboo’ |
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*Celaq | ‘crack, split, fissure’ |
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*CelCel | ‘beat, pound’ |
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*Ceme-Cemel | ‘uncultivated land’ |
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*Cemel | 1. ‘grass, herbs’ 2. ‘medicine’ |
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*Cenek | ‘thorn’ |
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*CeRab | ‘belch’ |
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*Cesek | ‘insert, pierce, penetrate’ |
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*Cidu | ‘spoon, ladle, dipper’ |
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*Cikel | ‘return, go back’ |
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*CiŋaS | ‘food particles caught between the teeth’ |
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*Ciqaw | ‘fish sp.’ |
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*-Cu | 1. ‘spatio- deixis and spatio- temporal reference: that’ 2. ‘there, then’ |
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*Cubuq | ‘plant sprout’ |
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*CugCug | ‘hit something against something else’ |
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*CugCug | ‘knock or bump the head’ |
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*Cukul | ‘huddle, bow the head’ |
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*Culi | ‘deaf’ |
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*Cumay | ‘Formosan black bear’ |
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*Cumek | 1. ‘pulverize’ 2. ‘crumble’ |
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*CumeS | 1. ‘clothes louse’ 2. ‘body louse’ |
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*CuŋCuŋ | ‘make a booming sound’ |
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*CuNuh | ‘roast food over a fire’ |
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*CuNuh-an | ‘to roast’ |
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*CuqelaN | 1. ‘condylar bone’ 2. ‘bone of fauna exclusive of fish’ |
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*CuquR | ‘tree: *Bischofia javanica*’ |
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*Curis | ‘scratch a line’ |
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*CuSuR | ‘string together, as beads’ |
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*CuSuR-en | ‘strung, be skewered’ |
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*Cuzuq | ‘index finger’ |
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*d<um>akep | 1. ‘to catch, capture’ 2. ‘embrace’ |
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*d<um>akiS | ‘climb, ascend’ |
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*d<um>ilaq | ‘to lick’ |
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*da | ‘locative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. *di, *du)’ |
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*da-amax | ‘father’ |
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*dadaN | 1. ‘old, of things’ 2. ‘ancient times’ |
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*da-duSa | ‘two, of people’ |
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*dajam | ‘accustomed to, tame’ |
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*dajem | ‘chills, as of malaria’ |
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*dakep | 1. ‘catch, seize’ 2. ‘embrace’ |
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*dakep-en | ‘caught, captured’ |
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*dakeS | ‘tree: the camphor laurel: *Cinnamomum* spp.’ |
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*daki | 1. ‘dirt on skin’ 2. ‘dandruff’ |
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*dakiS | ‘climb, ascend’ |
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*dakuC | ‘snatch, grab’ |
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*dalayap | ‘kind of citrus tree and fruit’ |
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*dalem | 1. ‘in, inside’ 2. ‘deep’ |
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*damaR | ‘tree resin used in torches (?)’ |
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*damuq | ‘dew’ |
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*damuq | ‘menstrual blood?’ |
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*danaw | ‘lake’ |
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*daŋdaŋ | 1. ‘broil’ 2. ‘warm oneself or something near a fire’ |
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*daŋdaŋ-an | ‘place something near a fire’ |
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*daNi | 1. ‘soon, presently’ 2. ‘almost’ |
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*daNum | ‘fresh water’ |
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*danum-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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*dapa | ‘palm of the hand’ |
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*dapaN | 1. ‘sole of the foot’ 2. ‘footprint’ |
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*dapuR | ‘pile up, as stones’ |
