Blust & Trussel (2019a): Proto-Austronesian
Search entries
| Headword | IPA | Glosses | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *paliq | ‘internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas’ |
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| *paliSi | 1. ‘taboo, ritual purify’ 2. ‘purifying rite’ |
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| *paliSi-an | ‘taboo’ |
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| *paliSi-en | ‘taboo’ |
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| *pa-litlit | ‘to make something wind around something else’ |
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| *palu | ‘to hammer, pound, hit’ |
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| *palu-palu | ‘pound, mallet, instrument for pounding or hammering’ |
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| *panaq | 1. ‘throw something at a target’ 2. ‘shoot with bow and arrow’ |
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| *paNaw | ‘go, walk away, depart’ |
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| *paŋa | 1. ‘fork of a branch’ 2. ‘any forked structure’ 3. ‘bifurcation’ |
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| *paŋaq | ‘fork’ |
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| *paŋudaN | ‘pandanus’ |
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| *paNid | ‘wing’ |
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| *paNij | ‘wing’ |
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| *paNiŋ | ‘door’ |
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| *pa(n)tuk | ‘to knock, strike against’ |
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| *pa-p-aCay | ‘kill’ |
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| *pa-pespes | ‘to massage’ |
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| *pa-pija | ‘how many? (of people)’ |
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| *pa-pitu | ‘seven (of humans)’ |
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| *paqa | ‘thigh’ |
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| *paqeju | ‘gall, gall bladder’ |
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| *pa-qetut | ‘to fart, break wind’ |
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| *paqiC | 1. ‘hotness of taste, spiciness’ 2. ‘bitterness’ |
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| *paqpaq | ‘chew’ |
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| *pa-qudip | ‘care for, raise (an animal)’ |
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| *pa-qumah-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *pa-quzaN | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *paR- | ‘divide into x (x = numeral)’ |
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| *paRa | 1. ‘storage shelf’ 2. ‘attic, loft’ |
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| *paRaw | ‘hoarse’ |
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| *paR-enem-en | ‘do six times’ |
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| *paRiS | ‘sting’ |
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| *paR-isa-an | ‘to unite, combine in one’ |
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| *pariuk | ‘earthenware cooking pot’ |
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| *paR-Sepat-en | ‘do four times’ |
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| *paR-walu-en | ‘do eight times’ |
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| *pasaqaN | 1. ‘shoulder pole’ 2. ‘carry with a shoulder pole’ |
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| *pa-SateD | ‘send (?)’ |
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| *pasek | 1. ‘wooden nail, dowel’ 2. ‘drive in, as a wooden nail, dowel, or fencepost’ |
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| *pa-Sezam | ‘lend’ |
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| *paspas | ‘beat out, thresh’ |
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| *pasu | ‘cheek bone’ |
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| *pasuk | ‘enter’ |
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| *pa-susu | ‘give the breast to, nurse a child’ |
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| *pa-susu-en | ‘to nurse, give a child the breast (to be sucked)’ |
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| *pat-a | ‘four (in counting certain referents)’ |
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| *pataS | ‘tattoo’ |
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| *pataS-an | ‘tattoo’ |
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| *pa-tumaNa | ‘to make someone listen’ |
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| *pa-tuzuq | ‘to point out, give directions (?)’ |
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| *pa-uSa | ‘to send away’ |
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| *pa-utaq | ‘cause to vomit’ |
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| *peceq | ‘break into several large pieces’ |
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| *peCik | ‘snap, as the fingers or a slingshot’ |
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| *pedek | ‘wink, blink’ |
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| *pedel | ‘to wring out, as water from wet clothes’ |
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| *pedped | ‘press together, pack solid’ |
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| *pekpek | ‘beat, hit’ |
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| *pelus | ‘slip off’ |
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| *peñu | ‘sea turtle’ |
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| *peNuq | ‘full, of a container’ |
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| *peReq | ‘squeeze out juice, wring out water’ |
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| *peRes | ‘squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing’ |
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| *perus | ‘slip or slide off’ |
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| *peSiq | 1. ‘squeeze out juice’ 2. ‘squirt out’ |
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| *pespes | ‘squeeze, massage’ |
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| *pespes-i | ‘massage (imperative)’ |
