OUTOFPAPUA database: Lexicons of the West Papuan language area

‘perfective marker’ (eng)

‘verbal infix marking actor voice’ (eng)

‘imperative suffix’ (eng)

‘subjunctive suffix’ (eng)

‘hesitation particle’ (eng)

‘ligature’ (eng)

‘father’ (eng)

‘cover’ (eng)

‘high, tall’ (eng)

‘death’ (eng)

‘bring, take along’ (eng)

‘no, not’ (eng)

‘six (of humans)’ (eng)

‘one (of humans)’ (eng)

‘come’ (eng)

‘interjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc.’ (eng)

1. ‘heart’ (eng)

2. ‘mind’ (eng)

‘1sg oblique’ (eng)

‘grandfather, ancestor’ (eng)

1. ‘1sg nominative’ (eng)

2. ‘I’ (eng)

1. ‘take, get, fetch, obtain’ (eng)

2. ‘marry’ (eng)

‘take’ (eng)

‘fetch, get, take’ (eng)

‘fetch, get, take’ (eng)

‘take’ (eng)

‘quick, fast’ (eng)

‘forget’ (eng)

‘pancreas, spleen’ (eng)

‘to paddle’ (eng)

‘ant sp.’ (eng)

‘father’ (eng)

‘1pl ex oblique’ (eng)

‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’ (eng)

1. ‘all’ (eng)

2. ‘finished’ (eng)

‘2pl. nominative pronoun’ (eng)

1. ‘verbal suffix marking locative voice’ (eng)

2. ‘nominal suffix marking location’ (eng)

1. ‘child, offspring’ (eng)

2. ‘son, daughter’ (eng)

3. ‘interest on a loan’ (eng)

‘child’ (eng)

‘insect of the order *Isoptera*: termite, white ant’ (eng)

‘departure (?)’ (eng)

‘carry on the back’ (eng)

‘grandparent/ grandchild (reciprocal)’ (eng)

‘betel chew’ (eng)

1. ‘come’ (eng)

2. ‘toward the speaker’ (eng)

3. ‘let’s go!’ (eng)

‘one’ (eng)

‘village’ (eng)

‘to sweep, remove trash’ (eng)

‘dog’ (eng)

‘1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our’ (eng)

‘stone wall’ (eng)

‘yes’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘exclamation of annoyance, surprise, etc.’ (eng)

‘buzz’ (eng)

‘woman, wife’ (eng)

‘tattoo’ (eng)

‘to have been split, cloven in two’ (eng)

‘to have become rotten’ (eng)

‘buy’ (eng)

‘to wash’ (eng)

1. ‘carry a person pick-a-back’ (eng)

2. ‘ride pick-a-back’ (eng)

‘woman, female’ (eng)

1. ‘upper surface, top’ (eng)

2. ‘highlands’ (eng)

3. ‘on, upon, over, above’ (eng)

‘pig’ (eng)

‘pig’ (eng)

‘broomcorn millet: *Panicum miliaceum*’ (eng)

‘female’ (eng)

1. ‘know, understand’ (eng)

2. ‘ask, inquire’ (eng)

‘edible mushroom sp.’ (eng)

‘bowlegged’ (eng)

‘kind of basket’ (eng)

‘clap’ (eng)

1. ‘belt’ (eng)

2. ‘tie around the waist’ (eng)

‘grandfather’ (eng)

‘lily-like plant: *Crinum asiaticum* L.’ (eng)

‘bird: the woodpecker’ (eng)

‘shallow earthenware cooking pot or pan’ (eng)

1. ‘beating stick’ (eng)

2. ‘to beat, beat (esp. clothes in washing them)’ (eng)

‘preserve meat in salt or brine’ (eng)

1. ‘to answer, retaliate’ (eng)

2. ‘reciprocate good or evil’ (eng)

‘wind’ (eng)

‘buy, sell’ (eng)

‘return’ (eng)

‘bind, bundle’ (eng)

‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ (eng)

‘male (of animals)’ (eng)

‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ (eng)

‘lake’ (eng)

‘wash the body’ (eng)

‘tree: *Melia azedarach*’ (eng)

‘paddy bug, foul-smelling insect that preys on rice in the field’ (eng)

‘butterfly, moth’ (eng)

‘resound resounding sound’ (eng)

1. ‘tusk’ (eng)

2. ‘canine tooth’ (eng)