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*daqaN | ‘old, ancient’ |
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*daqaNi | ‘day’ |
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*daqiS | 1. ‘forehead’ 2. ‘face’ |
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*daqu | ‘soapberry: *Sapindus mukrossi*, *S. saponaria*’ |
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*daRa | ‘Formosan maple: *Liquidambar formosana*’ |
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*daRaq | 1. ‘blood’ 2. ‘to bleed’ 3. ‘menstruate’ |
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*daReq | ‘soil, probably clay’ |
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*daRiŋ | ‘groan, moan’ |
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*daRiq | ‘soil, probably clay’ |
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*daSdaS | ‘chest (anat.)’ |
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*dataR | ‘flat, flat or level land’ |
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*dawiN | ‘far’ |
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*daya | ‘upriver, toward the interior’ |
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*debdeb | ‘chest’ |
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*dekdek | ‘to tamp down, compact something’ |
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*dekeC | ‘paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice)’ |
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*dekep | ‘embrace’ |
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*dekiŋ | ‘to bark, of a deer’ |
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*deles | ‘bowstring’ |
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*demdem | ‘brood, hold a grudge, remember, keep still’ |
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*demdem | 1. ‘gloom, darkness’ 2. ‘dark, overcast, gloomy’ |
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*deŋdeŋ | 1. ‘thunder’ 2. ‘roaring or thunderous sound’ |
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*deŋeR | 1. ‘to hear’ 2. ‘sound’ |
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*depah | ‘fathom’ |
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*depuŋ | ‘venomous snake’ |
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*deRdeR | ‘thunder’ |
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*deRuŋ | ‘distant rolling thunder’ |
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*deruŋ | ‘deep booming boom’ |
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*detdet | ‘packed tightly together’ |
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*di | ‘locative case marker (probably for singular personal names; *cf.* *<pwd>da</pwd>, *<pwd>du</pwd>)’ |
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*dikeC | ‘sticky, adhesive’ |
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*dikit | ‘little, few, small in amount’ |
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*dilaq | ‘to lick’ |
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*diNaŋ | 1. ‘rust’ 2. ‘hematite’ |
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*di-ni | ‘here’ |
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*diRi | ‘to stand’ |
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*diRus | ‘bathe’ |
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*disdis | ‘cut, slice’ |
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*diteq | ‘sticky substance’ |
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*dua | ‘over there, yonder’ |
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*du-duSa | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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*duhduh | ‘thunder’ |
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*dukduk | ‘ginger’ |
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*dukduk | ‘to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab’ |
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*duma | 1. ‘someone’ 2. ‘other people’ 3. ‘different’ |
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*du(ŋ)kuŋ | ‘bend, curve’ |
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*duRi | ‘thorn’ |
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*duSa | ‘two’ |
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*duSa duSa | 1. ‘two by two, two at a time’ 2. ‘two each’ |
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*duSa-en | ‘divided into two’ |
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*edem | ‘soak, dye’ |
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*-en | 1. ‘verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice’ 2. ‘nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action’ |
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*enem | ‘six’ |
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*esa | ‘one’ |
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*g<um>aruC | ‘to comb’ |
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*gaCel | ‘itch, feel itchy’ |
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*gaRaŋ | ‘small edible freshwater crab’ |
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*garaŋ | ‘fierce, intense, as of appetite or temper’ |
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*garuC | ‘comb’ |
||