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| *pi- | ‘causative of location’ |
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| *piad | ‘dish, plate’ |
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| *piak | 1. ‘baby chick’ 2. ‘peeping of chick’ |
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| *pija pija | ‘some, several’ |
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| *pijax | 1. ‘interrogative of quantity: how much?, how many?’ 2. ‘adjective of indefinite quantity: some, several, a few’ |
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| *pijpij | ‘close together’ |
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| *pikpik | ‘sound of patting or tapping’ |
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| *piku | ‘bend, curve’ |
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| *pikuq | 1. ‘to bend, curve’ 2. ‘bent, curved’ |
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| *piliq | 1. ‘to choose, to select’ 2. ‘to pick out’ |
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| *piliq-i | ‘choose it!’ |
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| *piluk | 1. ‘crippled’ 2. ‘bent or twisted, of the leg or foot’ |
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| *piNay | ‘lame, crippled’ |
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| *pin-duSa | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *piŋi | ‘cheek’ |
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| *pipi | ‘female genitalia (child’s word?)’ |
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| *pi-pitu | ‘seven each’ |
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| *piRaS | ‘roe, eggs of fish or crustacean’ |
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| *piRaS-an | ‘laden with roe, of a fish or crustacean’ |
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| *pisel | 1. ‘pinch, squeeze’ 2. ‘knead’ |
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| *piSpiS | ‘cheeks, temples’ |
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| *pispis | ‘hair on the temples’ |
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| *pitpit | 1. ‘pinch, squeeze, press between two surfaces’ 2. ‘pluck, pick off’ |
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| *pitpit | ‘to beat, whip’ |
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| *pitpit-en | ‘pinch’ |
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| *pitu | ‘seven’ |
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| *pitu pitu | ‘seven by seven, seven at a time’ |
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| *piuk | ‘dent, dimple’ |
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| *pu- | ‘causative of motion’ |
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| *puCaq | ‘foam, froth, lather’ |
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| *pu-Caqi | ‘to defecate’ |
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| *pu-daNum | ‘to water, irrigate’ |
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| *pudu | ‘fruit of the betel pepper’ |
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| *puduN | 1. ‘ball of thread’ 2. ‘spool’ |
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| *puja | ‘navel, umbilical cord’ |
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| *pujek | ‘navel, umbilical cord’ |
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| *pukaw | ‘night-’ |
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| *puki | ‘vulva, vagina’ |
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| *pukpuk | ‘to hammer, pound, beat’ |
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| *pulu | ‘handle’ |
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| *puluC | ‘plant: *Urena lobata*’ |
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| *puluŋ | ‘collection, gathering, assembly’ |
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| *puluq | ‘group of ten’ |
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| *puna-punay | ‘greenish fruit dove’ |
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| *punay | ‘greenish fruit dove’ |
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| *pu-ŋajan | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *puŋuN | ‘bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.)’ |
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| *puNi | ‘whiteness’ |
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| *punti | ‘banana’ |
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| *punuq | ‘brain, marrow’ |
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| *puRuq | ‘bird, the quail’ |
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| *puSaN | ‘twice’ |
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| *puteq | ‘gummy secretion’ |
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| *putput | ‘to pluck, pull out’ |
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| *putun | ‘to break off, cut off, as a limb’ |
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| *q<in>umah | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *q<um>ajaw | ‘to shine, of the sun’ |
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| *q<um>aŋqaŋ | ‘to bark, of a dog’ |
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| *q<um>aNiC | ‘to skin an animal’ |
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| *q<um>aNup | ‘to hunt, go hunting’ |
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| *q<um>esep | ‘suck’ |
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| *q<um>etut | ‘to fart, break wind’ |
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| *(q)<um>uNah | 1. ‘to do or go first’ 2. ‘to lead’ |
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| *q<um>uzaN | 1. ‘to rain’ 2. ‘it is raining’ |
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| *qa | ‘interrogative particle’ |
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| *qa | ‘locative particle’ |
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| *qabaŋ | ‘boat, canoe’ |
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| *qabaRa | ‘shoulder’ |
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| *qabaRa-an | ‘shoulder (?)’ |
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| *qabaS | ‘notch cut in a tree’ |
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| *qabu | ‘ash, cinder, powder’ |
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| *qabu-an | ‘ash’ |