‘rotten smell, stench’ (eng)

‘skin’ (eng)

‘fragrant’ (eng)

‘wake up, get out of bed’ (eng)

‘Japanese cypress: *Chamaecyparis obtusa*’ (eng)

‘to skin, flay’ (eng)

1. ‘new’ (eng)

2. ‘bachelor’ (eng)

‘sneeze’ (eng)

‘grandmother’ (eng)

‘ember, glowing coal’ (eng)

‘rib (?)’ (eng)

‘lung’ (eng)

‘cross’ (eng)

‘cucumber: *Cucumis sativus*’ (eng)

‘cross’ (eng)

‘abscess, boil, swelling on the body’ (eng)

‘weaver's sword ( lath used to beat in and tighten the woof)’ (eng)

‘typhoon’ (eng)

‘dove: probably *Ducula* spp.’ (eng)

1. ‘flood’ (eng)

2. ‘to overflow, be in flood’ (eng)

1. ‘cold, of leftover food’ (eng)

2. ‘leftovers from a meal’ (eng)

‘hairy vine: *Pueraria hirsuta*’ (eng)

‘hit, strike’ (eng)

‘sprinkle’ (eng)

‘wash clothes’ (eng)

‘to wash’ (eng)

‘to throw’ (eng)

1. ‘stone’ (eng)

2. ‘testicle’ (eng)

‘to pound rice’ (eng)

‘millet sp., probably foxtail millet: *Setaria italica*’ (eng)

‘tattoo’ (eng)

‘callus, blister’ (eng)

‘swelling of the body’ (eng)

1. ‘wrap around repeatedly, bind by wrapping’ (eng)

2. ‘bundle of wrapped material’ (eng)

‘swift, fast’ (eng)

‘to spring a trap’ (eng)

‘sound of breaking, etc.’ (eng)

1. ‘to bend over, bend down (of a person)’ (eng)

2. ‘hunchbacked’ (eng)

‘part of something split’ (eng)

‘to buy’ (eng)

‘deer of the genus *Cervus*, either the sika deer or sambar deer’ (eng)

‘banana: *Musa sapientum* L.’ (eng)

‘overcast, twilight’ (eng)

‘block’ (eng)

‘buzz, hum’ (eng)

‘pull out, extract’ (eng)

1. ‘rice between harvesting and cooking’ (eng)

2. ‘husked rice’ (eng)

‘container in which rice is stored’ (eng)

‘give’ (eng)

‘domesticated pig’ (eng)

‘molar tooth’ (eng)

‘split, tear open’ (eng)

‘bluebottle, large fly’ (eng)

‘night’ (eng)

‘plant: *Rhus semialata*’ (eng)

‘whizzing sound’ (eng)

‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ (eng)

‘crack, split open (as dry ground)’ (eng)

‘calf of the leg’ (eng)

1. ‘snap the fingers’ (eng)

2. ‘flick with the finger, fillip’ (eng)

‘bamboo of very large diameter, probably *Dendrocalamus* sp.’ (eng)

‘draw a bow to its full extent’ (eng)

‘stomach’ (eng)

1. ‘to count, calculate’ (eng)

2. ‘hold valuable’ (eng)

‘to follow after someone, walk behind’ (eng)

‘seed set aside for the next planting’ (eng)

‘moody, irritable’ (eng)

‘hold in the hand’ (eng)

‘goiter’ (eng)

‘off-, off- balance’ (eng)

‘curved, crooked, bent’ (eng)

‘anger, angry’ (eng)

‘wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro, *Alocasia* spp.’ (eng)

‘roe, fish eggs’ (eng)

‘cane grass, *Miscanthus* sp.’ (eng)

‘lip’ (eng)

‘shiver, shake, tremble’ (eng)

‘to tear, rip’ (eng)

‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ (eng)

‘pull at some part of the body’ (eng)

‘star’ (eng)

‘foam, bubbles, froth’ (eng)

‘bubbling up (as spring water)’ (eng)

‘spring, source of fresh water’ (eng)

‘fruit’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘conical bamboo basket trap for fish’ (eng)

‘grandparent’ (eng)

‘jellyfish’ (eng)

1. ‘mote in the eye’ (eng)

2. ‘blind’ (eng)

3. ‘blindness’ (eng)

‘get a mote in the eye’ (eng)

‘foam, froth’ (eng)