*gayaŋ | ‘hunting spear’ |
||
*geCel | ‘to pinch’ |
||
*gemel | ‘take in the hand, clasp, grasp’ |
||
*gemgem | 1. ‘fist’ 2. ‘hold in the fist’ |
||
*gereC | ‘slit an animal's throat’ |
||
*gerger | ‘shake, shiver, tremble’ |
||
*geriC | ‘gnaw of ripping, gnawing, etc.’ |
||
*getil | ‘to pinch’ |
||
*giŋgiŋ | ‘cold, shivering’ |
||
*giRiŋ | ‘ring’ |
||
*gisgis | ‘rub, scrape against’ |
||
*guCguC | ‘pluck, pull out’ |
||
*guCguC | ‘to scratch, as an itch’ |
||
*gumuN | ‘body hair’ |
||
*guŋguŋ | ‘deep resounding sound’ |
||
*gurgur | ‘boil of boiling water’ |
||
*guRiCa | ‘octopus’ |
||
*guris | 1. ‘line’ 2. ‘scratch a line’ |
||
*guSam | ‘fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush’ |
||
*gusgus | ‘to scrape, scratch, rub’ |
||
*gusi | ‘gums’ |
||
*gutgut | ‘front teeth, incisors’ |
||
*haŋut | ‘smell, odor’ |
||
*hesek | ‘drive in stakes or posts’ |
||
*hisep | ‘suck, inhale’ |
||
*hukaq | ‘loosen, open’ |
||
*hulhul | ‘to bark, of a dog’ |
||
*huRaC | 1. ‘artery, blood vessel, blood vein’ 2. ‘muscle’ 3. ‘nerve’ 4. ‘sinew’ 5. ‘tendon’ |
||
*-i | ‘imperative suffix’ |
||
*i | ‘exclamation of wonder, disgust, etc.’ |
||
*i | ‘in’ |
||
*i | ‘personal article’ |
||
*i aCas | ‘above, on top’ |
||
*i babaw | ‘above, on top of’ |
||
*ia | 1. ‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she’ 2. ‘him, her, it’ |
||
*i-aku | ‘1sg., I, me’ |
||
*i-amen | ‘1pl. ex oblique’ |
||
*i-ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative, we’ |
||
*ian | ‘dwell, reside, live in a place’ |
||
*ia-ni | 1. ‘this’ 2. ‘here’ |
||
*ibaS | ‘companion, close relative, other one’ |
||
*i-Cu | ‘that (2p)’ |
||
*idas | ‘affine of Ego's generation’ |
||
*ijan | ‘when?’ |
||
*i-kaSu | ‘2sg., you’ |
||
*ikuD | ‘to follow’ |
||
*ikud | ‘to sit’ |
||
*ikuR | ‘tail’ |
||
*iluR | ‘river channel’ |
||
*ima | ‘who?’ |
||
*imah | ‘drink’ |
||
*ina | ‘mother, mother's sister’ |
||
*in-alap | ‘take’ |
||
*iná-q | ‘mother, mother's sister (address, vocative)’ |
||
*iŋ(e)pis | ‘thin (of material objects)’ |
||
*iŋsuŋ | ‘wooden rice mortar’ |
||
*i-ni | ‘this, here’ |
||
*ini | ‘negative marker: no, not’ |
||
*i-nu | ‘place which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where?’ |
||
*inu | ‘where?’ |
||
*ipit | 1. ‘near, come near’ 2. ‘edge, border’ |
||
*iRik | ‘thresh with the feet (as rice)’ |
||
*isa | ‘one’ |
||
*isa isa | 1. ‘distributive’ 2. ‘one-by-one, one at a time’ |
||
*isa-ŋa | ‘remaining one’ |
||
*iSeq | ‘urine, urinate’ |
||
*isi | 1. ‘flesh (of humans, animals, fruits, tubers)’ 2. ‘reside’ 3. ‘blade of a knife’ 4. ‘inhabitants, residents’ |
||
*iSiq | ‘urine, urinate’ |
||
*iSu | ‘2sg. personal pronoun: you’ |
||
*ita | ‘we (incl.)’ |
||
*iten | ‘1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.)’ |
||
*iten | ‘we (incl.)’ |
||
*i-ti | 1. ‘1p deixis and spatial reference: this’ 2. ‘here’ |
||
*iuk | ‘citrus fruit (both orange and pomelo?)’ |
||
*k<aN>uSkuS | ‘claw, talon, fingernail’ |
||
*k<ar>uSkuS | ‘scrape, scratch something from a surface’ |
||
*k<in>a-Cau-an | ‘nature, character’ |
||
*k<in>aCu | 1. ‘was brought’ 2. ‘what was brought’ |
||
*k<in>aen | ‘eat’ |
||
*k<in>aen-an | ‘eat’ |
||
*k<in>alih-an | ‘place that has been dug up’ |
||
*k<in>aRaC-an | ‘bite of an animal’ |
||
*k<in>uja | ‘what has been said/done (to cause someone to react)?’ |
||
*k<um>aCu | ‘to bring, to carry along’ |
||
*k<um>aen | ‘to eat’ |
||
*k<um>ahuS | ‘scoop up’ |
||
*k<um>ali | ‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’ |
||
*k<um>aRaC | ‘to bite’ |
||
*k<um>aRaw | ‘to scratch an itch’ |
||
*k<um>aSiw | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*k<um>auS | ‘to scoop up, as with a fish net’ |
||
*k<um>eRet | ‘cut something slender’ |
||
*k<um>etun | ‘chop up, as firewood’ |
||
*k<um>iRim | ‘to seek, search, look for’ |
||
*k<um>ita | ‘to see’ |
||
*k<um>uCu | ‘to de louse’ |
||
*k<um>uja | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*k<um>uRi | ‘to rake’ |
||
*k<um>uSkuS | ‘to scrape’ |
||
*ka | ‘conditional, if’ |
||
*ka | ‘conjunctive particle, and’ |
||
*ka | ‘oblique case marker for plural personal names’ |
||
*ka- | ‘formative for abstract nouns of quality’ |
||
*ka- | ‘marker of past time in temporal expressions’ |
||
*ka- | ‘stative marker in irrealis constructions, counterpart to <pwd>*ma-</pwd> in realis constructions’ |
||
*ka- -an | ‘formative for abstract nouns (often deverbal)’ |
||
*ka- -an | ‘formative for nouns of location’ |
||
*ka- -an | ‘marker of the adversative passive’ |
||
*ka-aCay | ‘kill (?)’ |
||
*ka-aCay-an | ‘lose someone through death (?)’ |
||
*ka-bajaq | ‘know, understand’ |
||
*kabal | ‘clothing’ |
||
*kabaR | ‘clothing’ |
||
*kabit | ‘hook’ |
||
*kabus | ‘shrimp, lobster’ |
||
*ka-CaSaw-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*ka-Cau-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*kaCu | ‘bring, carry’ |
||
*ka-dataR-an | ‘plain, region of level land’ |
||
*kaen | ‘eat’ |
||
*kaen-an | 1. ‘place where one eats’ 2. ‘food’ |
||
*kaen-ay | ‘will eat’ |
||
*kaen-en | ‘eat’ |
||
*kaen-i | ‘eat it!’ |
||
*kahuS | ‘scoop up’ |
||
*kahut | 1. ‘to take in one’s hand’ 2. ‘handful’ |
||
*kaija | ‘when? (in the past)’ |
||
*kak | ‘sound of a cackle, loud laugh, etc.’ |
||
*kaka | ‘elder sibling’ |
||
*kakaCu | ‘spider’ |
||