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| *qaCay | ‘liver’ |
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| *qaCeb | ‘deadfall trap to catch small mammals’ |
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| *qaCi | ‘ebb, of water in streams’ |
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| *qaCi- | ‘prefix variant of the *qali/kali- set’ |
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| *qaCipa | ‘soft-shelled turtle’ |
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| *qadiS | ‘hawk sp. ( harrier?)’ |
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| *qajaw | ‘day’ |
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| *qajiS | ‘boundary’ |
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| *qalad | ‘fence, wall’ |
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| *qaleb | ‘knee’ |
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| *qalep | ‘beckon, wave’ |
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| *qali- | ‘prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. <pwd>*kali-</pwd>)’ |
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| *qa-lima | ‘hand’ |
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| *qalima | ‘hand’ |
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| *qali-puju | ‘hair whorl’ |
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| *qali-puju-an | ‘hair whorl’ |
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| *qali-puspus | ‘whirlwind’ |
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| *qalupaR | ‘persimmon’ |
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| *qaluR | ‘current, deep channel in the middle of a river’ |
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| *qalu-Sipan | ‘centipede’ |
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| *qamiS | ‘north wind’ |
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| *qamiS-an | 1. ‘north’ 2. ‘winter’ |
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| *qaNa | 1. ‘stranger’ 2. ‘enemy’ |
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| *qaNeb | ‘close a door’ |
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| *qaNeb | ‘door’ |
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| *qaNeb-an | ‘door panel’ |
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| *qaŋeliC | ‘stench of burning substances’ |
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| *qaŋeRiS | ‘stench of spoiling fish’ |
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| *qaŋeRu | ‘stench of spoiled or souring organic matter’ |
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| *qaŋeseR | ‘stench of urine’ |
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| *qaŋeSit | ‘stench, musky odor of an animal’ |
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| *qaŋqaŋ | ‘barking of a dog’ |
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| *qa-ni | 1. ‘this’ 2. ‘here’ |
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| *qaNi | ‘weaving spindle’ |
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| *qaNi- | ‘variant of the *qali/kali- prefix’ |
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| *qani | ‘proximal deictic: this’ |
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| *qanibuŋ | ‘fruit-bearing bush or tree’ |
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| *qaNiC | ‘animal skin, hide, leather’ |
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| *qaNiCu | 1. ‘ghost, spirit of the dead’ 2. ‘owl’ |
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| *qaNi-matek | ‘jungle leech, *Haemadipsa* spp.’ |
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| *qaNi-meCaq | ‘paddy leech’ |
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| *qaNiŋu | ‘' shadow, reflection’ |
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| *qaniS | 1. ‘harvest’ 2. ‘to harvest’ |
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| *qaNuaŋ | ‘large ruminant species: carabao, water buffalo (?)’ |
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| *qañud | ‘drift on a current, carried away by flowing water’ |
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| *qaNuNaŋ | ‘tree: *Cordia dichotoma*’ |
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| *qanup | ‘to hunt wild game’ |
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| *qaNup-an | ‘hunt’ |
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| *qaNup-en | ‘hunt’ |
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| *qanus | ‘plant: *Begonia aptera* (Hay)’ |
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| *qapejux | ‘gall, gall bladder, bile’ |
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| *qapiC | ‘tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching’ |
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| *qapid | ‘braid, twine’ |
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| *qapucuk | ‘peak of a mountain’ |
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| *qapuR | ‘lime, calcium’ |
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| *qaqay | ‘foot, leg’ |
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| *qaRaw | ‘snatch, take away by force, rob’ |
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| *qaRem | ‘pangolin, scaly anteater’ |
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| *qaReNu | ‘plant, *Phragmites* spp.’ |
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| *qaRidaŋ | ‘bean, pea (generic)’ |
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| *qaRiw | ‘dry’ |
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| *qaRsem | ‘sourness, acidity’ |
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| *qasawa | ‘spouse: husband, wife’ |
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| *qaseb | ‘smoke’ |
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| *qaSelu | ‘pestle’ |
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| *qasepa | ‘astringent’ |
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| *qasiN | ‘saltiness, salty taste’ |
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| *qasiRa | ‘salt’ |
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| *qasiRa-en | ‘salt’ |
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| *qataq | ‘eat something raw’ |
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| *qatimela | ‘flea’ |