‘pull up (as weeds), pluck (as feathers)’ (eng)

1. ‘callus, corn’ (eng)

2. ‘blister’ (eng)

‘testicles’ (eng)

‘hole, pit’ (eng)

‘squirrel’ (eng)

‘foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth’ (eng)

‘release, undo’ (eng)

‘head hair’ (eng)

1. ‘mountain’ (eng)

2. ‘forested inland mountain areas’ (eng)

‘back (anat.)’ (eng)

‘to give’ (eng)

1. ‘moon, month’ (eng)

2. ‘menstruation’ (eng)

1. ‘cataract of the eye’ (eng)

2. ‘hazy or blurred vision’ (eng)

‘golden colored’ (eng)

‘gold’ (eng)

‘dust, pulverized stone’ (eng)

‘mountain’ (eng)

‘tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany: *Shorea albus* Foxw.’ (eng)

‘prefix of the *qali, *kali- series’ (eng)

‘lizard sp.’ (eng)

‘companion’ (eng)

1. ‘type of slender bamboo’ (eng)

2. ‘*Schizostachyum* spp.’ (eng)

‘rice seedling’ (eng)

‘sand’ (eng)

1. ‘fontanelle’ (eng)

2. ‘crown of the head’ (eng)

‘flower, blossom’ (eng)

‘head’ (eng)

‘tree sp.’ (eng)

‘to hide, conceal’ (eng)

‘constellation: the Pleiades’ (eng)

‘throw at, hit with a projectile’ (eng)

1. ‘to swell’ (eng)

2. ‘swollen’ (eng)

‘machete’ (eng)

‘crocodile’ (eng)

‘drive off, chase away, expel’ (eng)

‘flower’ (eng)

‘spray water from the mouth’ (eng)

1. ‘rotten meat’ (eng)

2. ‘addled eggs’ (eng)

3. ‘bad character’ (eng)

‘drunkenness, intoxication’ (eng)

‘enemy’ (eng)

‘hunting bow’ (eng)

‘buzzing or humming sound’ (eng)

1. ‘what is stolen, stolen goods’ (eng)

2. ‘was stolen (past tense of direct passive)’ (eng)

1. ‘was made into rope’ (eng)

2. ‘what was made into rope’ (eng)

‘smoke’ (eng)

‘small intestine’ (eng)

‘sew’ (eng)

‘roast’ (eng)

‘to wrap’ (eng)

‘defecate’ (eng)

‘to tie with rope, fasten with rope’ (eng)

‘to weep, cry, mourn’ (eng)

‘to sweep’ (eng)

‘to defecate’ (eng)

‘to sew’ (eng)

‘to sprout, to grow’ (eng)

‘knock or bump the head’ (eng)

‘to roast (intr.)’ (eng)

‘to string beads, etc.’ (eng)

‘clap, beat, hack’ (eng)

‘to wrap’ (eng)

‘broom’ (eng)

‘sew’ (eng)

‘pupil of the eye’ (eng)

‘to laugh’ (eng)

‘steal’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘feces, excreta’ (eng)

‘cultivated taro: *Colocasia esculenta*’ (eng)

‘ear’ (eng)

‘wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks’ (eng)

‘rope, cord, twine, string’ (eng)

1. ‘fallow land’ (eng)

2. ‘secondary forest’ (eng)

1. ‘grave’ (eng)

2. ‘to bury’ (eng)

‘what is buried or planted’ (eng)

‘elephant grass, miscanthus grass: *Themeda gigantea*’ (eng)

‘ear’ (eng)

1. ‘weep, cry’ (eng)

2. ‘mourn’ (eng)

3. ‘to beseech’ (eng)

‘to cry over something or someone’ (eng)

‘carry water’ (eng)

‘to smoke fish or meat for preservation’ (eng)

‘patch, as on clothing’ (eng)

1. ‘patch’ (eng)

2. ‘to patch’ (eng)

‘sweep’ (eng)

‘feces, excrement’ (eng)

‘to sew’ (eng)

‘sew’ (eng)

‘to know how, be able to, be skilled at’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘open-’ (eng)

‘person, human being’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)’ (eng)

‘to laugh’ (eng)

‘year’ (eng)

‘sharp (of point or blade)’ (eng)

‘smack against’ (eng)

‘spring of water, spring water’ (eng)

‘split, divide, break off’ (eng)