*ka-kaen-an | ‘place where one eats’ |
||
*ka-kaen-en | ‘edible things, food’ |
||
*kakak | ‘caw, cackle’ |
||
*ka-kalih | ‘dig’ |
||
*k-aku | ‘1sg oblique: to me, for me’ |
||
*ka-kuRi | ‘rake’ |
||
*kalaw | ‘bird sp.’ |
||
*kalaw | ‘eyebrow’ |
||
*kali | ‘canal, ditch’ |
||
*kali- | ‘prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. <pwd>*qali-</pwd>)’ |
||
*kalih | 1. ‘hole in the ground’ 2. ‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’ |
||
*kaluŋkuŋ | ‘deep resounding sound’ |
||
*kamay | ‘hand’ |
||
*kamaya | ‘plant sp.: *Diospyros discolor*’ |
||
*k-ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’ |
||
*k-amu | ‘2pl. nominative, you all’ |
||
*kamu-yu | ‘2pl. nominative, you all’ |
||
*kaNasay | ‘fish: the mullet’ |
||
*kaNawaS | ‘small tree bearing round, green fruit: *Ehretia* spp.’ |
||
*kaŋkaŋ | ‘resounding sound’ |
||
*ka-nu | 1. ‘interrogative’ 2. ‘probably 'when?'’ |
||
*ka-pajay-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*ka-piliq-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*kapit | ‘fasten together by sewing or tying’ |
||
*ka-pitu-an | ‘seven’ |
||
*kapkap | ‘feel in the dark, grope’ |
||
*kapua | ‘silk cotton, kapok’ |
||
*ka-qudip-an | ‘livelihood’ |
||
*ka-Rabi-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*kaRaC | ‘to bite’ |
||
*kaRaC-i | ‘bite (imperative)’ |
||
*kaRaw | ‘to scratch an itch’ |
||
*kaRi | ‘word, speech, language’ |
||
*karkar | ‘scratch up the earth, as a fowl’ |
||
*kaRus | ‘scrape’ |
||
*karus | ‘to scratch, scrape’ |
||
*karut | ‘scrape, rasp’ |
||
*kaS(e)pal | ‘thick, of solid objects’ |
||
*kaSi-kaSiw | ‘wood’ |
||
*kaSiw | 1. ‘wood’ 2. ‘tree’ |
||
*kaSiw-en | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*kaSkaS | ‘scratch up the soil, as a chicken looking for food’ |
||
*kaSu | ‘2sg., you’ |
||
*ka-tanem-an | ‘area that is planted(?)’ |
||
*katawa | ‘castor bean: *Ricinus communis* L.’ |
||
*ka-telu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*kati | ‘exhortation to call a person or animal’ |
||
*katkat | ‘come undone, of stitches’ |
||
*kauS | ‘scoop up, as with a fish net’ |
||
*ka-wanaN | ‘right ( side, hand, direction)’ |
||
*kawaS | ‘talk, talk about, discuss’ |
||
*kawaS | 1. ‘year, season’ 2. ‘sky, heaven’ |
||
*kaway | ‘net bag used by men for carrying things on back’ |
||
*kawayan | ‘bamboo, *Bambusa* spp., probably *Bambusa spinosa*’ |
||
*kawil | ‘fishhook’ |
||
*ka-wiRi | ‘left side or direction’ |
||
*kawit | ‘hook’ |
||
*kawkaw | ‘sickle for harvesting grain’ |
||
*ka-zalan-an | ‘improvised trail, trail made by passing through?’ |
||
*kebkeb | ‘to lie prone, face down’ |
||
*kedi | ‘small in size or amount’ |
||
*kedip | ‘to blink’ |
||
*kelem | ‘dark, overcast, visually obscure’ |
||
*kelip | ‘to blink’ |
||
*kemkem | ‘bite down hard’ |
||
*keNa | 1. ‘ensnared, caught in a trap’ 2. ‘suffer, undergo, be struck by something’ 3. ‘entrapped or deceived’ 4. ‘hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true’ |
||
*keŋkeŋ | ‘hollow, resounding sound’ |
||
*kepit | 1. ‘press together’ 2. ‘pressed together’ |
||
*keRan | ‘scab on a wound’ |
||
*keRaŋ | ‘dry’ |
||
*keRaŋ | ‘scab, crust on a wound’ |
||
*keRet | 1. ‘cut something slender or soft’ 2. ‘reap crops’ |
||
*keret | ‘to sever, cut off’ |
||
*keRet-en | ‘cut’ |
||
*keriq | ‘chatter’ |
||
*keRiw | 1. ‘hemp plant’ 2. ‘hemp’ |
||
*keRkeR | ‘shake, tremble’ |
||
*keRuŋ | ‘sound">resound’ |
||
*keseR | ‘strength, vigor, force’ |
||
*keskes | ‘scratch, scrape’ |
||
*ketil | ‘pinch off’ |
||
*ketun | ‘cut, sever’ |
||
*kezem | ‘close the eyes’ |
||
*kezuC | ‘to jerk suddenly, jump when startled’ |
||
*ki | ‘oblique case marker for personal nouns’ |
||
*ki- | ‘prefixed to a noun means ‘to get, obtain, collect, gather’ (noun)’ |
||
*kiaw | ‘puling sound of a bird’ |
||
*kiCiŋ | ‘body part’ |
||
*ki-CuNuh | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*kidiq | ‘to tickle’ |
||
*kikuR | ‘tail’ |
||
*kilala | 1. ‘to know (a person), recognize, be acquainted with’ 2. ‘to feel, perceive’ |
||
*kiluŋ | ‘curve’ |
||
*kiŋeR | ‘to hear’ |
||
*kiŋkiŋ | ‘ring’ |
||
*kipit | 1. ‘narrow’ 2. ‘pinch between tongs, etc.’ |
||
*kiRim | ‘seek, search, look for’ |
||
*kiRim-en | ‘look’ |
||
*kiRkiR | ‘rasp, file’ |
||
*kiRus | ‘scrape’ |
||
*kiSkiS | ‘scrape off’ |
||
*kiskis | ‘to shave, scrape off’ |
||
*k-ita | ‘we (incl.)’ |
||
*kita | ‘to see’ |
||
*kita-en | ‘see’ |
||
*ki-tunuh | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*kiwkiw | 1. ‘to wave, wag ( tail)’ 2. ‘to stir (people) up’ |
||
*-ku | ‘1sg genitive ( marker of non-subject agency and possession; my; by me)’ |
||
*ku | ‘oblique of common nouns (cf. *ki, *ka)’ |
||
*kuan | 1. ‘hamlet’ 2. ‘kin-based residential unit’ |
||
*kuaw | ‘kind of bird and the sound of its call’ |
||
*kuCkuC | ‘roll up, curl up tightly’ |
||
*kuCux | ‘head louse’ |
||
*kudem | ‘dark’ |
||
*kuden | ‘clay cooking pot’ |
||
*kudeŋ | ‘clay cooking pot’ |
||
*kudis | 1. ‘scurfy skin disease’ 2. ‘scabies’ |
||
*kudkud | ‘hoof, lower leg of an ungulate’ |
||
*kuja | ‘how?, how is it? what is the matter?’ |
||
*kukuŋ | ‘small bird that produces a deep resounding call’ |
||
*kulaC | ‘bracket fungus, *Polyporus* spp.’ |
||
*kulay | ‘worm, insect’ |
||
*kuliC | ‘rind, peeling of fruits or tubers’ |
||
*kumeS | ‘pubic hair’ |