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| *qatip | ‘part of the loom’ |
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| *qatip-an | ‘part of the loom’ |
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| *qauŋ | ‘to howl, of a dog’ |
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| *qauR | ‘bamboo sp.’ |
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| *qawqaw | ‘to bark, of a dog’ |
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| *qayam | ‘bird’ |
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| *qazi | 1. ‘no, not’ 2. ‘negator of verbs and adjectives (cf *, *, *)’ |
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| *qebel | ‘smoke’ |
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| *qeCah | ‘rice husk, rice bran’ |
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| *qeCeŋ | ‘obstruction, barrier’ |
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| *qeCeŋeN | ‘black’ |
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| *qeCqeC | ‘tight, constricted’ |
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| *qeCuR | ‘sexual arousal, sexual excitement’ |
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| *qedet | ‘press down on’ |
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| *qekuŋ | ‘owl’ |
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| *qeleC | ‘interval, intervening space’ |
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| *qelqel | ‘chew, gnaw on’ |
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| *qelud | ‘housepost, pillar’ |
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| *qemin | ‘all’ |
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| *qemqem | ‘hold in the closed mouth’ |
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| *qemu | ‘sticky rice cake’ |
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| *qenay | ‘sand’ |
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| *qeNeb | ‘spread all over’ |
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| *qeNeb | 1. ‘to close, to shut’ 2. ‘door’ |
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| *qeNuR | ‘animal trail’ |
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| *qenuR-an | ‘animal haunt, place frequented by animals’ |
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| *qepit | ‘squeeze, press between’ |
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| *qesak | 1. ‘ripe’ 2. ‘cooked’ 3. ‘ready to eat’ |
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| *qesep | ‘sip, suck’ |
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| *qesir | ‘hiss, sizzle’ |
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| *qetaq | ‘eat something raw’ |
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| *qetut | ‘fart, flatulence’ |
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| *qia | ‘confirm (probably of affirmation or confirmation)’ |
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| *qiaw | ‘animal cry’ |
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| *qiCeluR | ‘egg’ |
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| *qiCqiC | ‘nibble off, gnaw off’ |
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| *qiduS | ‘spoon, ladle’ |
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| *qidus | ‘spoon, ladle’ |
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| *qijap | 1. ‘resent, blame’ 2. ‘resentment, jealousy’ |
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| *qiluS | ‘wipe after defecating’ |
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| *qiNaS | ‘moon, month’ |
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| *qiNeb | ‘door’ |
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| *qinep | ‘lie down to sleep’ |
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| *qiNuaŋ | ‘large ruminant species’ |
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| *qipiŋ | ‘incline one's head to the side’ |
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| *qipit | 1. ‘pincer of crustaceans’ 2. ‘tongs’ 3. ‘press together, pinch, squeeze’ |
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| *qiRik | ‘thresh with the feet, as rice’ |
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| *qiSqiS | ‘to rub hard on a surface’ |
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| *qiSu | ‘shark’ |
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| *qitik | 1. ‘small, little’ 2. ‘few’ |
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| *qiuŋ | ‘natural sound’ |
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| *qiut | ‘copulate, have sexual intercourse’ |
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| *qu | ‘grammatical particle’ |
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| *quaŋ | ‘empty, vacant’ |
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| *quaŋ | ‘howl’ |
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| *quay | ‘rattan, *Calamus* sp.’ |
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| *qubaN | ‘gray hair’ |
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| *qubiS | ‘pubic hair’ |
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| *quCaN | ‘scrub-land, bush’ |
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| *qudaŋ | ‘shrimp, crayfish, lobster’ |
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| *qudaS | ‘gray hair’ |
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| *qudem | ‘dark, dull (of light or color)’ |
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| *qudip | ‘life, alive’ |
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| *qujiŋ | ‘charcoal’ |
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| *qukut | ‘hunched over, bowed (as with age)’ |
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| *qulas | ‘dewdrop’ |
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| *qulej | ‘type of small worm’ |
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| *qules | ‘clothing’ |
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| *qulu qulu | ‘head-end, upper part’ |
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| *quluh | ‘head’ |
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| *qulu-qulu | ‘tadpole, polywog’ |
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| *qumah | ‘swidden, work a swidden’ |
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| *quman | ‘repeat oneself monotonously’ |