‘natural spring, fresh water spring’ (eng)

‘thud’ (eng)

‘smoke’ (eng)

‘to meet, come together’ (eng)

‘sugarcane: *Saccharum officinarum*’ (eng)

‘beat, pound, hit’ (eng)

‘to beat, pound on’ (eng)

‘pierce, penetrate’ (eng)

‘to rest, take a break from work or other activity’ (eng)

‘kind of very slender bamboo’ (eng)

‘crack, split, fissure’ (eng)

‘beat, pound’ (eng)

‘uncultivated land’ (eng)

1. ‘grass, herbs’ (eng)

2. ‘medicine’ (eng)

‘thorn’ (eng)

‘belch’ (eng)

‘insert, pierce, penetrate’ (eng)

‘spoon, ladle, dipper’ (eng)

‘return, go back’ (eng)

‘food particles caught between the teeth’ (eng)

‘fish sp.’ (eng)

1. ‘spatio- deixis and spatio- temporal reference: that’ (eng)

2. ‘there, then’ (eng)

‘plant sprout’ (eng)

‘hit something against something else’ (eng)

‘knock or bump the head’ (eng)

‘huddle, bow the head’ (eng)

‘deaf’ (eng)

‘Formosan black bear’ (eng)

1. ‘pulverize’ (eng)

2. ‘crumble’ (eng)

1. ‘clothes louse’ (eng)

2. ‘body louse’ (eng)

‘make a booming sound’ (eng)

‘roast food over a fire’ (eng)

‘to roast’ (eng)

1. ‘condylar bone’ (eng)

2. ‘bone of fauna exclusive of fish’ (eng)

‘tree: *Bischofia javanica*’ (eng)

‘scratch a line’ (eng)

‘string together, as beads’ (eng)

‘strung, be skewered’ (eng)

‘index finger’ (eng)

1. ‘to catch, capture’ (eng)

2. ‘embrace’ (eng)

‘climb, ascend’ (eng)

‘to lick’ (eng)

‘locative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. *di, *du)’ (eng)

‘father’ (eng)

1. ‘old, of things’ (eng)

2. ‘ancient times’ (eng)

‘two, of people’ (eng)

‘accustomed to, tame’ (eng)

‘chills, as of malaria’ (eng)

1. ‘catch, seize’ (eng)

2. ‘embrace’ (eng)

‘caught, captured’ (eng)

‘tree: the camphor laurel: *Cinnamomum* spp.’ (eng)

1. ‘dirt on skin’ (eng)

2. ‘dandruff’ (eng)

‘climb, ascend’ (eng)

‘snatch, grab’ (eng)

‘kind of citrus tree and fruit’ (eng)

1. ‘in, inside’ (eng)

2. ‘deep’ (eng)

‘tree resin used in torches (?)’ (eng)

‘dew’ (eng)

‘menstrual blood?’ (eng)

‘lake’ (eng)

1. ‘broil’ (eng)

2. ‘warm oneself or something near a fire’ (eng)

‘place something near a fire’ (eng)

1. ‘soon, presently’ (eng)

2. ‘almost’ (eng)

‘fresh water’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘palm of the hand’ (eng)

1. ‘sole of the foot’ (eng)

2. ‘footprint’ (eng)

‘pile up, as stones’ (eng)

‘old, ancient’ (eng)

‘day’ (eng)

1. ‘forehead’ (eng)

2. ‘face’ (eng)

‘soapberry: *Sapindus mukrossi*, *S. saponaria*’ (eng)

‘Formosan maple: *Liquidambar formosana*’ (eng)

1. ‘blood’ (eng)

2. ‘to bleed’ (eng)

3. ‘menstruate’ (eng)

‘soil, probably clay’ (eng)

‘groan, moan’ (eng)

‘soil, probably clay’ (eng)

‘chest (anat.)’ (eng)

‘flat, flat or level land’ (eng)

‘far’ (eng)

‘upriver, toward the interior’ (eng)

‘chest’ (eng)

‘to tamp down, compact something’ (eng)

‘paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice)’ (eng)

‘embrace’ (eng)

‘to bark, of a deer’ (eng)

‘bowstring’ (eng)

‘brood, hold a grudge, remember, keep still’ (eng)

1. ‘gloom, darkness’ (eng)

2. ‘dark, overcast, gloomy’ (eng)

1. ‘thunder’ (eng)