||
*kumiS | ‘pubic hair’ |
||
*ku(ŋ)kuŋ | 1. ‘deep resonant sound’ 2. ‘name of a bird with deep resonant cry’ |
||
*kuŋkuŋ | 1. ‘deep resounding sound’ 2. ‘slit-gong, hollowed tree trunk used to send messages’ |
||
*kuNkuN | ‘Formosan hill partridge’ |
||
*kupit | ‘press together, close tightly’ |
||
*kurap | ‘ringworm’ |
||
*kuRi | ‘rake’ |
||
*kuris | 1. ‘scurfy skin disease’ 2. ‘scabies’ |
||
*kurkur | ‘dig in the soil’ |
||
*kuSa | ‘work’ |
||
*kuSkuS | ‘claw, talon, fingernail’ |
||
*kuSkuS | ‘scrape’ |
||
*kuti | ‘vulva, vagina’ |
||
*kutkut | ‘scrape off’ |
||
*kuya | ‘defect’ |
||
*l<um>edep | ‘to dive, swim under water’ |
||
*l<um>ubaŋ | ‘to bury, place in a pit or hole’ |
||
*l<um>udaq | ‘to spit’ |
||
*labaw | ‘rat’ |
||
*labeR | ‘roam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered’ |
||
*labiq | ‘excess, surplus’ |
||
*laCeŋ | ‘stinging nettle: *Laportea* spp.’ |
||
*lahud | ‘downstream, toward the sea’ |
||
*lahuN | ‘steam, vapor’ |
||
*lajam | ‘familiar with, accustomed to’ |
||
*lakat | ‘walk, take a step’ |
||
*lakup | ‘cover, wrapping’ |
||
*lalay | ‘cicada’ |
||
*la-lima | ‘five (in counting people)’ |
||
*lama | ‘old, former’ |
||
*lamlam | ‘impetuous’ |
||
*laŋaw | ‘housefly’ |
||
*laŋaw-en | ‘infested with flies, covered with flies’ |
||
*laŋ(e)si | ‘unpleasant odor’ |
||
*laŋiC | ‘sky’ |
||
*laŋu | ‘vertigo’ |
||
*la(n)tuk | ‘curve’ |
||
*lapaq | ‘to cut up, butcher, slaughter an animal’ |
||
*lapis | ‘flying squirrel’ |
||
*laplap | ‘loose (as of clothing)’ |
||
*lapus | ‘untie (a knot), undress, remove clothes’ |
||
*laRaŋ | ‘to forbid’ |
||
*laRiw | ‘run, run away, flee, escape’ |
||
*lasuq | 1. ‘hot’ 2. ‘blistered by heat’ |
||
*lawa | ‘wide’ |
||
*lawaq | 1. ‘spider’ 2. ‘spider web’ |
||
*lawaR | ‘flying squirrel’ |
||
*lawas | 1. ‘internode of bamboo’ 2. ‘section of something’ |
||
*lawas | ‘wide, broad’ |
||
*laway | ‘thread, yarn’ |
||
*layap | ‘to fly’ |
||
*layaR | ‘sail’ |
||
*layu | ‘wither, wilt’ |
||
*lebeŋ | ‘to bury’ |
||
*lebleb | ‘foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain’ |
||
*lecik | ‘fly off, of solid bits or water droplets’ |
||
*ledep | ‘to dive, swim under water’ |
||
*ledled | ‘to rub the eyes’ |
||
*lekab | ‘open, uncover’ |
||
*lekuq | 1. ‘bend’ 2. ‘bending part, joint’ |
||
*lemek | ‘soft’ |
||
*lemlem | 1. ‘dark, of weather’ 2. ‘overcast’ |
||
*lepaw | ‘hut’ |
||
*lezep | ‘submerge, disappear under water’ |
||
*lidam | ‘tongue’ |
||
*liduŋ | 1. ‘shelter, cover, protection’ 2. ‘shade’ |
||
*likaC | ‘lightning’ |
||
*likaw | ‘curve, bend, winding’ |
||
*likeS | ‘mosquito’ |
||
*likud | ‘back’ |
||
*likud-an | ‘back area, place at the back?’ |
||
*liku-likud | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*liku-likud-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*lima | ‘five’ |
||
*liŋaw | ‘shadow’ |
||
*liNuŋ | ‘calm, tranquil, of the surface of water’ |
||
*linuR | ‘earthquake’ |
||
*lipas | ‘to pass, pass by’ |
||
*lipen | ‘tooth’ |
||
*lipet | ‘to fold, fold over’ |
||
*lipuC | ‘disappear behind something that envelops or blocks the view’ |
||
*liqeR | ‘neck’ |
||
*liseqeS | ‘nit, egg of a hair louse’ |
||
*litlit | ‘wind around, bind by winding around’ |
||
*liuS | ‘a’ |
||
*lubaŋ | ‘burial pit’ |
||
*lubuk | ‘bag, sack’ |
||
*luCuŋ | ‘Formosan rock monkey: *Macaca cyclopis*’ |
||
*ludaq | ‘saliva’ |
||
*luem | ‘ripe’ |
||
*lukeNaw | ‘Formosan clouded leopard’ |
||
*lukuC | ‘parasitic plant sp.’ |
||
*luluj | ‘shin’ |
||
*luluN | ‘to roll up, as a mat’ |
||
*luNuŋ | ‘cloud’ |
||
*lupaS | ‘spit, spit out’ |
||
*lupas | ‘peach’ |
||
*luSeq | ‘tears’ |
||
*lutay | ‘weak, exhausted’ |
||
*lutuk | ‘Formosan hare: Lepus sinensis formosus’ |
||
*m<in>aCa | ‘eye’ |
||
*m<in>aCay | ‘burial ground (?)’ |
||
*ma- | ‘future prefix’ |
||
*ma- | ‘stative prefix’ |
||
*ma-aCay | 1. ‘die’ 2. ‘dead’ 3. ‘eclipse of sun or moon’ |
||
*ma-ala | ‘take’ |
||
*ma-alap | ‘take’ |
||
*ma-anak | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*ma-b<in>ahi | ‘female, woman’ |
||
*ma-bajaq | ‘know, understand’ |
||
*ma-bali | ‘wind’ |
||
*ma-bañaw | ‘wash the body’ |
||
*ma-baSaw | ‘cooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long’ |
||
*ma-belaq | ‘split, in two’ |
||
*ma-besuR | ‘satiated, full from eating’ |
||
*ma-buCa | ‘blind’ |
||
*ma-bunuR | 1. ‘to swell’ 2. ‘swollen’ |
||
*ma-buRaw | ‘drive’ |
||
*ma-buSuk | ‘drunk, intoxicated’ |
||
*maCa | ‘eye, focal point, center or most prominent part’ |
||
*ma-Cakaw | ‘to steal’ |
||
*ma-Caŋis | ‘cry’ |
||
*ma-Caqu | ‘know’ |
||
*ma-Cawa | ‘to laugh’ |
||
*ma-CuNuh | ‘roast’ |
||
*ma-dajam | ‘accustomed to, tame’ |
||
*ma-dajem | ‘chills, as of malaria’ |
||
*ma-dalem | ‘deep’ |
||
*ma-dalis | ‘smooth, slippery’ |
||
*ma-daRaq | ‘blood’ |
||
*ma-demdem | ‘gloom’ |
||
*ma-hemis | ‘sweet’ |
||
*ma-kaen | ‘will eat (?)’ |
||
*maka-enem | ‘six times (frequentative multiplicative)’ |
||
*maka-lima | ‘five times’ |
||
*maka-pija | ‘(for) how many days?’ |
||
*maka-pitu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*ma-kaRaC | ‘bitten’ |
||
*maka-Sepat | ‘four times’ |
||
*maka-walu | ‘eight times (frequentative, multiplicative)’ |
||
*ma-keseR | ‘vigor’ |
||
*ma-kiRim | ‘found?’ |
||
*ma-kuCu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*ma-kuja | ‘what are you doing? what’s happening?’ |