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| *qumaŋ | ‘hermit crab’ |
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| *qumuR | ‘fill the mouth with food or water’ |
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| *(q)uNah | ‘first, before, anterior in time’ |
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| *quNuNaŋ | ‘tree with sticky fruits: *Cordia* spp.’ |
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| *quNuq | ‘beads, necklace of beads’ |
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| *qupid | ‘braid’ |
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| *qupuŋ | ‘bunch, cluster’ |
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| *quriaw | ‘noise, clamor’ |
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| *quSaw | ‘thirst’ |
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| *quSaw-an | ‘thirst’ |
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| *quSeNap | ‘fish scale’ |
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| *quSeŋeC | ‘anger, angry’ |
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| *qusiR | ‘pursuit (as of enemies or game)’ |
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| *quSuŋ | ‘edible mushroom (generic)’ |
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| *qutiN | ‘penis’ |
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| *quyaS | 1. ‘to sing’ 2. ‘song, tune, melody’ |
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| *quzaN | ‘rain’ |
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| *quzan-en | ‘rain’ |
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| *R<um>ahap | ‘to sow seeds’ |
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| *Rabi-an | ‘evening, night’ |
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| *Rabiqi | 1. ‘late afternoon, evening’ 2. ‘evening meal’ |
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| *Rabi-Rabi | ‘every night, happening every night’ |
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| *RabiS | ‘small knife’ |
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| *RabuC | ‘uproot, pull out by the roots’ |
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| *RaCus | ‘hundred’ |
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| *Rahap | ‘seeds for sowing’ |
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| *rakat | ‘walk’ |
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| *RameC | ‘root’ |
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| *Rames | ‘squeeze, knead’ |
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| *ramig | ‘cold (of weather)’ |
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| *RamiS | ‘root’ |
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| *Ra-RauS | ‘dip net’ |
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| *RaSuŋ | ‘ambush, attack from concealment’ |
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| *rauC | ‘peel rattan, bamboo’ |
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| *RauS | ‘scoop net’ |
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| *rawraw | ‘to rinse’ |
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| *Raya | ‘big, large’ |
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| *Reken | ‘coil’ |
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| *reken | ‘coil’ |
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| *ReŋeC | ‘angry, annoyed’ |
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| *reŋeC | ‘angry, annoyed’ |
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| *reŋiC | ‘grimace at pain’ |
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| *Riaq | ‘sword grass: *Imperata cylindrica*’ |
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| *RibaS | ‘demolish’ |
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| *Ribawa | 1. ‘swell’ 2. ‘swelling, tumor’ |
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| *Rimeja | ‘sword grass: *Imperata cylindrica*’ |
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| *RiNaS | ‘long feathers used for personal adornment’ |
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| *RiNaS-an | ‘male of Swinhoe’s blue pheasant’ |
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| *Rinu | ‘winnowing basket’ |
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| *RiNuk | ‘Japanese raspberry: *Rubus parvifolius* (Linn.), *Rubus taiwanianus* (Matsum.)’ |
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| *Riqek | ‘thresh grain by trampling’ |
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| *riSriS | 1. ‘hoe up weeds’ 2. ‘weed a garden’ |
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| *Ritu | ‘loquat tree and fruit: *Eriobotrya deflexa*’ |
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| *Rubu | ‘nest, lair’ |
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| *Rudaŋ | ‘old, of people’ |
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| *Rumaq | ‘house’ |
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| *RuqaNay | ‘male’ |
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| *RuSRuS | ‘to scrape smooth, to plane a surface’ |
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| *Rusuk | ‘ribcage’ |
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| *S<in>ebaN | ‘what is carried on the back’ |
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| *s<um>akay | ‘to walk’ |
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| *s<um>akut | ‘to carry, transport, move something’ |
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| *S<um>apaR | ‘unroll, spread out a mat’ |
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| *S<um>apuy | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *S<um>ateD | ‘accompany, escort’ |
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| *s<um>ebuS | ‘to hiss or steam, of water touching a fire’ |
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| *S<um>eŋad | ‘to breathe’ |
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| *s<um>epsep | ‘to suck, sip’ |
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| *S<um>eReC | ‘tighten, fasten firmly’ |
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| *S<um>eyup | ‘to blow’ |
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| *s<um>iku | 1. ‘to elbow’ 2. ‘to push or jab with the elbow’ |
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| *s<um>uksuk | ‘to enter, penetrate, pierce’ |