2. ‘roaring or thunderous sound’ (eng)

1. ‘to hear’ (eng)

2. ‘sound’ (eng)

‘fathom’ (eng)

‘venomous snake’ (eng)

‘thunder’ (eng)

‘distant rolling thunder’ (eng)

‘deep booming boom’ (eng)

‘packed tightly together’ (eng)

‘locative case marker (probably for singular personal names; *cf.* *<pwd>da</pwd>, *<pwd>du</pwd>)’ (eng)

‘sticky, adhesive’ (eng)

‘little, few, small in amount’ (eng)

‘to lick’ (eng)

1. ‘rust’ (eng)

2. ‘hematite’ (eng)

‘here’ (eng)

‘to stand’ (eng)

‘bathe’ (eng)

‘cut, slice’ (eng)

‘sticky substance’ (eng)

‘over there, yonder’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘thunder’ (eng)

‘ginger’ (eng)

‘to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab’ (eng)

1. ‘someone’ (eng)

2. ‘other people’ (eng)

3. ‘different’ (eng)

‘bend, curve’ (eng)

‘thorn’ (eng)

‘two’ (eng)

1. ‘two by two, two at a time’ (eng)

2. ‘two each’ (eng)

‘divided into two’ (eng)

‘soak, dye’ (eng)

1. ‘verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice’ (eng)

2. ‘nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action’ (eng)

‘six’ (eng)

‘one’ (eng)

‘to comb’ (eng)

‘itch, feel itchy’ (eng)

‘small edible freshwater crab’ (eng)

‘fierce, intense, as of appetite or temper’ (eng)

‘comb’ (eng)

‘hunting spear’ (eng)

‘to pinch’ (eng)

‘take in the hand, clasp, grasp’ (eng)

1. ‘fist’ (eng)

2. ‘hold in the fist’ (eng)

‘slit an animal's throat’ (eng)

‘shake, shiver, tremble’ (eng)

‘gnaw of ripping, gnawing, etc.’ (eng)

‘to pinch’ (eng)

‘cold, shivering’ (eng)

‘ring’ (eng)

‘rub, scrape against’ (eng)

‘pluck, pull out’ (eng)

‘to scratch, as an itch’ (eng)

‘body hair’ (eng)

‘deep resounding sound’ (eng)

‘boil of boiling water’ (eng)

‘octopus’ (eng)

1. ‘line’ (eng)

2. ‘scratch a line’ (eng)

‘fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush’ (eng)

‘to scrape, scratch, rub’ (eng)

‘gums’ (eng)

‘front teeth, incisors’ (eng)

‘smell, odor’ (eng)

‘drive in stakes or posts’ (eng)

‘suck, inhale’ (eng)

‘loosen, open’ (eng)

‘to bark, of a dog’ (eng)

1. ‘artery, blood vessel, blood vein’ (eng)

2. ‘muscle’ (eng)

3. ‘nerve’ (eng)

4. ‘sinew’ (eng)

5. ‘tendon’ (eng)

‘imperative suffix’ (eng)

‘exclamation of wonder, disgust, etc.’ (eng)

‘in’ (eng)

‘personal article’ (eng)

‘above, on top’ (eng)

‘above, on top of’ (eng)

1. ‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she’ (eng)

2. ‘him, her, it’ (eng)

‘1sg., I, me’ (eng)

‘1pl. ex oblique’ (eng)

‘1pl. excl. nominative, we’ (eng)

‘dwell, reside, live in a place’ (eng)

1. ‘this’ (eng)

2. ‘here’ (eng)

‘companion, close relative, other one’ (eng)

‘that (2p)’ (eng)

‘affine of Ego's generation’ (eng)

‘when?’ (eng)

‘2sg., you’ (eng)

‘to follow’ (eng)

‘to sit’ (eng)

‘tail’ (eng)

‘river channel’ (eng)

‘who?’ (eng)

‘drink’ (eng)

‘mother, mother's sister’ (eng)

‘take’ (eng)

‘mother, mother's sister (address, vocative)’ (eng)

‘thin (of material objects)’ (eng)

‘wooden rice mortar’ (eng)

‘this, here’ (eng)

‘negative marker: no, not’ (eng)

‘place which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where?’ (eng)

‘where?’ (eng)

1. ‘near, come near’ (eng)

2. ‘edge, border’ (eng)