||
*ma-kuliC | ‘skinny, thin, underweight’ |
||
*ma-laŋu | ‘dizzy, drunk’ |
||
*ma-laRiw | ‘run, run away, flee’ |
||
*ma-lebleb | ‘foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain’ |
||
*ma-lima-N | ‘fifty’ |
||
*maliqi | ‘pregnant’ |
||
*ma-litlit | ‘or become wound around something’ |
||
*mamah | ‘father’s brother’ |
||
*ma-najam | 1. ‘accustomed to, familiar with’ 2. ‘tame’ |
||
*maNaŋ | ‘sharp’ |
||
*ma-ŋilu | ‘painful, as of teeth on edge from eating something very sour’ |
||
*ma-Nipis | ‘thin (of materials)’ |
||
*ma-Niwaŋ | ‘thin, of persons and animals’ |
||
*manu | ‘interrogative marker: which?’ |
||
*manuk | ‘chicken’ |
||
*ma-Nuka | ‘wound’ |
||
*ma-paqiC | ‘bitter’ |
||
*ma-piliq | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*ma-piNay | ‘lame, crippled’ |
||
*ma-pizpiz | ‘close’ |
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*ma-pukaw | ‘dim, of vision’ |
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*ma-puNi | ‘white’ |
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*ma-puSaN | ‘twenty’ |
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*ma-qaCi | 1. ‘ebb, of water in streams’ 2. ‘low tide’ |
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*ma-qajaw | ‘sunny, hot’ |
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*ma-qataq | ‘raw, unripe’ |
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*maqaw | ‘plant: *Litsea cubeba* (Lour.)’ |
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*ma-qetaq | ‘raw, unripe, green (fruit), uncooked’ |
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*ma-qudem | ‘dark, cloudy’ |
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*ma-quSaw | ‘thirst’ |
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*ma-quzaN | ‘rain’ |
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*maR-amax | ‘father and child’ |
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*maR-buaq | ‘bear fruit’ |
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*maRe-anak | ‘parent and child’ |
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*maR-ina | ‘mother and child’ |
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*maR-luSeq | ‘to shed tears, weep’ |
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*maR-qani | 1. ‘harvest’ 2. ‘to harvest’ |
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*maS | ‘and’ |
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*ma-Sasak | 1. ‘ripe’ 2. ‘cooked’ |
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*ma-SateD | ‘escort, accompany’ |
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*ma-Sepat | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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*ma-SeReC | ‘tight, firm’ |
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*ma-Seyaq | ‘shame’ |
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*ma-Sikad | 1. ‘ashamed’ 2. ‘shy’ 3. ‘modest’ |
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*ma-Suab | ‘to yawn, yawning’ |
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*ma-Suaw | ‘to yawn’ |
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*ma-Sulem | ‘dim, dark’ |
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*mata nu qalejaw | ‘sun (‘ eye of the day’)’ |
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*ma-takut | ‘fear’ |
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*ma-talaw | ‘fear’ |
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*ma-taŋa | ‘will open?’ |
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*-matek | ‘jungle leech, *Haemadipsa* spp.’ |
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*ma-telu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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*ma-tuduR | ‘to sleep’ |
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*ma-tunuh | ‘roast’ |
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*ma-tuqaS | ‘old, of people’ |
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*ma-tuqaS tuqaS | ‘old, elder, senior’ |
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*ma-ulaw | ‘dazed, confused’ |
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*-meCaq | ‘paddy leech’ |
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*-medaw | ‘dizzy, giddy’ |
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*mesmes | ‘grasp, grip, squeeze’ |
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*metmet | ‘to hold tightly’ |
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*mi- | ‘prefix marking possession of some object’ |
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*mi-da-duSa | ‘do something with someone else, perform an action together’ |
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*mu- | ‘movement prefix’ |
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*mudaq | 1. ‘young (of fruits)’ 2. ‘immature’ |
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*mujiŋ | ‘face (human)’ |
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*mujiŋ-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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*mula | ‘to plant’ |
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*mulmul | ‘hold in the mouth and suck’ |