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| *s<um>ulud | ‘to push’ |
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| *s<um>uNaR | ‘to shine, radiate light’ |
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| *S<um>uni | ‘to chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds)’ |
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| *s<um>upay | ‘to whet, grate, sharpen’ |
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| *s<um>usu | ‘to suckle, suck at the breast’ |
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| *Sa | ‘ligature’ |
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| *Sa | ‘locative particle’ |
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| *Sa- | ‘marker of instrumental nouns’ |
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| *Sa- | ‘stative prefix’ |
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| *sa | ‘locative marker’ |
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| *sa | ‘nominative case marker for plural personal names’ |
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| *sa | ‘one (clitic form of *esa)’ |
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| *SabaN | ‘cloth used to carry a child on the back’ |
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| *SabaRat | ‘south wind (?)’ |
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| *sabay | ‘do something together with others’ |
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| *Sabij | ‘twins of the same sex’ |
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| *Sabit | ‘long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying’ |
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| *sabsab | 1. ‘slurp up food or water, eat like a pig or dog’ 2. ‘gulp down’ |
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| *SadiRi | ‘housepost’ |
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| *Sadu | ‘many, much, plenty’ |
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| *saheNaR | ‘to shine, of the sun’ |
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| *Sajek | 1. ‘smell’ 2. ‘to smell (transitive)’ |
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| *Sajek-en | ‘to smell’ |
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| *sakal | ‘restraining device on animals’ |
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| *saka-pitu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *sakat | ‘rise">rise, climb up’ |
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| *sakay | ‘walk’ |
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| *sakeC | ‘muntjac, barking deer’ |
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| *saksak | ‘hack, chop into pieces’ |
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| *SakuC | 1. ‘transport piecemeal’ 2. ‘tranport through repeated trips’ |
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| *sakut | ‘to carry, transport, move something’ |
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| *Salas | ‘forest, wilderness, woods’ |
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| *salaw | ‘to pour, of heavy rain’ |
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| *saleŋ | ‘pine tree, pitch pine’ |
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| *saliw | ‘buy, sell’ |
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| *Samaq | ‘plant: *Lactuca indica* Linn., and *Sonchus oleraceus* Linn.’ |
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| *samaq | ‘remnant, leftover’ |
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| *SameCi | ‘plant: *Solanum nigrum*’ |
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| *Samud | ‘plant, sesame: *Sesamum indicum*’ |
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| *samuR | 1. ‘to mix’ 2. ‘mixture’ |
||
| *Sanaq | ‘river otter’ |
||
| *saŋeday | ‘lean or rest on’ |
||
| *saNiw | ‘whetstone’ |
||
| *sapaq | ‘stream, river’ |
||
| *SapaR | ‘unroll a mat, spread out a mat’ |
||
| *sapaw | ‘field hut’ |
||
| *sapay | ‘drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth’ |
||
| *Sapejiq | ‘smart’ |
||
| *sapet | ‘grab with the hand, catch’ |
||
| *Sapiq | ‘flattened’ |
||
| *Sapit | ‘press together, press between two surfaces’ |
||
| *SapSap | ‘feel, grope’ |
||
| *sa-puluq | ‘ten’ |
||
| *SapuSap | ‘feel, grope’ |
||
| *saput | ‘to pick up with something to avoid getting dirty or burned’ |
||
| *Sapuy | ‘fire’ |
||
| *saqit | 1. ‘hook’ 2. ‘to hang up’ |
||
| *saqsaq | ‘bamboo which has been split and flattened’ |
||
| *SaRuŋ | ‘snore, groan, etc.’ |
||
| *Sasak | 1. ‘ripe’ 2. ‘cooked’ |
||
| *Sasaq | ‘whet, sharpen’ |
||
| *Sasaq-an | ‘whetstone, grindstone’ |
||
| *Sa-Sepat | ‘four (of humans)’ |
||
| *sa-supay-an | ‘whetstone’ |
||
| *SateD | 1. ‘accompany, escort’ 2. ‘send, return’ |
||
| *SateD-an | ‘escort, accompany (imperative)’ |
||
| *Sauni | ‘in a little while, momentarily, later’ |
||
| *Saw | ‘question particle’ |
||
| *Sawak | ‘waist, back of the waist’ |
||
| *Sawiki | ‘betel nut: nut of *Areca catechu*’ |
||
| *SawSaw | ‘wash, rinse’ |
||
| *SayaN | ‘termite’ |
||
| *SebaN | ‘carry a child with a carrying cloth’ |
||
| *sebu | ‘bladder’ |
||
| *SebuC | ‘pluck, pull up (as weeds)’ |
||
| *sebuS | 1. ‘douse a fire, extinguish a fire with water’ 2. ‘to hiss, as water on fire’’ |
||
| *sedu | ‘hiccough’ |
||
| *sejep | ‘enter, penetrate’ |
||
| *Sekak | ‘to crow, to caw’ |
||
| *Seked | ‘stop an activity, take a break, rest’ |
||
| *sekel | ‘bend, bow’ |
||
| *seksek | 1. ‘to stuff, cram in’ 2. ‘crowded’ |
||
| *SekuC | ‘hunched over, stoop-shouldered’ |
||
| *Selem | ‘dark, dim’ |
||
| *selem | 1. ‘sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water’ 2. ‘to set, of the sun’ |
||
| *selsel | ‘insert, cram in’ |
||
| *Sema | ‘tongue’ |
||
| *Semay | ‘cooked rice’ |
||
| *Semut | ‘smother’ |
||
| *Señaw | ‘to wash’ |
||
| *Seŋad | ‘to breathe’ |
||
| *Seŋaw | ‘to breathe (?)’ |
||
| *seŋet | ‘to sting or bite, of an insect’ |
||
| *seŋseŋ | ‘cork, stopper, plug’ |
||
| *Sepat | ‘four’ |
||
| *Sepi | ‘dream’ |
||
| *sepiq | ‘break off fruit or branches’ |
||
| *sepsep | ‘sip, suck’ |
||
| *sepsep-en | ‘suck’ |
||
| *sequŋ | ‘horn of an animal’ |
||
| *SeReC | 1. ‘to bind tightly’ 2. ‘belt’ |
||
| *Sesi | ‘flesh, meat’ |
||
| *Setek | ‘cut, sever, chop’ |
||
| *Seyaq | 1. ‘shyness, embarrassment’ 2. ‘shame’ |
||
| *Seyup | ‘blow’ |
||
| *Seyup-an | ‘blow’ |
||
| *Sezam | ‘borrow, lend’ |
||
| *Si- | ‘origin’ |
||
| *Si- | ‘to wear, put on clothes, etc.’ |
||
| *Si- | ‘verbal prefix marking instrumental or benefactive voice’ |
||
| *si | ‘nominative case marker for singular personal names or kin terms used as personal names’ |
||
| *si amax | ‘father (ref.)’ |
||
| *si ia | ‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she, it’ |
||
| *si ia | 1. ‘demonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here’ 2. ‘that, there’ |
||
| *siap | ‘chick’ |
||
| *sibu | ‘urine’ |
||
| *Sidi | ‘Formosan serow, mountain goat’ |
||
| *sidu | ‘spoon, ladle’ |
||
| *sihikay | ‘maggot’ |
||
| *si-ima | ‘who?’ |
||
| *Sijap | ‘broom’ |
||
| *Sika- | ‘prefix for ordinal numbers’ |
||
| *Sikad | 1. ‘ashamed’ 2. ‘shy’ |
||
| *Sika-duSa | ‘second’ |
||
| *Si-kaen | ‘eat’ |
||
| *Sika-lima | ‘fifth (ordinal numeral)’ |
||
| *Sikam | ‘mat’ |
||
| *Sikan | ‘fish’ |
||
| *Sika-pitu | ‘seven’ |
||
| *Sika-puluq | ‘ten’ |
||
| *Sika-Siwa | ‘ninth’ |
||
| *Sika-telu | ‘third’ |
||
| *Siket | ‘tie, bind, attach to by tying’ |
||
| *sikux | ‘elbow’ |
||
| *Si-lahud | ‘wind from the sea (?)’ |
||
| *silaq | ‘split’ |
||
| *SimaR | ‘grease, oil, fat’ |
||
| *Simu | ‘2p pronoun: you’ |
||
| *Sin- | ‘verb prefix’ |
||
| *Sina | ‘plant: *Erechtites* spp.’ |
||
| *siNaR | ‘sun’ |
||
| *Siñaw | ‘to wash’ |
||
| *Siñaw-an | ‘wash’ |
||
| *Siŋus | ‘sniff, sniffle (as with a runny nose)’ |
||
| *SiNuq | ‘beads, necklace’ |
||
| *SipaR | ‘opposite side (esp. of a river)’ |
||
| *Sipes | ‘cockroach’ |
||
| *Sipi | ‘dream’ |
||
| *sipiŋ | ‘supernumerary, as an extra finger or toe’ |
||
| *sipit | 1. ‘tongs, pincers, claw of a crab or lobster’ 2. ‘to pinch or squeeze’ |
||
| *sipsip | ‘sip, suck’ |
||
| *SipuR | ‘to count’ |
||
| *siRa | ‘yesterday’ |
||
| *SiRup | ‘sip, as soup or rice wine from a bowl’ |
||
| *siRup | ‘to sip, as through a straw’ |
||
| *SiSiN | ‘omen bird: *Alcippe* spp.’ |
||
| *Siwa | ‘nine’ |
||
| *siwaq | ‘fissure, split in something’ |
||
| *Siwid | ‘slant’ |
||
| *siwsiw | 1. ‘to cheep’ 2. ‘baby chick’ |
||
| *Su- | ‘take off, remove (+ noun)’ |
||
| *su | ‘nominative case marker for common nouns’ |
||
| *Suab | ‘yawn’ |
||
| *Suaji | ‘younger sibling’ |
||
| *Suaji-an | ‘called or regarded as siblings (?)’ |
||
| *Suaw | ‘yawn’ |
||
| *suiq | ‘bird: the sandpiper (?)’ |
||
| *suked | 1. ‘prop, support’ 2. ‘to prop up or support’ |
||
| *suksuk | 1. ‘pierce, penetrate’ 2. ‘insert’ |
||
| *sukud | ‘walking stick, cane, staff’ |
||
| *SulaR | ‘snake’ |
||
| *Sulem | ‘dim’ |
||
| *suleN | ‘insert, plug’ |
||
| *suli | ‘to reverse, turn around’ |
||
| *Sulij | ‘lie or sleep next to’ |
||
| *SulSul | ‘to masturbate’ |
||
| *sulud | ‘push’ |
||
| *SuluR | ‘lower or let down, as on a rope’ |
||
| *suNaR | ‘light, radiance’ |
||
| *suŋa | ‘do wrong, do in reverse’ |
||
| *Suni | ‘chirp’ |
||
| *SuNus | ‘withdraw, pull out, extract’ |
||
| *supay | ‘whet’ |
||
| *Supiq | ‘plant shoot’ |
||
| *supsup | ‘sip, suck’ |
||
| *suqaR | ‘thorn’ |
||
| *SuqSuq | ‘drip or drain out’ |
||
| *suquN | ‘carry on the head’ |
||
| *SuRas | ‘wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes)’ |
||
| *SuRay | 1. ‘to pass, of time’ 2. ‘to pass time idly’ |
||
| *SuReNa | ‘snow’ |
||
| *SuRSuR | 1. ‘draw string’ 2. ‘to thread a drawstring’ |
||
| *suRuq | ‘to call on a person to do something’ |
||
| *SuRut | ‘pull, draw’ |
||
| *SuRut-en | ‘pull’ |
||
| *susu | 1. ‘female breast’ 2. ‘udder’ |
||
| *susuN | ‘to stack up’ |
||
| *SuSuq | ‘drip or drain out’ |
||
| *Suyeʔab | ‘to yawn’ |
||
| *Suʔu | ‘2sg. agent/possessor’ |
||
| *t<in>aNek | ‘boiled foods other than rice?’ |
||
| *t<in>ektek | ‘was chopped up’ |
||
| *t<in>enun | 1. ‘was woven by someone’ 2. ‘what was woven’ |
||
| *t<in>enun-an | ‘woven cloth’ |
||
| *t<in>uduq | ‘drip’ |
||
| *t<um>aNek | ‘to cook anything but rice’ |
||
| *t<um>anem | ‘to plant’ |
||
| *t<um>aRah | ‘to wait’ |
||
| *t<um>aRaq | ‘to adze wood, hew wood with an adze’ |
||
| *t<um>azem | ‘sharp’ |
||
| *t<um>ebek | ‘to pierce, to stab’ |
||
| *t<um>enun | ‘to weave’ |
||
| *t<um>iktik | ‘to tattoo someone’ |
||
| *t<um>imaNa | ‘to hear, listen’ |
||
| *t<um>uba | ‘to stun fish with plant poison’ |
||
| *t<um>ukad | ‘to climb, as a mountain or steps’ |
||
| *t<um>umaNa | ‘to hear, listen’ |
||
| *t<um>uzuq | ‘to point at, point out, lecture or instruct, give advice’ |
||
| *t<um>əktək | ‘to chop, hack, cut off’ |
||
| *-ta | ‘1pl. incl. genitive suffix’ |
||
| *ta- | ‘1pl. incl. nominative and hortative pronoun’ |
||
| *ta-amax | ‘father (ref.)’ |
||
| *tabaN | ‘head trophy, trophy taken in headhunting (?)’ |
||
| *tabi | ‘plough’ |
||
| *tabtab | 1. ‘slurp up food or water’ 2. ‘eat like a pig or dog’ 3. ‘gulp down’ |
||
| *tabukul | ‘casting net for fishing’ |
||
| *tadaw | ‘kind of large knife’ |
||
| *tageRaŋ | ‘ribcage’ |
||
| *ta-ina | ‘mother (ref.)’ |
||
| *taina | ‘female, of animals’ |
||
| *takep | ‘to lay something on top of another’ |
||
| *takes | 1. ‘to wrap around’ 2. ‘embrace, hug’ |
||
| *takis | ‘sword’ |
||
| *taktak | ‘clatter, clack’ |
||
| *taktak | 1. ‘to fall, of many things at once’ 2. ‘to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something’ |
||
| *taku | 1. ‘dipper, scoop’ 2. ‘to scoop, ladle up’ |
||
| *takut | ‘fear’ |
||
| *talaw | 1. ‘fear, fearful’ 2. ‘coward’ |
||
| *taliuk | ‘turn, go around’ |
||
| *tama | 1. ‘appropriate, suitable, right’ 2. ‘fit together’ 3. ‘hit the mark’ |
||
| *tamtam | ‘smack the lips’ |
||
| *tamuhuŋ | ‘hat, head covering’ |
||
| *taNah | ‘red’ |
||
| *tañam | ‘try, taste’ |
||
| *tanaq | ‘plant: *Aralia decaisneana* (Hance)’ |
||
| *taNaS | 1. ‘village’ 2. ‘place of residence’ |
||
| *tanayan | ‘bamboo sp.’ |
||
| *taNek | ‘to cook anything but rice’ |
||
| *taNek-en | ‘cook’ |
||
| *tanem-an | ‘area that is planted(?)’ |
||
| *taŋa | ‘to open’ |
||
| *taNiud | ‘mulberry tree and fruit: *Morus formosensis* (Hotta)’ |
||
| *tapeS | ‘winnow’ |
||
| *tapeS-i | ‘to winnow’ |
||
| *tapis | ‘loincloth (?)’ |
||
| *tapun | ‘gather, assemble’ |
||
| *tapus | ‘end, complete, finish’ |
||
| *taqan | 1. ‘snare trap’ 2. ‘set a snare trap’ |
||
| *taR- | ‘prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action’ |
||
| *taRah | ‘to wait’ |
||
| *taRaq | ‘hewing with an adze’ |
||
| *taRaq-i | ‘Adze it!, Hew it!’ |
||
| *ta(R)kes | ‘wrap around, encircle’ |
||
| *taRuqan | 1. ‘field hut’ 2. ‘temporary shelter used when working for extended periods in fields far from the village’ |
||
| *tastas | ‘sever, cut through, rip out stitches’ |
||
| *tata | ‘collateral consanguine of the first ascending generation’ |
||
| *tatak | ‘hoe’ |
||
| *ta-telu | ‘three (of humans)’ |
||
| *ta-tenun-an | ‘loom’ |
||
| *tebaS | ‘to cut, clear vegetation’ |
||
| *tebek | ‘pierce, stab’ |
||
| *tebteb | ‘to cut’ |
||
| *tebuS | ‘sugarcane: *Saccharum officinarum*’ |
||
| *teda | ‘leftover, remainder’ |
||
| *teguŋ | ‘to boom, sound">resound’ |
||
| *tekep | 1. ‘cover’ 2. ‘to cover with a flat surface’ |
||
| *tekiq | 1. ‘high-pitched sound’ 2. ‘chirp of a gecko’ |
||
| *tektek | ‘chopping to pieces, cutting up, as meat or vegetables’ |
||
| *tektek | ‘gecko, house lizard (onom.)’ |
||
| *tektek-en | 1. ‘chopped into pieces, be minced, as meat or vegetables’ 2. ‘what is chopped up or minced’ |
||
| *tekuŋ | ‘to rap, knock, make a booming sound’ |
||
| *telu | ‘three’ |
||
| *teneb | ‘to immerse, put under water’ |
||
| *teñeb | ‘submerge’ |
||
| *tenem | ‘sea, ocean’ |
||
| *teŋiC | ‘grimace at pain’ |
||
| *teŋteŋ | ‘drone, droning tone’ |
||
| *tenun | ‘to weave ( cloth)’ |
||
| *tenun-an | ‘loom’ |
||
| *tenun-en | ‘woven by someone’ |
||
| *tepeŋ | ‘to measure quantities, as amounts of grain’ |
||
| *tepik | ‘pat, light slap’ |
||
| *tepuk | ‘hit, sound of hitting, clapping, thumping’ |
||
| *teRebeS | ‘tree: *Zelkova Formosana*’ |
||
| *teRteR | ‘to tremble, shiver’ |
||
| *terter | ‘shiver, tremble’ |
||
| *ti | 1. ‘1p deixis and spatial reference: this’ 2. ‘here’ |
||
| *tiaN | ‘abdomen, belly’ |
||
| *tibuk | ‘pound, throb’ |
||
| *tik | ‘sound of tapping or flicking (of finger, small implement, etc.) against something’ |
||
| *tikel | ‘bend’ |
||
| *tiktik | ‘to tap, strike lightly on a hard surface’ |
||
| *tiktik | ‘to tattoo’ |
||
| *tikuRas | ‘bird: the Formosan bamboo partridge’ |
||
| *timaNa | ‘to hear, listen’ |
||
| *timij | ‘chin, jaw’ |
||
| *timu | ‘salt’ |
||
| *timuR | ‘south or east wind’ |
||
| *timuRmuR | ‘rinse the mouth’ |
||
| *timus | ‘salt’ |
||
| *tinun | ‘to weave cloth’ |
||
| *ti-pitu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
| *tiR(e)peS | ‘spittle’ |
||
| *tirtir | ‘shiver, tremble’ |
||
| *titik | ‘to beat on something loudly’ |
||
| *titu | 1. ‘puppy’ 2. ‘young animal in general?’ |
||
| *tubah | ‘plant with roots that are pounded and put in rivers to stun fish: *Derris elliptica*’ |
||
| *tudiŋ | ‘to point out’ |
||
| *tuduq | 1. ‘to leak, drip, as a leaky roof’ 2. ‘drop of water’ |
||
| *tuduq-an | ‘to drip’ |
||
| *tuduq-en | ‘to drip’ |
||
| *tuduR | ‘to sleep’ |
||
| *tuduS | ‘knee’ |
||
| *tuiq | ‘bird sp.’ |
||
| *tukad | 1. ‘sloping upward’ 2. ‘to climb a mountain’ |
||
| *tuked | ‘prop, support’ |
||
| *tuktuk | 1. ‘beak of a bird’ 2. ‘to peck’ |
||
| *tuktuk | 1. ‘to knock, pound, beat’ 2. ‘crush’ |
||
| *tuktuk | ‘top, summit, crown’ |
||
| *tuku | ‘prop, post’ |
||
| *tukud | ‘prop, support’ |
||
| *tukul | ‘to sprout, begin to grow’ |
||
| *tulani | ‘bamboo nose flute’ |
||
| *tumaNa | ‘to hear, listen’ |
||
| *tuNa | ‘freshwater eel’ |
||
| *tunuh-an | ‘to roast’ |
||
| *tuqaS | 1. ‘old, of people’ 2. ‘primary forest, old forest’ |
||
| *tuqaS tuqaS | ‘old’ |
||
| *tuqed | 1. ‘tree stump’ 2. ‘stubble’ |
||
| *tuqtuq | ‘to hammer, pound, crush’ |
||
| *tuquN | ‘evergreen tree, probably *Acacia confusa*’ |
||
| *turis | ‘scratch a line, make a long shallow cut’ |
||
| *tuRtuR | ‘resonant sound’ |
||
| *tuRukuk | ‘chicken’ |
||
| *tusuk | ‘pierce, skewer or string together’ |
||
| *tutuh | ‘beat, pound, bump, thump’ |
||
| *tutur | ‘cooing of a dove’ |
||
| *tutut | ‘sparrow or similar bird’ |
||
| *tuzuq | 1. ‘to point at, point out’ 2. ‘give directions’ |
||
| *tuzuq-en | ‘point’ |
||
| *ua | ‘exclamation of surprise, etc.’ |
||
| *ubuC | ‘pluck, pull out’ |
||
| *udu | ‘grass’ |
||
| *ujuŋ | ‘nose’ |
||
| *uka | ‘negative existential: there is none’ |
||
| *ulaŋ | ‘repeat, do again’ |
||
| *ulaw | ‘confusion, perplexity’ |
||
| *um-adaS | ‘bring’ |
||
| *um-ai | ‘to come’ |
||
| *um-ala | ‘to fetch, get, take’ |
||
| *um-alaq | ‘fetch, get, take’ |
||
| *umaN | ‘again’ |
||
| *um-aŋay | ‘to leave, depart (?)’ |
||
| *um-aRi | ‘to come’ |
||
| *umaS | ‘to pickle, preserve meat or fish’ |
||
| *um-imah | ‘to drink’ |
||
| *umuR | ‘hold in the mouth’ |
||
| *um-uSa | ‘to go, to walk’ |
||
| *um-utaq | ‘to vomit’ |
||
| *uNay | ‘sliver, splinter, foreign body embedded in the flesh’ |
||
| *uŋay | ‘ritually sacrificed monkey?’ |
||
| *uNuq | ‘beads, necklace’ |
||
| *upup | ‘bullfrog’ |
||
| *uReŋ | ‘horn of an animal’ |
||
| *uSa | ‘go’ |
||
| *u-Siwa | ‘nine (of things?)’ |
||
| *utan | ‘taro variety’ |
||
| *utaq | ‘vomit’ |
||
| *utaq-an | ‘vomit (imperative)’ |
||
| *utaq-en | ‘vomit’ |
||
| *waCaN | ‘deep pool or pond’ |
||
| *waCa-waCaN | ‘small pond(?)’ |
||
| *-wadaŋ | ‘collarbone, clavicle’ |
||
| *wakwak | 1. ‘bird sp.’ 2. ‘to caw, crow’ |
||
| *walay | ‘thread’ |
||
| *walu | ‘eight’ |
||
| *waNan | ‘right ( side, hand, direction)’ |
||
| *wanaN | ‘right ( side, hand, direction)’ |
||
| *waNiS | ‘tusk of wild boar’ |
||
| *waNiS-an | ‘wild boar’ |
||
| *waNu | ‘honeybee’ |
||
| *waqay | ‘foot, leg’ |
||
| *waqit | 1. ‘barb, point’ 2. ‘canine tooth?’ |
||
| *waray | ‘to separate, as two people’ |
||
| *waRi | 1. ‘day’ 2. ‘sun’ 3. ‘dry in the sun’ |
||
| *-waRwaR | ‘rainbow’ |
||
| *waSaw | ‘leaf’ |
||
| *watawat | ‘wave, flutter (as a flag)’ |
||
| *wa-walu | ‘eight (of humans)’ |
||
| *wili | ‘return, come back’ |
||
| *wiŋawiŋ | ‘wag, shake, move repeatedly from side to side’ |
||
| *wiRi | ‘left side or direction’ |
||
| *witiwit | ‘wag, swing from side to side’ |
||
| *ya | ‘nominative case marker for singular common nouns’ |
||
| *zalan | 1. ‘path, made by a human as opposed to an animal’ 2. ‘way or means to do something’ |
||
| *zalan-an | ‘passage way, place where one has walked’ |
||
| *zalan-zalan | ‘small path or trail’ |
||
| *za(ŋ)kuC | ‘grab, grasp, seize’ |
||
| *zaRami | ‘rice straw’ |
||
| *zaRem | ‘needle’ |
||
| *zaRum | ‘needle’ |
||
| *zawa | ‘millet sp.: *Setaria italica* (?)’ |
||
| *za-zalan | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
| *zekzek | ‘to tread, trample on’ |
||
| *zulu | ‘earlier, in advance’ |