‘thresh with the feet (as rice)’ (eng)

‘one’ (eng)

1. ‘distributive’ (eng)

2. ‘one-by-one, one at a time’ (eng)

‘remaining one’ (eng)

‘urine, urinate’ (eng)

1. ‘flesh (of humans, animals, fruits, tubers)’ (eng)

2. ‘reside’ (eng)

3. ‘blade of a knife’ (eng)

4. ‘inhabitants, residents’ (eng)

‘urine, urinate’ (eng)

‘2sg. personal pronoun: you’ (eng)

‘we (incl.)’ (eng)

‘1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.)’ (eng)

‘we (incl.)’ (eng)

1. ‘1p deixis and spatial reference: this’ (eng)

2. ‘here’ (eng)

‘citrus fruit (both orange and pomelo?)’ (eng)

‘claw, talon, fingernail’ (eng)

‘scrape, scratch something from a surface’ (eng)

‘nature, character’ (eng)

1. ‘was brought’ (eng)

2. ‘what was brought’ (eng)

‘eat’ (eng)

‘eat’ (eng)

‘place that has been dug up’ (eng)

‘bite of an animal’ (eng)

‘what has been said/done (to cause someone to react)?’ (eng)

‘to bring, to carry along’ (eng)

‘to eat’ (eng)

‘scoop up’ (eng)

‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’ (eng)

‘to bite’ (eng)

‘to scratch an itch’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘to scoop up, as with a fish net’ (eng)

‘cut something slender’ (eng)

‘chop up, as firewood’ (eng)

‘to seek, search, look for’ (eng)

‘to see’ (eng)

‘to de louse’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘to rake’ (eng)

‘to scrape’ (eng)

‘conditional, if’ (eng)

‘conjunctive particle, and’ (eng)

‘oblique case marker for plural personal names’ (eng)

‘formative for abstract nouns of quality’ (eng)

‘marker of past time in temporal expressions’ (eng)

‘stative marker in irrealis constructions, counterpart to <pwd>*ma-</pwd> in realis constructions’ (eng)

‘formative for abstract nouns (often deverbal)’ (eng)

‘formative for nouns of location’ (eng)

‘marker of the adversative passive’ (eng)

‘kill (?)’ (eng)

‘lose someone through death (?)’ (eng)

‘know, understand’ (eng)

‘clothing’ (eng)

‘clothing’ (eng)

‘hook’ (eng)

‘shrimp, lobster’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘bring, carry’ (eng)

‘plain, region of level land’ (eng)

‘eat’ (eng)

1. ‘place where one eats’ (eng)

2. ‘food’ (eng)

‘will eat’ (eng)

‘eat’ (eng)

‘eat it!’ (eng)

‘scoop up’ (eng)

1. ‘to take in one’s hand’ (eng)

2. ‘handful’ (eng)

‘when? (in the past)’ (eng)

‘sound of a cackle, loud laugh, etc.’ (eng)

‘elder sibling’ (eng)

‘spider’ (eng)

‘place where one eats’ (eng)

‘edible things, food’ (eng)

‘caw, cackle’ (eng)

‘dig’ (eng)

‘1sg oblique: to me, for me’ (eng)

‘rake’ (eng)

‘bird sp.’ (eng)

‘eyebrow’ (eng)

‘canal, ditch’ (eng)

‘prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. <pwd>*qali-</pwd>)’ (eng)

1. ‘hole in the ground’ (eng)

2. ‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’ (eng)

‘deep resounding sound’ (eng)

‘hand’ (eng)

‘plant sp.: *Diospyros discolor*’ (eng)

‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’ (eng)

‘2pl. nominative, you all’ (eng)

‘2pl. nominative, you all’ (eng)

‘fish: the mullet’ (eng)

‘small tree bearing round, green fruit: *Ehretia* spp.’ (eng)

‘resounding sound’ (eng)

1. ‘interrogative’ (eng)

2. ‘probably 'when?'’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘fasten together by sewing or tying’ (eng)

‘seven’ (eng)

‘feel in the dark, grope’ (eng)

‘silk cotton, kapok’ (eng)

‘livelihood’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘to bite’ (eng)

‘bite (imperative)’ (eng)

‘to scratch an itch’ (eng)

‘word, speech, language’ (eng)

‘scratch up the earth, as a fowl’ (eng)

‘scrape’ (eng)

‘to scratch, scrape’ (eng)

‘scrape, rasp’ (eng)

‘thick, of solid objects’ (eng)

‘wood’ (eng)

1. ‘wood’ (eng)

2. ‘tree’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘scratch up the soil, as a chicken looking for food’ (eng)

‘2sg., you’ (eng)

‘area that is planted(?)’ (eng)

‘castor bean: *Ricinus communis* L.’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘exhortation to call a person or animal’ (eng)

‘come undone, of stitches’ (eng)

‘scoop up, as with a fish net’ (eng)

‘right ( side, hand, direction)’ (eng)

‘talk, talk about, discuss’ (eng)

1. ‘year, season’ (eng)

2. ‘sky, heaven’ (eng)

‘net bag used by men for carrying things on back’ (eng)

‘bamboo, *Bambusa* spp., probably *Bambusa spinosa*’ (eng)

‘fishhook’ (eng)

‘left side or direction’ (eng)

‘hook’ (eng)

‘sickle for harvesting grain’ (eng)

‘improvised trail, trail made by passing through?’ (eng)

‘to lie prone, face down’ (eng)

‘small in size or amount’ (eng)

‘to blink’ (eng)

‘dark, overcast, visually obscure’ (eng)

‘to blink’ (eng)

‘bite down hard’ (eng)

1. ‘ensnared, caught in a trap’ (eng)

2. ‘suffer, undergo, be struck by something’ (eng)

3. ‘entrapped or deceived’ (eng)

4. ‘hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true’ (eng)

‘hollow, resounding sound’ (eng)

1. ‘press together’ (eng)

2. ‘pressed together’ (eng)

‘scab on a wound’ (eng)

‘dry’ (eng)

‘scab, crust on a wound’ (eng)

1. ‘cut something slender or soft’ (eng)

2. ‘reap crops’ (eng)

‘to sever, cut off’ (eng)

‘cut’ (eng)

‘chatter’ (eng)

1. ‘hemp plant’ (eng)

2. ‘hemp’ (eng)

‘shake, tremble’ (eng)

‘sound">resound’ (eng)

‘strength, vigor, force’ (eng)

‘scratch, scrape’ (eng)

‘pinch off’ (eng)

‘cut, sever’ (eng)

‘close the eyes’ (eng)

‘to jerk suddenly, jump when startled’ (eng)

‘oblique case marker for personal nouns’ (eng)

‘prefixed to a noun means ‘to get, obtain, collect, gather’ (noun)’ (eng)

‘puling sound of a bird’ (eng)

‘body part’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘to tickle’ (eng)

‘tail’ (eng)

1. ‘to know (a person), recognize, be acquainted with’ (eng)

2. ‘to feel, perceive’ (eng)

‘curve’ (eng)

‘to hear’ (eng)

‘ring’ (eng)

1. ‘narrow’ (eng)

2. ‘pinch between tongs, etc.’ (eng)

‘seek, search, look for’ (eng)

‘look’ (eng)

‘rasp, file’ (eng)

‘scrape’ (eng)

‘scrape off’ (eng)

‘to shave, scrape off’ (eng)

‘we (incl.)’ (eng)

‘to see’ (eng)

‘see’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

1. ‘to wave, wag ( tail)’ (eng)

2. ‘to stir (people) up’ (eng)

‘1sg genitive ( marker of non-subject agency and possession; my; by me)’ (eng)

‘oblique of common nouns (cf. *ki, *ka)’ (eng)

1. ‘hamlet’ (eng)

2. ‘kin-based residential unit’ (eng)

‘kind of bird and the sound of its call’ (eng)

‘roll up, curl up tightly’ (eng)

‘head louse’ (eng)

‘dark’ (eng)

‘clay cooking pot’ (eng)

‘clay cooking pot’ (eng)

1. ‘scurfy skin disease’ (eng)

2. ‘scabies’ (eng)

‘hoof, lower leg of an ungulate’ (eng)

‘how?, how is it? what is the matter?’ (eng)

‘small bird that produces a deep resounding call’ (eng)

‘bracket fungus, *Polyporus* spp.’ (eng)

‘worm, insect’ (eng)

‘rind, peeling of fruits or tubers’ (eng)

‘pubic hair’ (eng)

‘pubic hair’ (eng)

1. ‘deep resonant sound’ (eng)

2. ‘name of a bird with deep resonant cry’ (eng)

1. ‘deep resounding sound’ (eng)

2. ‘slit-gong, hollowed tree trunk used to send messages’ (eng)

‘Formosan hill partridge’ (eng)

‘press together, close tightly’ (eng)

‘ringworm’ (eng)

‘rake’ (eng)

1. ‘scurfy skin disease’ (eng)

2. ‘scabies’ (eng)

‘dig in the soil’ (eng)

‘work’ (eng)

‘claw, talon, fingernail’ (eng)

‘scrape’ (eng)

‘vulva, vagina’ (eng)

‘scrape off’ (eng)

‘defect’ (eng)

‘to dive, swim under water’ (eng)

‘to bury, place in a pit or hole’ (eng)

‘to spit’ (eng)

‘rat’ (eng)

‘roam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered’ (eng)

‘excess, surplus’ (eng)

‘stinging nettle: *Laportea* spp.’ (eng)

‘downstream, toward the sea’ (eng)

‘steam, vapor’ (eng)

‘familiar with, accustomed to’ (eng)

‘walk, take a step’ (eng)

‘cover, wrapping’ (eng)

‘cicada’ (eng)

‘five (in counting people)’ (eng)

‘old, former’ (eng)

‘impetuous’ (eng)

‘housefly’ (eng)

‘infested with flies, covered with flies’ (eng)

‘unpleasant odor’ (eng)

‘sky’ (eng)

‘vertigo’ (eng)

‘curve’ (eng)

‘to cut up, butcher, slaughter an animal’ (eng)

‘flying squirrel’ (eng)

‘loose (as of clothing)’ (eng)

‘untie (a knot), undress, remove clothes’ (eng)

‘to forbid’ (eng)

‘run, run away, flee, escape’ (eng)

1. ‘hot’ (eng)

2. ‘blistered by heat’ (eng)

‘wide’ (eng)

1. ‘spider’ (eng)

2. ‘spider web’ (eng)

‘flying squirrel’ (eng)

1. ‘internode of bamboo’ (eng)

2. ‘section of something’ (eng)

‘wide, broad’ (eng)

‘thread, yarn’ (eng)

‘to fly’ (eng)

‘sail’ (eng)

‘wither, wilt’ (eng)

‘to bury’ (eng)

‘foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain’ (eng)

‘fly off, of solid bits or water droplets’ (eng)

‘to dive, swim under water’ (eng)

‘to rub the eyes’ (eng)

‘open, uncover’ (eng)

1. ‘bend’ (eng)

2. ‘bending part, joint’ (eng)

‘soft’ (eng)

1. ‘dark, of weather’ (eng)

2. ‘overcast’ (eng)

‘hut’ (eng)

‘submerge, disappear under water’ (eng)

‘tongue’ (eng)

1. ‘shelter, cover, protection’ (eng)

2. ‘shade’ (eng)

‘lightning’ (eng)

‘curve, bend, winding’ (eng)

‘mosquito’ (eng)

‘back’ (eng)

‘back area, place at the back?’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘five’ (eng)

‘shadow’ (eng)

‘calm, tranquil, of the surface of water’ (eng)

‘earthquake’ (eng)

‘to pass, pass by’ (eng)

‘tooth’ (eng)

‘to fold, fold over’ (eng)

‘disappear behind something that envelops or blocks the view’ (eng)

‘neck’ (eng)

‘nit, egg of a hair louse’ (eng)

‘wind around, bind by winding around’ (eng)

‘a’ (eng)

‘burial pit’ (eng)

‘bag, sack’ (eng)

‘Formosan rock monkey: *Macaca cyclopis*’ (eng)

‘saliva’ (eng)

‘ripe’ (eng)

‘Formosan clouded leopard’ (eng)

‘parasitic plant sp.’ (eng)

‘shin’ (eng)

‘to roll up, as a mat’ (eng)

‘cloud’ (eng)

‘spit, spit out’ (eng)

‘peach’ (eng)

‘tears’ (eng)

‘weak, exhausted’ (eng)

‘Formosan hare: Lepus sinensis formosus’ (eng)

‘eye’ (eng)

‘burial ground (?)’ (eng)

‘future prefix’ (eng)

‘stative prefix’ (eng)

1. ‘die’ (eng)

2. ‘dead’ (eng)

3. ‘eclipse of sun or moon’ (eng)

‘take’ (eng)