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*mumu | ‘Formosan blind mole: *Talpa micrura insularis* (Swinhoe)’ |
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*muRmuR | ‘gargle, rinse the mouth’ |
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*N<um>aŋuy | ‘to swim’ |
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*-na | 1. ‘distal spatio-temporal deixis: that, there’ 2. ‘then’ |
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*Na | ‘already’ |
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*Na | ‘conjunction: and’ |
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*na | ‘genitive of plural personal names’ |
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*na | ‘linker marking emphatic attribution’ |
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*Nabek | ‘breakers, surf, waves’ |
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*NaCeŋ | ‘vegetables’ |
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*najam | 1. ‘accustomed to, familiar with’ 2. ‘tame’ |
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*Nali | ‘cicada’ |
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*Namat | ‘iron ( metal)’ |
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*n-ami | ‘1pl. excl. genitive, our’ |
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*ñamñam | ‘tasty, delicious (?)’ |
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*n-amu | ‘2pl. genitive, your, by you’ |
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*ñamuR | ‘dew’ |
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*naNaq | ‘pus’ |
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*Naŋuy | ‘to swim’ |
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*na-nu | ‘what(?)’ |
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*Naqeji | ‘boundary between adjacent rice fields’ |
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*naRa | ‘to wait’ |
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*Nasu | ‘cook by boiling’ |
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*nasuk | ‘cook by boiling’ |
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*NataD | ‘outside’ |
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*ñawñaw | ‘rinse, wash’ |
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*nay | ‘deictic particle: this’ |
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*Nayad | ‘plant: *Sambucus formosana*’ |
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*nema | ‘what thing?’ |
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*nemnem | ‘think’ |
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*Neŋ | ‘look, see’ |
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*NeŋNeŋ | ‘stare, look fixedly’ |
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*ŋabŋab | ‘bite off the surface of something’ |
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*ŋajan | ‘name’ |
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*ŋajay | ‘saliva, drivel’ |
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*ŋalŋal | ‘to chew, masticate’ |
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*ŋaŋa | ‘open the mouth’ |
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*ŋawŋaw | 1. ‘sound produced by an animal’ 2. ‘unintelligible muttering of a person’ |
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*ŋayaw | ‘headhunting’ |
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*ŋeCŋeC | ‘gnash the teeth’ |
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*ŋerŋer | ‘growl’ |
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*ŋesŋes | ‘to pant, be out of breath’ |
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*ŋetŋet | ‘gnaw, nibble’ |
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*ŋiCŋiC | ‘show annoyance or irritation’ |
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*ŋidaw | ‘toothless’ |
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*ŋilu | ‘painful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour’ |
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*ŋipen | ‘tooth’ |
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*ŋiSŋiS | ‘beard’ |
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*ŋitŋit | ‘gnaw’ |
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*ŋusŋus | ‘to snore, growl, grunt’ |
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*ŋuSuN | ‘nosebleed’ |
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*ŋusuq | 1. ‘nasal area’ 2. ‘snout’ |
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*ŋuSuR | ‘nasal mucus’ |
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*-ni | 1. ‘proximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here’ 2. ‘now’ |
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*ni | 1. ‘genitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns’ 2. ‘marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb’ |
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*ni-a | ‘3sg. agent/possessor’ |
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*Nibu | ‘lair, den of an animal’ |
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*Nihib | ‘rock shelter, cave under a rock’ |
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*ni-ia | ‘he. genitive, his, it’ |
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*ni-ima | ‘whose?’ |
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*nimas | ‘bailer in a canoe’ |
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*nipen | ‘tooth’ |
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*Nipis | ‘thinness (of materials)’ |
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*NiSawa | 1. ‘breath’ 2. ‘to breathe’ |
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*n-ita | 1. ‘1st pers. incl. genitive’ 2. ‘our’ |
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*Nitaq | ‘type of soil, clay’ |
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*Niteq | ‘sap of a tree or plant’ |
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*Niwaŋ | ‘thinness, slenderness’ |
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*-nu | ‘2sg possessor and non-subject agent’ |
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*-nu | ‘marker of uncertainty’ |
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*nu | ‘genitive case marker for common nouns (cf. *na, *ni)’ |
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*nu | ‘if, when (in future)’ |
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*nu- | ‘future marker with words for days’ |
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*Nuka | ‘wound’ |
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*nuka | ‘to make hemp yarn’ |
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*numa | ‘how?’ |
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*nunuh | ‘female breast’ |
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*NuqeS | ‘bone marrow’ |
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*Nusuŋ | ‘rice mortar’ |
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*Nutud | ‘join two things to give added length (rope, bamboo, etc.)’ |
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*p<in>a-kaen | ‘was fed by someone’ |
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*p<in>anaq | ‘shoot with a bow’ |
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*p<in>espes | ‘massage’ |
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*p<um>anaq | ‘shoot with a bow’ |
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*p<um>ataS | ‘to tattoo, make designs’ |
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*p<um>ekpek | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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*p<um>espes | ‘to massage’ |
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*p<um>iliq | ‘to choose, select, pick out’ |
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*pa | ‘still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)’ |
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*pa- | ‘causative prefix’ |
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*pa-aCay | ‘kill’ |
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*pa-aluja | ‘to paddle’ |
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*pa-añud | ‘set a drift’ |
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*pa-bajaq | ‘know’ |
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*pa-beRay | ‘to give’ |
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*paCak | ‘spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal’ |
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*pa-Caŋis | 1. ‘to make someone cry’ 2. ‘to let someone cry’ |
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*p-aCay-en | ‘kill’ |
||
*pacek | 1. ‘wooden nail, dowel’ 2. ‘drive in, as a wooden nail or dowel’ |
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*pa-daNum | ‘to irrigate’ |
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*pa-dekeC | ‘to stick or paste on’ |
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*padeŋ | ‘to extinguish, douse a fire’ |
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*paen | ‘bait’ |
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*paheku | ‘bracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum’ |
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*pa-hinzam | ‘lend’ |
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*pahpah | ‘flower (?)’ |
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*paid | ‘fan’ |
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*pajay | 1. ‘rice in the field’ 2. ‘rice plant’ |
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*pajiS | ‘enemy’ |
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*pa-ka- | ‘causative of stative verbs’ |
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*pa-kaCu | ‘to send’ |
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*paka-duSa | ‘twice, do something twice’ |
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*pa-kaen | ‘to feed’ |
||
*pa-kaen-en | ‘to feed, be fed’ |
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*pa-ka-keseR | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
*pa-kita | ‘to show’ |
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*pakpak | 1. ‘to clap, flap the wings’ 2. ‘sound of clapping or flapping’ |
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*paleCuk | ‘shoot, sound of shooting’ |
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*pa-likaw | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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*pa-likud | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |