Blust & Trussel (2019a): Proto-Austronesian
Search entries
| Headword | IPA | Glosses | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *<in> | ‘perfective marker’ (eng) |
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| *<um> | ‘verbal infix marking actor voice’ (eng) |
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| *-a | ‘imperative suffix’ (eng) |
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| *-a | ‘subjunctive suffix’ (eng) |
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| *a | ‘hesitation particle’ (eng) |
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| *a | ‘ligature’ (eng) |
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| *aba | ‘father’ (eng) |
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| *aCab | ‘cover’ (eng) |
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| *aCas | ‘high, tall’ (eng) |
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| *aCay | ‘death’ (eng) |
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| *adaS | ‘bring, take along’ (eng) |
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| *adi | ‘no, not’ (eng) |
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| *a-enem | ‘six (of humans)’ (eng) |
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| *a-esa | ‘one (of humans)’ (eng) |
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| *ai | ‘come’ (eng) |
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| *ai | ‘interjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc.’ (eng) |
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| *ajem | 1. ‘heart’ (eng) 2. ‘mind’ (eng) |
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| *aken | ‘1sg oblique’ (eng) |
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| *aki | ‘grandfather, ancestor’ (eng) |
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| *aku | 1. ‘1sg nominative’ (eng) 2. ‘I’ (eng) |
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| *ala | 1. ‘take, get, fetch, obtain’ (eng) 2. ‘marry’ (eng) |
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| *ala-en | ‘take’ (eng) |
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| *alap | ‘fetch, get, take’ (eng) |
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| *alaq | ‘fetch, get, take’ (eng) |
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| *alaq-en | ‘take’ (eng) |
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| *alikas | ‘quick, fast’ (eng) |
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| *alim | ‘forget’ (eng) |
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| *a(lR)im | ‘pancreas, spleen’ (eng) |
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| *aluja | ‘to paddle’ (eng) |
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| *alujah | ‘ant sp.’ (eng) |
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| *amax | ‘father’ (eng) |
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| *amen | ‘1pl ex oblique’ (eng) |
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| *ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’ (eng) |
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| *amin | 1. ‘all’ (eng) 2. ‘finished’ (eng) |
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| *amu | ‘2pl. nominative pronoun’ (eng) |
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| *-an | 1. ‘verbal suffix marking locative voice’ (eng) 2. ‘nominal suffix marking location’ (eng) |
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| *aNak | 1. ‘child, offspring’ (eng) 2. ‘son, daughter’ (eng) 3. ‘interest on a loan’ (eng) |
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| *aN-aNak | ‘child’ (eng) |
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| *aNay | ‘insect of the order *Isoptera*: termite, white ant’ (eng) |
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| *aŋay | ‘departure (?)’ (eng) |
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| *apa | ‘carry on the back’ (eng) |
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| *apu | ‘grandparent/ grandchild (reciprocal)’ (eng) |
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| *apuR | ‘betel chew’ (eng) |
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| *aRi | 1. ‘come’ (eng) 2. ‘toward the speaker’ (eng) 3. ‘let’s go!’ (eng) |
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| *asa | ‘one’ (eng) |
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| *asaŋ | ‘village’ (eng) |
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| *aSik | ‘to sweep, remove trash’ (eng) |
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| *asu | ‘dog’ (eng) |
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| *ata | ‘1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our’ (eng) |
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| *atuR | ‘stone wall’ (eng) |
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| *au | ‘yes’ (eng) |
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| *aya | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *aya | ‘exclamation of annoyance, surprise, etc.’ (eng) |
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| *b<aR>eŋbeŋ | ‘buzz’ (eng) |
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| *b<in>ahi | ‘woman, wife’ (eng) |
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| *b<in>eCik | ‘tattoo’ (eng) |
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| *b<in>elaq | ‘to have been split, cloven in two’ (eng) |
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| *b<in>uRuk | ‘to have become rotten’ (eng) |
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| *b<um>aliw | ‘buy’ (eng) |
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| *b<um>asuq | ‘to wash’ (eng) |
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| *baba | 1. ‘carry a person pick-a-back’ (eng) 2. ‘ride pick-a-back’ (eng) |
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| *ba-bahi | ‘woman, female’ (eng) |
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| *babaw | 1. ‘upper surface, top’ (eng) 2. ‘highlands’ (eng) 3. ‘on, upon, over, above’ (eng) |
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| *babuy | ‘pig’ (eng) |
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| *babuy-an | ‘pig’ (eng) |
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| *baCaR | ‘broomcorn millet: *Panicum miliaceum*’ (eng) |
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| *bahi | ‘female’ (eng) |
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| *bajaq | 1. ‘know, understand’ (eng) 2. ‘ask, inquire’ (eng) |
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| *bajiw | ‘edible mushroom sp.’ (eng) |
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| *bakaŋ | ‘bowlegged’ (eng) |
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| *bakaR | ‘kind of basket’ (eng) |
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| *bakbak | ‘clap’ (eng) |
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| *bakes | 1. ‘belt’ (eng) 2. ‘tie around the waist’ (eng) |
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| *baki | ‘grandfather’ (eng) |
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| *bakuŋ | ‘lily-like plant: *Crinum asiaticum* L.’ (eng) |
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| *balalaCuk | ‘bird: the woodpecker’ (eng) |
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| *balaŋa | ‘shallow earthenware cooking pot or pan’ (eng) |
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| *balbal | 1. ‘beating stick’ (eng) 2. ‘to beat, beat (esp. clothes in washing them)’ (eng) |
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| *baleŋ | ‘preserve meat in salt or brine’ (eng) |
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| *bales | 1. ‘to answer, retaliate’ (eng) 2. ‘reciprocate good or evil’ (eng) |
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| *bali | ‘wind’ (eng) |
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| *baliw | ‘buy, sell’ (eng) |
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| *baliw | ‘return’ (eng) |
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| *baluN | ‘bind, bundle’ (eng) |
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| *baNaR | ‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ (eng) |
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| *baNaS | ‘male (of animals)’ (eng) |
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| *baNaw | ‘thorny vine: *Smilax* spp.’ (eng) |
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| *banaw | ‘lake’ (eng) |
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| *bañaw | ‘wash the body’ (eng) |
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| *baŋaS | ‘tree: *Melia azedarach*’ (eng) |
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| *baŋaw | ‘paddy bug, foul-smelling insect that preys on rice in the field’ (eng) |
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| *baŋbaŋ | ‘butterfly, moth’ (eng) |
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| *baŋbaŋ | ‘resound resounding sound’ (eng) |
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| *baŋeliS | 1. ‘tusk’ (eng) 2. ‘canine tooth’ (eng) |
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| *baŋ(e)qeR | ‘rotten smell, stench’ (eng) |
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| *baŋeS | ‘skin’ (eng) |
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| *baŋeSiS | ‘fragrant’ (eng) |
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| *baŋuN | ‘wake up, get out of bed’ (eng) |
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| *baŋun | ‘Japanese cypress: *Chamaecyparis obtusa*’ (eng) |
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| *baNiC | ‘to skin, flay’ (eng) |
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| *baqeRuh | 1. ‘new’ (eng) 2. ‘bachelor’ (eng) |
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| *baqeSiŋ | ‘sneeze’ (eng) |
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| *baqi | ‘grandmother’ (eng) |
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| *baRah | ‘ember, glowing coal’ (eng) |
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| *baRaŋ | ‘rib (?)’ (eng) |
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| *baRaq | ‘lung’ (eng) |
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| *baRat | ‘cross’ (eng) |
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| *baRat | ‘cucumber: *Cucumis sativus*’ (eng) |
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| *barat | ‘cross’ (eng) |
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| *baReq | ‘abscess, boil, swelling on the body’ (eng) |
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| *baRija | ‘weaver's sword ( lath used to beat in and tighten the woof)’ (eng) |
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| *baRiuS | ‘typhoon’ (eng) |
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| *baRuj | ‘dove: probably *Ducula* spp.’ (eng) |
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| *baSaq | 1. ‘flood’ (eng) 2. ‘to overflow, be in flood’ (eng) |
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| *baSaw | 1. ‘cold, of leftover food’ (eng) 2. ‘leftovers from a meal’ (eng) |
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| *baSay | ‘hairy vine: *Pueraria hirsuta*’ (eng) |
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| *basbas | ‘hit, strike’ (eng) |
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| *basbas | ‘sprinkle’ (eng) |
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| *baseq | ‘wash clothes’ (eng) |
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| *basuq | ‘to wash’ (eng) |
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| *batu | ‘to throw’ (eng) |
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| *batux | 1. ‘stone’ (eng) 2. ‘testicle’ (eng) |
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| *bayu | ‘to pound rice’ (eng) |
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| *beCeŋ | ‘millet sp., probably foxtail millet: *Setaria italica*’ (eng) |
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| *beCik | ‘tattoo’ (eng) |
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| *beCu | ‘callus, blister’ (eng) |
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| *bedul | ‘swelling of the body’ (eng) |
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| *bejbej | 1. ‘wrap around repeatedly, bind by wrapping’ (eng) 2. ‘bundle of wrapped material’ (eng) |
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| *bekas | ‘swift, fast’ (eng) |
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| *bekas | ‘to spring a trap’ (eng) |
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| *bekbek | ‘sound of breaking, etc.’ (eng) |
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| *bekuC | 1. ‘to bend over, bend down (of a person)’ (eng) 2. ‘hunchbacked’ (eng) |
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| *belaq | ‘part of something split’ (eng) |
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| *beli | ‘to buy’ (eng) |
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| *benan | ‘deer of the genus *Cervus*, either the sika deer or sambar deer’ (eng) |
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| *beNbeN | ‘banana: *Musa sapientum* L.’ (eng) |
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| *beNelem | ‘overcast, twilight’ (eng) |
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| *beŋbeŋ | ‘block’ (eng) |
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| *beŋbeŋ | ‘buzz, hum’ (eng) |
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| *beNuC | ‘pull out, extract’ (eng) |
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| *beRas | 1. ‘rice between harvesting and cooking’ (eng) 2. ‘husked rice’ (eng) |
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| *beRas-an | ‘container in which rice is stored’ (eng) |
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| *beRay | ‘give’ (eng) |
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| *beRek | ‘domesticated pig’ (eng) |
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| *beReqaŋ | ‘molar tooth’ (eng) |
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| *beriq | ‘split, tear open’ (eng) |
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| *beRŋaw | ‘bluebottle, large fly’ (eng) |
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| *beRŋi-n | ‘night’ (eng) |
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| *beRuS | ‘plant: *Rhus semialata*’ (eng) |
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| *bes | ‘whizzing sound’ (eng) |
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| *besuR | ‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ (eng) |
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| *betak | ‘crack, split open (as dry ground)’ (eng) |
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| *beties | ‘calf of the leg’ (eng) |
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| *betik | 1. ‘snap the fingers’ (eng) 2. ‘flick with the finger, fillip’ (eng) |
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| *betuŋ | ‘bamboo of very large diameter, probably *Dendrocalamus* sp.’ (eng) |
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| *biaC | ‘draw a bow to its full extent’ (eng) |
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| *biCuka | ‘stomach’ (eng) |
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| *bilaŋ | 1. ‘to count, calculate’ (eng) 2. ‘hold valuable’ (eng) |
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| *biliN | ‘to follow after someone, walk behind’ (eng) |
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| *bineSiq | ‘seed set aside for the next planting’ (eng) |
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| *biŋiC | ‘moody, irritable’ (eng) |
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| *biNiC | ‘hold in the hand’ (eng) |
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| *biqel | ‘goiter’ (eng) |
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| *biqiR | ‘off-, off- balance’ (eng) |
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| *biqut | ‘curved, crooked, bent’ (eng) |
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| *biraŋ | ‘anger, angry’ (eng) |
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| *biRaq | ‘wild taro, elephant's ear or itching taro, *Alocasia* spp.’ (eng) |
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| *biRaS | ‘roe, fish eggs’ (eng) |
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| *biRaSu | ‘cane grass, *Miscanthus* sp.’ (eng) |
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| *biRbiR | ‘lip’ (eng) |
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| *birbir | ‘shiver, shake, tremble’ (eng) |
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| *biriC | ‘to tear, rip’ (eng) |
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| *bisuR | ‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’ (eng) |
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| *bitbit | ‘pull at some part of the body’ (eng) |
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| *bituqen | ‘star’ (eng) |
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| *bua | ‘foam, bubbles, froth’ (eng) |
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| *buak | ‘bubbling up (as spring water)’ (eng) |
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| *bual | ‘spring, source of fresh water’ (eng) |
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| *buaq | ‘fruit’ (eng) |
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| *buay | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *bubu | ‘conical bamboo basket trap for fish’ (eng) |
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| *bubu | ‘grandparent’ (eng) |
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| *bubuR | ‘jellyfish’ (eng) |
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| *buCa | 1. ‘mote in the eye’ (eng) 2. ‘blind’ (eng) 3. ‘blindness’ (eng) |
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| *buCa-en maCa | ‘get a mote in the eye’ (eng) |
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| *buCaq | ‘foam, froth’ (eng) |
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| *buCbuC | ‘pull up (as weeds), pluck (as feathers)’ (eng) |
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| *buCu | 1. ‘callus, corn’ (eng) 2. ‘blister’ (eng) |
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| *buCuq | ‘testicles’ (eng) |
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| *buhaŋ | ‘hole, pit’ (eng) |
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| *buhet | ‘squirrel’ (eng) |
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| *bujeq | ‘foam, bubbles, lather, scum, froth’ (eng) |
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| *bukas | ‘release, undo’ (eng) |
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| *bukeS | ‘head hair’ (eng) |
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| *bukij | 1. ‘mountain’ (eng) 2. ‘forested inland mountain areas’ (eng) |
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| *bukuN | ‘back (anat.)’ (eng) |
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| *bula | ‘to give’ (eng) |
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| *bulaN | 1. ‘moon, month’ (eng) 2. ‘menstruation’ (eng) |
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| *bulaR | 1. ‘cataract of the eye’ (eng) 2. ‘hazy or blurred vision’ (eng) |
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| *bulaw | ‘golden colored’ (eng) |
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| *bulaw-an | ‘gold’ (eng) |
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| *bulbul | ‘dust, pulverized stone’ (eng) |
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| *buled | ‘mountain’ (eng) |
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| *buleS | ‘tree, the Chinese or Philippine mahogany: *Shorea albus* Foxw.’ (eng) |
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| *buli- | ‘prefix of the *qali, *kali- series’ (eng) |
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| *bulilik | ‘lizard sp.’ (eng) |
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| *buluN | ‘companion’ (eng) |
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| *buluq | 1. ‘type of slender bamboo’ (eng) 2. ‘*Schizostachyum* spp.’ (eng) |
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| *bunabun | ‘rice seedling’ (eng) |
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| *bunaj | ‘sand’ (eng) |
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| *buNbuN | 1. ‘fontanelle’ (eng) 2. ‘crown of the head’ (eng) |
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| *buŋa | ‘flower, blossom’ (eng) |
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| *buŋuh | ‘head’ (eng) |
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| *buŋuR | ‘tree sp.’ (eng) |
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| *buNi | ‘to hide, conceal’ (eng) |
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| *buNuq | ‘constellation: the Pleiades’ (eng) |
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| *buNuq | ‘throw at, hit with a projectile’ (eng) |
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| *bunuR | 1. ‘to swell’ (eng) 2. ‘swollen’ (eng) |
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| *bunuS | ‘machete’ (eng) |
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| *buqaya | ‘crocodile’ (eng) |
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| *buRaw | ‘drive off, chase away, expel’ (eng) |
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| *buRay | ‘flower’ (eng) |
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| *buReS | ‘spray water from the mouth’ (eng) |
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| *buRuk | 1. ‘rotten meat’ (eng) 2. ‘addled eggs’ (eng) 3. ‘bad character’ (eng) |
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| *buSuk | ‘drunkenness, intoxication’ (eng) |
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| *busuR | ‘enemy’ (eng) |
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| *busuR | ‘hunting bow’ (eng) |
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| *buuŋ | ‘buzzing or humming sound’ (eng) |
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| *C<in>akaw | 1. ‘what is stolen, stolen goods’ (eng) 2. ‘was stolen (past tense of direct passive)’ (eng) |
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| *C<in>aliS | 1. ‘was made into rope’ (eng) 2. ‘what was made into rope’ (eng) |
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| *C<in>apa | ‘smoke’ (eng) |
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| *C<in>aqi | ‘small intestine’ (eng) |
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| *C<in>aqiS | ‘sew’ (eng) |
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| *C<in>uNuh | ‘roast’ (eng) |
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| *C<um>abu | ‘to wrap’ (eng) |
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| *C<um>aki | ‘defecate’ (eng) |
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| *C<um>aliS | ‘to tie with rope, fasten with rope’ (eng) |
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| *C<um>aŋis | ‘to weep, cry, mourn’ (eng) |
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| *C<um>apu | ‘to sweep’ (eng) |
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| *C<um>aqi | ‘to defecate’ (eng) |
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| *C<um>aqiS | ‘to sew’ (eng) |
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| *C<um>ubuq | ‘to sprout, to grow’ (eng) |
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| *C<um>ugCug | ‘knock or bump the head’ (eng) |
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| *C<um>uNuh | ‘to roast (intr.)’ (eng) |
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| *C<um>uSuR | ‘to string beads, etc.’ (eng) |
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| *CabCab | ‘clap, beat, hack’ (eng) |
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| *Cabu | ‘to wrap’ (eng) |
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| *Ca-Capuh | ‘broom’ (eng) |
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| *Ca-CaqiS | ‘sew’ (eng) |
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| *CaCaw | ‘pupil of the eye’ (eng) |
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| *Ca-Cawa | ‘to laugh’ (eng) |
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| *Cakaw | ‘steal’ (eng) |
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| *Cakaw-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *Caki | ‘feces, excreta’ (eng) |
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| *Cali | ‘cultivated taro: *Colocasia esculenta*’ (eng) |
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| *Caliŋa | ‘ear’ (eng) |
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| *Caliŋa nu kaSiw | ‘wood ear, semicircular edible fungus which grows on tree trunks’ (eng) |
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| *CaliS | ‘rope, cord, twine, string’ (eng) |
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| *CaluN | 1. ‘fallow land’ (eng) 2. ‘secondary forest’ (eng) |
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| *CaNem | 1. ‘grave’ (eng) 2. ‘to bury’ (eng) |
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| *CaNem-en | ‘what is buried or planted’ (eng) |
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| *Caŋelaj | ‘elephant grass, miscanthus grass: *Themeda gigantea*’ (eng) |
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| *Caŋila | ‘ear’ (eng) |
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| *Caŋis | 1. ‘weep, cry’ (eng) 2. ‘mourn’ (eng) 3. ‘to beseech’ (eng) |
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| *Caŋis-an | ‘to cry over something or someone’ (eng) |
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| *CaNum | ‘carry water’ (eng) |
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| *Capa | ‘to smoke fish or meat for preservation’ (eng) |
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| *Capaŋ | ‘patch, as on clothing’ (eng) |
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| *Capel | 1. ‘patch’ (eng) 2. ‘to patch’ (eng) |
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| *Capuh | ‘sweep’ (eng) |
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| *Caqi | ‘feces, excrement’ (eng) |
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| *CaqiS | ‘to sew’ (eng) |
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| *CaqiS-an | ‘sew’ (eng) |
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| *Caqu | ‘to know how, be able to, be skilled at’ (eng) |
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| *Caqu-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *CaSaw | ‘open-’ (eng) |
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| *Cau | ‘person, human being’ (eng) |
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| *Cau Cau | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *Cau nu maCa | ‘pupil of the eye (‘person of the eye’)’ (eng) |
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| *Cawa | ‘to laugh’ (eng) |
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| *CawiN | ‘year’ (eng) |
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| *Cazem | ‘sharp (of point or blade)’ (eng) |
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| *Cebak | ‘smack against’ (eng) |
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| *Cebej | ‘spring of water, spring water’ (eng) |
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| *Cebiq | ‘split, divide, break off’ (eng) |
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| *Cebuj | ‘natural spring, fresh water spring’ (eng) |
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| *Cebuk | ‘thud’ (eng) |
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| *CebuN | ‘smoke’ (eng) |
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| *Cebuŋ | ‘to meet, come together’ (eng) |
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| *CebuS | ‘sugarcane: *Saccharum officinarum*’ (eng) |
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| *CegCeg | ‘beat, pound, hit’ (eng) |
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| *CegCeg | ‘to beat, pound on’ (eng) |
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| *CekCek | ‘pierce, penetrate’ (eng) |
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| *Ceked | ‘to rest, take a break from work or other activity’ (eng) |
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| *CekeS | ‘kind of very slender bamboo’ (eng) |
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| *Celaq | ‘crack, split, fissure’ (eng) |
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| *CelCel | ‘beat, pound’ (eng) |
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| *Ceme-Cemel | ‘uncultivated land’ (eng) |
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| *Cemel | 1. ‘grass, herbs’ (eng) 2. ‘medicine’ (eng) |
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| *Cenek | ‘thorn’ (eng) |
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| *CeRab | ‘belch’ (eng) |
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| *Cesek | ‘insert, pierce, penetrate’ (eng) |
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| *Cidu | ‘spoon, ladle, dipper’ (eng) |
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| *Cikel | ‘return, go back’ (eng) |
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| *CiŋaS | ‘food particles caught between the teeth’ (eng) |
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| *Ciqaw | ‘fish sp.’ (eng) |
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| *-Cu | 1. ‘spatio- deixis and spatio- temporal reference: that’ (eng) 2. ‘there, then’ (eng) |
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| *Cubuq | ‘plant sprout’ (eng) |
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| *CugCug | ‘hit something against something else’ (eng) |
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| *CugCug | ‘knock or bump the head’ (eng) |
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| *Cukul | ‘huddle, bow the head’ (eng) |
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| *Culi | ‘deaf’ (eng) |
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| *Cumay | ‘Formosan black bear’ (eng) |
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| *Cumek | 1. ‘pulverize’ (eng) 2. ‘crumble’ (eng) |
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| *CumeS | 1. ‘clothes louse’ (eng) 2. ‘body louse’ (eng) |
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| *CuŋCuŋ | ‘make a booming sound’ (eng) |
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| *CuNuh | ‘roast food over a fire’ (eng) |
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| *CuNuh-an | ‘to roast’ (eng) |
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| *CuqelaN | 1. ‘condylar bone’ (eng) 2. ‘bone of fauna exclusive of fish’ (eng) |
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| *CuquR | ‘tree: *Bischofia javanica*’ (eng) |
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| *Curis | ‘scratch a line’ (eng) |
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| *CuSuR | ‘string together, as beads’ (eng) |
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| *CuSuR-en | ‘strung, be skewered’ (eng) |
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| *Cuzuq | ‘index finger’ (eng) |
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| *d<um>akep | 1. ‘to catch, capture’ (eng) 2. ‘embrace’ (eng) |
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| *d<um>akiS | ‘climb, ascend’ (eng) |
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| *d<um>ilaq | ‘to lick’ (eng) |
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| *da | ‘locative case marker (probably for plural personal names; cf. *di, *du)’ (eng) |
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| *da-amax | ‘father’ (eng) |
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| *dadaN | 1. ‘old, of things’ (eng) 2. ‘ancient times’ (eng) |
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| *da-duSa | ‘two, of people’ (eng) |
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| *dajam | ‘accustomed to, tame’ (eng) |
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| *dajem | ‘chills, as of malaria’ (eng) |
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| *dakep | 1. ‘catch, seize’ (eng) 2. ‘embrace’ (eng) |
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| *dakep-en | ‘caught, captured’ (eng) |
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| *dakeS | ‘tree: the camphor laurel: *Cinnamomum* spp.’ (eng) |
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| *daki | 1. ‘dirt on skin’ (eng) 2. ‘dandruff’ (eng) |
||
| *dakiS | ‘climb, ascend’ (eng) |
||
| *dakuC | ‘snatch, grab’ (eng) |
||
| *dalayap | ‘kind of citrus tree and fruit’ (eng) |
||
| *dalem | 1. ‘in, inside’ (eng) 2. ‘deep’ (eng) |
||
| *damaR | ‘tree resin used in torches (?)’ (eng) |
||
| *damuq | ‘dew’ (eng) |
||
| *damuq | ‘menstrual blood?’ (eng) |
||
| *danaw | ‘lake’ (eng) |
||
| *daŋdaŋ | 1. ‘broil’ (eng) 2. ‘warm oneself or something near a fire’ (eng) |
||
| *daŋdaŋ-an | ‘place something near a fire’ (eng) |
||
| *daNi | 1. ‘soon, presently’ (eng) 2. ‘almost’ (eng) |
||
| *daNum | ‘fresh water’ (eng) |
||
| *danum-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
||
| *dapa | ‘palm of the hand’ (eng) |
||
| *dapaN | 1. ‘sole of the foot’ (eng) 2. ‘footprint’ (eng) |
||
| *dapuR | ‘pile up, as stones’ (eng) |
||
| *daqaN | ‘old, ancient’ (eng) |
||
| *daqaNi | ‘day’ (eng) |
||
| *daqiS | 1. ‘forehead’ (eng) 2. ‘face’ (eng) |
||
| *daqu | ‘soapberry: *Sapindus mukrossi*, *S. saponaria*’ (eng) |
||
| *daRa | ‘Formosan maple: *Liquidambar formosana*’ (eng) |
||
| *daRaq | 1. ‘blood’ (eng) 2. ‘to bleed’ (eng) 3. ‘menstruate’ (eng) |
||
| *daReq | ‘soil, probably clay’ (eng) |
||
| *daRiŋ | ‘groan, moan’ (eng) |
||
| *daRiq | ‘soil, probably clay’ (eng) |
||
| *daSdaS | ‘chest (anat.)’ (eng) |
||
| *dataR | ‘flat, flat or level land’ (eng) |
||
| *dawiN | ‘far’ (eng) |
||
| *daya | ‘upriver, toward the interior’ (eng) |
||
| *debdeb | ‘chest’ (eng) |
||
| *dekdek | ‘to tamp down, compact something’ (eng) |
||
| *dekeC | ‘paste, adhesive (probably made of overcooked rice)’ (eng) |
||
| *dekep | ‘embrace’ (eng) |
||
| *dekiŋ | ‘to bark, of a deer’ (eng) |
||
| *deles | ‘bowstring’ (eng) |
||
| *demdem | ‘brood, hold a grudge, remember, keep still’ (eng) |
||
| *demdem | 1. ‘gloom, darkness’ (eng) 2. ‘dark, overcast, gloomy’ (eng) |
||
| *deŋdeŋ | 1. ‘thunder’ (eng) 2. ‘roaring or thunderous sound’ (eng) |
||
| *deŋeR | 1. ‘to hear’ (eng) 2. ‘sound’ (eng) |
||
| *depah | ‘fathom’ (eng) |
||
| *depuŋ | ‘venomous snake’ (eng) |
||
| *deRdeR | ‘thunder’ (eng) |
||
| *deRuŋ | ‘distant rolling thunder’ (eng) |
||
| *deruŋ | ‘deep booming boom’ (eng) |
||
| *detdet | ‘packed tightly together’ (eng) |
||
| *di | ‘locative case marker (probably for singular personal names; *cf.* *<pwd>da</pwd>, *<pwd>du</pwd>)’ (eng) |
||
| *dikeC | ‘sticky, adhesive’ (eng) |
||
| *dikit | ‘little, few, small in amount’ (eng) |
||
| *dilaq | ‘to lick’ (eng) |
||
| *diNaŋ | 1. ‘rust’ (eng) 2. ‘hematite’ (eng) |
||
| *di-ni | ‘here’ (eng) |
||
| *diRi | ‘to stand’ (eng) |
||
| *diRus | ‘bathe’ (eng) |
||
| *disdis | ‘cut, slice’ (eng) |
||
| *diteq | ‘sticky substance’ (eng) |
||
| *dua | ‘over there, yonder’ (eng) |
||
| *du-duSa | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
||
| *duhduh | ‘thunder’ (eng) |
||
| *dukduk | ‘ginger’ (eng) |
||
| *dukduk | ‘to thrust into a hole, as a stick to catch a crab’ (eng) |
||
| *duma | 1. ‘someone’ (eng) 2. ‘other people’ (eng) 3. ‘different’ (eng) |
||
| *du(ŋ)kuŋ | ‘bend, curve’ (eng) |
||
| *duRi | ‘thorn’ (eng) |
||
| *duSa | ‘two’ (eng) |
||
| *duSa duSa | 1. ‘two by two, two at a time’ (eng) 2. ‘two each’ (eng) |
||
| *duSa-en | ‘divided into two’ (eng) |
||
| *edem | ‘soak, dye’ (eng) |
||
| *-en | 1. ‘verbal suffix marking patient or undergoer voice’ (eng) 2. ‘nominal suffix marking product of an action or thing affected by an action’ (eng) |
||
| *enem | ‘six’ (eng) |
||
| *esa | ‘one’ (eng) |
||
| *g<um>aruC | ‘to comb’ (eng) |
||
| *gaCel | ‘itch, feel itchy’ (eng) |
||
| *gaRaŋ | ‘small edible freshwater crab’ (eng) |
||
| *garaŋ | ‘fierce, intense, as of appetite or temper’ (eng) |
||
| *garuC | ‘comb’ (eng) |
||
| *gayaŋ | ‘hunting spear’ (eng) |
||
| *geCel | ‘to pinch’ (eng) |
||
| *gemel | ‘take in the hand, clasp, grasp’ (eng) |
||
| *gemgem | 1. ‘fist’ (eng) 2. ‘hold in the fist’ (eng) |
||
| *gereC | ‘slit an animal's throat’ (eng) |
||
| *gerger | ‘shake, shiver, tremble’ (eng) |
||
| *geriC | ‘gnaw of ripping, gnawing, etc.’ (eng) |
||
| *getil | ‘to pinch’ (eng) |
||
| *giŋgiŋ | ‘cold, shivering’ (eng) |
||
| *giRiŋ | ‘ring’ (eng) |
||
| *gisgis | ‘rub, scrape against’ (eng) |
||
| *guCguC | ‘pluck, pull out’ (eng) |
||
| *guCguC | ‘to scratch, as an itch’ (eng) |
||
| *gumuN | ‘body hair’ (eng) |
||
| *guŋguŋ | ‘deep resounding sound’ (eng) |
||
| *gurgur | ‘boil of boiling water’ (eng) |
||
| *guRiCa | ‘octopus’ (eng) |
||
| *guris | 1. ‘line’ (eng) 2. ‘scratch a line’ (eng) |
||
| *guSam | ‘fungal disease of the oral tract: thrush’ (eng) |
||
| *gusgus | ‘to scrape, scratch, rub’ (eng) |
||
| *gusi | ‘gums’ (eng) |
||
| *gutgut | ‘front teeth, incisors’ (eng) |
||
| *haŋut | ‘smell, odor’ (eng) |
||
| *hesek | ‘drive in stakes or posts’ (eng) |
||
| *hisep | ‘suck, inhale’ (eng) |
||
| *hukaq | ‘loosen, open’ (eng) |
||
| *hulhul | ‘to bark, of a dog’ (eng) |
||
| *huRaC | 1. ‘artery, blood vessel, blood vein’ (eng) 2. ‘muscle’ (eng) 3. ‘nerve’ (eng) 4. ‘sinew’ (eng) 5. ‘tendon’ (eng) |
||
| *-i | ‘imperative suffix’ (eng) |
||
| *i | ‘exclamation of wonder, disgust, etc.’ (eng) |
||
| *i | ‘in’ (eng) |
||
| *i | ‘personal article’ (eng) |
||
| *i aCas | ‘above, on top’ (eng) |
||
| *i babaw | ‘above, on top of’ (eng) |
||
| *ia | 1. ‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she’ (eng) 2. ‘him, her, it’ (eng) |
||
| *i-aku | ‘1sg., I, me’ (eng) |
||
| *i-amen | ‘1pl. ex oblique’ (eng) |
||
| *i-ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative, we’ (eng) |
||
| *ian | ‘dwell, reside, live in a place’ (eng) |
||
| *ia-ni | 1. ‘this’ (eng) 2. ‘here’ (eng) |
||
| *ibaS | ‘companion, close relative, other one’ (eng) |
||
| *i-Cu | ‘that (2p)’ (eng) |
||
| *idas | ‘affine of Ego's generation’ (eng) |
||
| *ijan | ‘when?’ (eng) |
||
| *i-kaSu | ‘2sg., you’ (eng) |
||
| *ikuD | ‘to follow’ (eng) |
||
| *ikud | ‘to sit’ (eng) |
||
| *ikuR | ‘tail’ (eng) |
||
| *iluR | ‘river channel’ (eng) |
||
| *ima | ‘who?’ (eng) |
||
| *imah | ‘drink’ (eng) |
||
| *ina | ‘mother, mother's sister’ (eng) |
||
| *in-alap | ‘take’ (eng) |
||
| *iná-q | ‘mother, mother's sister (address, vocative)’ (eng) |
||
| *iŋ(e)pis | ‘thin (of material objects)’ (eng) |
||
| *iŋsuŋ | ‘wooden rice mortar’ (eng) |
||
| *i-ni | ‘this, here’ (eng) |
||
| *ini | ‘negative marker: no, not’ (eng) |
||
| *i-nu | ‘place which is unknown or cannot be remembered: where?’ (eng) |
||
| *inu | ‘where?’ (eng) |
||
| *ipit | 1. ‘near, come near’ (eng) 2. ‘edge, border’ (eng) |
||
| *iRik | ‘thresh with the feet (as rice)’ (eng) |
||
| *isa | ‘one’ (eng) |
||
| *isa isa | 1. ‘distributive’ (eng) 2. ‘one-by-one, one at a time’ (eng) |
||
| *isa-ŋa | ‘remaining one’ (eng) |
||
| *iSeq | ‘urine, urinate’ (eng) |
||
| *isi | 1. ‘flesh (of humans, animals, fruits, tubers)’ (eng) 2. ‘reside’ (eng) 3. ‘blade of a knife’ (eng) 4. ‘inhabitants, residents’ (eng) |
||
| *iSiq | ‘urine, urinate’ (eng) |
||
| *iSu | ‘2sg. personal pronoun: you’ (eng) |
||
| *ita | ‘we (incl.)’ (eng) |
||
| *iten | ‘1p plural absolute possessive pronoun: ours (incl.)’ (eng) |
||
| *iten | ‘we (incl.)’ (eng) |
||
| *i-ti | 1. ‘1p deixis and spatial reference: this’ (eng) 2. ‘here’ (eng) |
||
| *iuk | ‘citrus fruit (both orange and pomelo?)’ (eng) |
||
| *k<aN>uSkuS | ‘claw, talon, fingernail’ (eng) |
||
| *k<ar>uSkuS | ‘scrape, scratch something from a surface’ (eng) |
||
| *k<in>a-Cau-an | ‘nature, character’ (eng) |
||
| *k<in>aCu | 1. ‘was brought’ (eng) 2. ‘what was brought’ (eng) |
||
| *k<in>aen | ‘eat’ (eng) |
||
| *k<in>aen-an | ‘eat’ (eng) |
||
| *k<in>alih-an | ‘place that has been dug up’ (eng) |
||
| *k<in>aRaC-an | ‘bite of an animal’ (eng) |
||
| *k<in>uja | ‘what has been said/done (to cause someone to react)?’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>aCu | ‘to bring, to carry along’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>aen | ‘to eat’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>ahuS | ‘scoop up’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>ali | ‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>aRaC | ‘to bite’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>aRaw | ‘to scratch an itch’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>aSiw | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>auS | ‘to scoop up, as with a fish net’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>eRet | ‘cut something slender’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>etun | ‘chop up, as firewood’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>iRim | ‘to seek, search, look for’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>ita | ‘to see’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>uCu | ‘to de louse’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>uja | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>uRi | ‘to rake’ (eng) |
||
| *k<um>uSkuS | ‘to scrape’ (eng) |
||
| *ka | ‘conditional, if’ (eng) |
||
| *ka | ‘conjunctive particle, and’ (eng) |
||
| *ka | ‘oblique case marker for plural personal names’ (eng) |
||
| *ka- | ‘formative for abstract nouns of quality’ (eng) |
||
| *ka- | ‘marker of past time in temporal expressions’ (eng) |
||
| *ka- | ‘stative marker in irrealis constructions, counterpart to <pwd>*ma-</pwd> in realis constructions’ (eng) |
||
| *ka- -an | ‘formative for abstract nouns (often deverbal)’ (eng) |
||
| *ka- -an | ‘formative for nouns of location’ (eng) |
||
| *ka- -an | ‘marker of the adversative passive’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-aCay | ‘kill (?)’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-aCay-an | ‘lose someone through death (?)’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-bajaq | ‘know, understand’ (eng) |
||
| *kabal | ‘clothing’ (eng) |
||
| *kabaR | ‘clothing’ (eng) |
||
| *kabit | ‘hook’ (eng) |
||
| *kabus | ‘shrimp, lobster’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-CaSaw-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-Cau-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
||
| *kaCu | ‘bring, carry’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-dataR-an | ‘plain, region of level land’ (eng) |
||
| *kaen | ‘eat’ (eng) |
||
| *kaen-an | 1. ‘place where one eats’ (eng) 2. ‘food’ (eng) |
||
| *kaen-ay | ‘will eat’ (eng) |
||
| *kaen-en | ‘eat’ (eng) |
||
| *kaen-i | ‘eat it!’ (eng) |
||
| *kahuS | ‘scoop up’ (eng) |
||
| *kahut | 1. ‘to take in one’s hand’ (eng) 2. ‘handful’ (eng) |
||
| *kaija | ‘when? (in the past)’ (eng) |
||
| *kak | ‘sound of a cackle, loud laugh, etc.’ (eng) |
||
| *kaka | ‘elder sibling’ (eng) |
||
| *kakaCu | ‘spider’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-kaen-an | ‘place where one eats’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-kaen-en | ‘edible things, food’ (eng) |
||
| *kakak | ‘caw, cackle’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-kalih | ‘dig’ (eng) |
||
| *k-aku | ‘1sg oblique: to me, for me’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-kuRi | ‘rake’ (eng) |
||
| *kalaw | ‘bird sp.’ (eng) |
||
| *kalaw | ‘eyebrow’ (eng) |
||
| *kali | ‘canal, ditch’ (eng) |
||
| *kali- | ‘prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. <pwd>*qali-</pwd>)’ (eng) |
||
| *kalih | 1. ‘hole in the ground’ (eng) 2. ‘to dig up, excavate, as tubers’ (eng) |
||
| *kaluŋkuŋ | ‘deep resounding sound’ (eng) |
||
| *kamay | ‘hand’ (eng) |
||
| *kamaya | ‘plant sp.: *Diospyros discolor*’ (eng) |
||
| *k-ami | ‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we ( exclusive)’ (eng) |
||
| *k-amu | ‘2pl. nominative, you all’ (eng) |
||
| *kamu-yu | ‘2pl. nominative, you all’ (eng) |
||
| *kaNasay | ‘fish: the mullet’ (eng) |
||
| *kaNawaS | ‘small tree bearing round, green fruit: *Ehretia* spp.’ (eng) |
||
| *kaŋkaŋ | ‘resounding sound’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-nu | 1. ‘interrogative’ (eng) 2. ‘probably 'when?'’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-pajay-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-piliq-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
||
| *kapit | ‘fasten together by sewing or tying’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-pitu-an | ‘seven’ (eng) |
||
| *kapkap | ‘feel in the dark, grope’ (eng) |
||
| *kapua | ‘silk cotton, kapok’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-qudip-an | ‘livelihood’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-Rabi-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
||
| *kaRaC | ‘to bite’ (eng) |
||
| *kaRaC-i | ‘bite (imperative)’ (eng) |
||
| *kaRaw | ‘to scratch an itch’ (eng) |
||
| *kaRi | ‘word, speech, language’ (eng) |
||
| *karkar | ‘scratch up the earth, as a fowl’ (eng) |
||
| *kaRus | ‘scrape’ (eng) |
||
| *karus | ‘to scratch, scrape’ (eng) |
||
| *karut | ‘scrape, rasp’ (eng) |
||
| *kaS(e)pal | ‘thick, of solid objects’ (eng) |
||
| *kaSi-kaSiw | ‘wood’ (eng) |
||
| *kaSiw | 1. ‘wood’ (eng) 2. ‘tree’ (eng) |
||
| *kaSiw-en | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
||
| *kaSkaS | ‘scratch up the soil, as a chicken looking for food’ (eng) |
||
| *kaSu | ‘2sg., you’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-tanem-an | ‘area that is planted(?)’ (eng) |
||
| *katawa | ‘castor bean: *Ricinus communis* L.’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-telu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
||
| *kati | ‘exhortation to call a person or animal’ (eng) |
||
| *katkat | ‘come undone, of stitches’ (eng) |
||
| *kauS | ‘scoop up, as with a fish net’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-wanaN | ‘right ( side, hand, direction)’ (eng) |
||
| *kawaS | ‘talk, talk about, discuss’ (eng) |
||
| *kawaS | 1. ‘year, season’ (eng) 2. ‘sky, heaven’ (eng) |
||
| *kaway | ‘net bag used by men for carrying things on back’ (eng) |
||
| *kawayan | ‘bamboo, *Bambusa* spp., probably *Bambusa spinosa*’ (eng) |
||
| *kawil | ‘fishhook’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-wiRi | ‘left side or direction’ (eng) |
||
| *kawit | ‘hook’ (eng) |
||
| *kawkaw | ‘sickle for harvesting grain’ (eng) |
||
| *ka-zalan-an | ‘improvised trail, trail made by passing through?’ (eng) |
||
| *kebkeb | ‘to lie prone, face down’ (eng) |
||
| *kedi | ‘small in size or amount’ (eng) |
||
| *kedip | ‘to blink’ (eng) |
||
| *kelem | ‘dark, overcast, visually obscure’ (eng) |
||
| *kelip | ‘to blink’ (eng) |
||
| *kemkem | ‘bite down hard’ (eng) |
||
| *keNa | 1. ‘ensnared, caught in a trap’ (eng) 2. ‘suffer, undergo, be struck by something’ (eng) 3. ‘entrapped or deceived’ (eng) 4. ‘hit the mark, be ‘on target’, correct, right, true’ (eng) |
||
| *keŋkeŋ | ‘hollow, resounding sound’ (eng) |
||
| *kepit | 1. ‘press together’ (eng) 2. ‘pressed together’ (eng) |
||
| *keRan | ‘scab on a wound’ (eng) |
||
| *keRaŋ | ‘dry’ (eng) |
||
| *keRaŋ | ‘scab, crust on a wound’ (eng) |
||
| *keRet | 1. ‘cut something slender or soft’ (eng) 2. ‘reap crops’ (eng) |
||
| *keret | ‘to sever, cut off’ (eng) |
||
| *keRet-en | ‘cut’ (eng) |
||
| *keriq | ‘chatter’ (eng) |
||
| *keRiw | 1. ‘hemp plant’ (eng) 2. ‘hemp’ (eng) |
||
| *keRkeR | ‘shake, tremble’ (eng) |
||
| *keRuŋ | ‘sound">resound’ (eng) |
||
| *keseR | ‘strength, vigor, force’ (eng) |
||
| *keskes | ‘scratch, scrape’ (eng) |
||
| *ketil | ‘pinch off’ (eng) |
||
| *ketun | ‘cut, sever’ (eng) |
||
| *kezem | ‘close the eyes’ (eng) |
||
| *kezuC | ‘to jerk suddenly, jump when startled’ (eng) |
||
| *ki | ‘oblique case marker for personal nouns’ (eng) |
||
| *ki- | ‘prefixed to a noun means ‘to get, obtain, collect, gather’ (noun)’ (eng) |
||
| *kiaw | ‘puling sound of a bird’ (eng) |
||
| *kiCiŋ | ‘body part’ (eng) |
||
| *ki-CuNuh | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
||
| *kidiq | ‘to tickle’ (eng) |
||
| *kikuR | ‘tail’ (eng) |
||
| *kilala | 1. ‘to know (a person), recognize, be acquainted with’ (eng) 2. ‘to feel, perceive’ (eng) |
||
| *kiluŋ | ‘curve’ (eng) |
||
| *kiŋeR | ‘to hear’ (eng) |
||
| *kiŋkiŋ | ‘ring’ (eng) |
||
| *kipit | 1. ‘narrow’ (eng) 2. ‘pinch between tongs, etc.’ (eng) |
||
| *kiRim | ‘seek, search, look for’ (eng) |
||
| *kiRim-en | ‘look’ (eng) |
||
| *kiRkiR | ‘rasp, file’ (eng) |
||
| *kiRus | ‘scrape’ (eng) |
||
| *kiSkiS | ‘scrape off’ (eng) |
||
| *kiskis | ‘to shave, scrape off’ (eng) |
||
| *k-ita | ‘we (incl.)’ (eng) |
||
| *kita | ‘to see’ (eng) |
||
| *kita-en | ‘see’ (eng) |
||
| *ki-tunuh | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
||
| *kiwkiw | 1. ‘to wave, wag ( tail)’ (eng) 2. ‘to stir (people) up’ (eng) |
||
| *-ku | ‘1sg genitive ( marker of non-subject agency and possession; my; by me)’ (eng) |
||
| *ku | ‘oblique of common nouns (cf. *ki, *ka)’ (eng) |
||
| *kuan | 1. ‘hamlet’ (eng) 2. ‘kin-based residential unit’ (eng) |
||
| *kuaw | ‘kind of bird and the sound of its call’ (eng) |
||
| *kuCkuC | ‘roll up, curl up tightly’ (eng) |
||
| *kuCux | ‘head louse’ (eng) |
||
| *kudem | ‘dark’ (eng) |
||
| *kuden | ‘clay cooking pot’ (eng) |
||
| *kudeŋ | ‘clay cooking pot’ (eng) |
||
| *kudis | 1. ‘scurfy skin disease’ (eng) 2. ‘scabies’ (eng) |
||
| *kudkud | ‘hoof, lower leg of an ungulate’ (eng) |
||
| *kuja | ‘how?, how is it? what is the matter?’ (eng) |
||
| *kukuŋ | ‘small bird that produces a deep resounding call’ (eng) |
||
| *kulaC | ‘bracket fungus, *Polyporus* spp.’ (eng) |
||
| *kulay | ‘worm, insect’ (eng) |
||
| *kuliC | ‘rind, peeling of fruits or tubers’ (eng) |
||
| *kumeS | ‘pubic hair’ (eng) |
||
| *kumiS | ‘pubic hair’ (eng) |
||
| *ku(ŋ)kuŋ | 1. ‘deep resonant sound’ (eng) 2. ‘name of a bird with deep resonant cry’ (eng) |
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| *kuŋkuŋ | 1. ‘deep resounding sound’ (eng) 2. ‘slit-gong, hollowed tree trunk used to send messages’ (eng) |
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| *kuNkuN | ‘Formosan hill partridge’ (eng) |
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| *kupit | ‘press together, close tightly’ (eng) |
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| *kurap | ‘ringworm’ (eng) |
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| *kuRi | ‘rake’ (eng) |
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| *kuris | 1. ‘scurfy skin disease’ (eng) 2. ‘scabies’ (eng) |
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| *kurkur | ‘dig in the soil’ (eng) |
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| *kuSa | ‘work’ (eng) |
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| *kuSkuS | ‘claw, talon, fingernail’ (eng) |
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| *kuSkuS | ‘scrape’ (eng) |
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| *kuti | ‘vulva, vagina’ (eng) |
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| *kutkut | ‘scrape off’ (eng) |
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| *kuya | ‘defect’ (eng) |
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| *l<um>edep | ‘to dive, swim under water’ (eng) |
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| *l<um>ubaŋ | ‘to bury, place in a pit or hole’ (eng) |
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| *l<um>udaq | ‘to spit’ (eng) |
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| *labaw | ‘rat’ (eng) |
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| *labeR | ‘roam freely, of domesticated animals that are untethered’ (eng) |
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| *labiq | ‘excess, surplus’ (eng) |
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| *laCeŋ | ‘stinging nettle: *Laportea* spp.’ (eng) |
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| *lahud | ‘downstream, toward the sea’ (eng) |
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| *lahuN | ‘steam, vapor’ (eng) |
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| *lajam | ‘familiar with, accustomed to’ (eng) |
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| *lakat | ‘walk, take a step’ (eng) |
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| *lakup | ‘cover, wrapping’ (eng) |
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| *lalay | ‘cicada’ (eng) |
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| *la-lima | ‘five (in counting people)’ (eng) |
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| *lama | ‘old, former’ (eng) |
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| *lamlam | ‘impetuous’ (eng) |
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| *laŋaw | ‘housefly’ (eng) |
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| *laŋaw-en | ‘infested with flies, covered with flies’ (eng) |
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| *laŋ(e)si | ‘unpleasant odor’ (eng) |
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| *laŋiC | ‘sky’ (eng) |
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| *laŋu | ‘vertigo’ (eng) |
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| *la(n)tuk | ‘curve’ (eng) |
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| *lapaq | ‘to cut up, butcher, slaughter an animal’ (eng) |
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| *lapis | ‘flying squirrel’ (eng) |
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| *laplap | ‘loose (as of clothing)’ (eng) |
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| *lapus | ‘untie (a knot), undress, remove clothes’ (eng) |
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| *laRaŋ | ‘to forbid’ (eng) |
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| *laRiw | ‘run, run away, flee, escape’ (eng) |
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| *lasuq | 1. ‘hot’ (eng) 2. ‘blistered by heat’ (eng) |
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| *lawa | ‘wide’ (eng) |
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| *lawaq | 1. ‘spider’ (eng) 2. ‘spider web’ (eng) |
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| *lawaR | ‘flying squirrel’ (eng) |
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| *lawas | 1. ‘internode of bamboo’ (eng) 2. ‘section of something’ (eng) |
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| *lawas | ‘wide, broad’ (eng) |
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| *laway | ‘thread, yarn’ (eng) |
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| *layap | ‘to fly’ (eng) |
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| *layaR | ‘sail’ (eng) |
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| *layu | ‘wither, wilt’ (eng) |
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| *lebeŋ | ‘to bury’ (eng) |
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| *lebleb | ‘foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain’ (eng) |
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| *lecik | ‘fly off, of solid bits or water droplets’ (eng) |
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| *ledep | ‘to dive, swim under water’ (eng) |
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| *ledled | ‘to rub the eyes’ (eng) |
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| *lekab | ‘open, uncover’ (eng) |
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| *lekuq | 1. ‘bend’ (eng) 2. ‘bending part, joint’ (eng) |
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| *lemek | ‘soft’ (eng) |
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| *lemlem | 1. ‘dark, of weather’ (eng) 2. ‘overcast’ (eng) |
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| *lepaw | ‘hut’ (eng) |
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| *lezep | ‘submerge, disappear under water’ (eng) |
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| *lidam | ‘tongue’ (eng) |
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| *liduŋ | 1. ‘shelter, cover, protection’ (eng) 2. ‘shade’ (eng) |
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| *likaC | ‘lightning’ (eng) |
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| *likaw | ‘curve, bend, winding’ (eng) |
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| *likeS | ‘mosquito’ (eng) |
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| *likud | ‘back’ (eng) |
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| *likud-an | ‘back area, place at the back?’ (eng) |
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| *liku-likud | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *liku-likud-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *lima | ‘five’ (eng) |
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| *liŋaw | ‘shadow’ (eng) |
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| *liNuŋ | ‘calm, tranquil, of the surface of water’ (eng) |
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| *linuR | ‘earthquake’ (eng) |
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| *lipas | ‘to pass, pass by’ (eng) |
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| *lipen | ‘tooth’ (eng) |
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| *lipet | ‘to fold, fold over’ (eng) |
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| *lipuC | ‘disappear behind something that envelops or blocks the view’ (eng) |
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| *liqeR | ‘neck’ (eng) |
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| *liseqeS | ‘nit, egg of a hair louse’ (eng) |
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| *litlit | ‘wind around, bind by winding around’ (eng) |
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| *liuS | ‘a’ (eng) |
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| *lubaŋ | ‘burial pit’ (eng) |
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| *lubuk | ‘bag, sack’ (eng) |
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| *luCuŋ | ‘Formosan rock monkey: *Macaca cyclopis*’ (eng) |
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| *ludaq | ‘saliva’ (eng) |
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| *luem | ‘ripe’ (eng) |
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| *lukeNaw | ‘Formosan clouded leopard’ (eng) |
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| *lukuC | ‘parasitic plant sp.’ (eng) |
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| *luluj | ‘shin’ (eng) |
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| *luluN | ‘to roll up, as a mat’ (eng) |
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| *luNuŋ | ‘cloud’ (eng) |
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| *lupaS | ‘spit, spit out’ (eng) |
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| *lupas | ‘peach’ (eng) |
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| *luSeq | ‘tears’ (eng) |
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| *lutay | ‘weak, exhausted’ (eng) |
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| *lutuk | ‘Formosan hare: Lepus sinensis formosus’ (eng) |
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| *m<in>aCa | ‘eye’ (eng) |
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| *m<in>aCay | ‘burial ground (?)’ (eng) |
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| *ma- | ‘future prefix’ (eng) |
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| *ma- | ‘stative prefix’ (eng) |
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| *ma-aCay | 1. ‘die’ (eng) 2. ‘dead’ (eng) 3. ‘eclipse of sun or moon’ (eng) |
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| *ma-ala | ‘take’ (eng) |
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| *ma-alap | ‘take’ (eng) |
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| *ma-anak | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *ma-b<in>ahi | ‘female, woman’ (eng) |
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| *ma-bajaq | ‘know, understand’ (eng) |
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| *ma-bali | ‘wind’ (eng) |
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| *ma-bañaw | ‘wash the body’ (eng) |
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| *ma-baSaw | ‘cooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long’ (eng) |
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| *ma-belaq | ‘split, in two’ (eng) |
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| *ma-besuR | ‘satiated, full from eating’ (eng) |
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| *ma-buCa | ‘blind’ (eng) |
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| *ma-bunuR | 1. ‘to swell’ (eng) 2. ‘swollen’ (eng) |
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| *ma-buRaw | ‘drive’ (eng) |
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| *ma-buSuk | ‘drunk, intoxicated’ (eng) |
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| *maCa | ‘eye, focal point, center or most prominent part’ (eng) |
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| *ma-Cakaw | ‘to steal’ (eng) |
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| *ma-Caŋis | ‘cry’ (eng) |
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| *ma-Caqu | ‘know’ (eng) |
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| *ma-Cawa | ‘to laugh’ (eng) |
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| *ma-CuNuh | ‘roast’ (eng) |
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| *ma-dajam | ‘accustomed to, tame’ (eng) |
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| *ma-dajem | ‘chills, as of malaria’ (eng) |
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| *ma-dalem | ‘deep’ (eng) |
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| *ma-dalis | ‘smooth, slippery’ (eng) |
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| *ma-daRaq | ‘blood’ (eng) |
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| *ma-demdem | ‘gloom’ (eng) |
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| *ma-hemis | ‘sweet’ (eng) |
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| *ma-kaen | ‘will eat (?)’ (eng) |
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| *maka-enem | ‘six times (frequentative multiplicative)’ (eng) |
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| *maka-lima | ‘five times’ (eng) |
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| *maka-pija | ‘(for) how many days?’ (eng) |
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| *maka-pitu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *ma-kaRaC | ‘bitten’ (eng) |
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| *maka-Sepat | ‘four times’ (eng) |
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| *maka-walu | ‘eight times (frequentative, multiplicative)’ (eng) |
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| *ma-keseR | ‘vigor’ (eng) |
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| *ma-kiRim | ‘found?’ (eng) |
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| *ma-kuCu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *ma-kuja | ‘what are you doing? what’s happening?’ (eng) |
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| *ma-kuliC | ‘skinny, thin, underweight’ (eng) |
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| *ma-laŋu | ‘dizzy, drunk’ (eng) |
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| *ma-laRiw | ‘run, run away, flee’ (eng) |
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| *ma-lebleb | ‘foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain’ (eng) |
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| *ma-lima-N | ‘fifty’ (eng) |
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| *maliqi | ‘pregnant’ (eng) |
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| *ma-litlit | ‘or become wound around something’ (eng) |
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| *mamah | ‘father’s brother’ (eng) |
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| *ma-najam | 1. ‘accustomed to, familiar with’ (eng) 2. ‘tame’ (eng) |
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| *maNaŋ | ‘sharp’ (eng) |
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| *ma-ŋilu | ‘painful, as of teeth on edge from eating something very sour’ (eng) |
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| *ma-Nipis | ‘thin (of materials)’ (eng) |
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| *ma-Niwaŋ | ‘thin, of persons and animals’ (eng) |
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| *manu | ‘interrogative marker: which?’ (eng) |
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| *manuk | ‘chicken’ (eng) |
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| *ma-Nuka | ‘wound’ (eng) |
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| *ma-paqiC | ‘bitter’ (eng) |
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| *ma-piliq | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *ma-piNay | ‘lame, crippled’ (eng) |
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| *ma-pizpiz | ‘close’ (eng) |
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| *ma-pukaw | ‘dim, of vision’ (eng) |
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| *ma-puNi | ‘white’ (eng) |
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| *ma-puSaN | ‘twenty’ (eng) |
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| *ma-qaCi | 1. ‘ebb, of water in streams’ (eng) 2. ‘low tide’ (eng) |
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| *ma-qajaw | ‘sunny, hot’ (eng) |
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| *ma-qataq | ‘raw, unripe’ (eng) |
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| *maqaw | ‘plant: *Litsea cubeba* (Lour.)’ (eng) |
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| *ma-qetaq | ‘raw, unripe, green (fruit), uncooked’ (eng) |
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| *ma-qudem | ‘dark, cloudy’ (eng) |
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| *ma-quSaw | ‘thirst’ (eng) |
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| *ma-quzaN | ‘rain’ (eng) |
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| *maR-amax | ‘father and child’ (eng) |
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| *maR-buaq | ‘bear fruit’ (eng) |
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| *maRe-anak | ‘parent and child’ (eng) |
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| *maR-ina | ‘mother and child’ (eng) |
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| *maR-luSeq | ‘to shed tears, weep’ (eng) |
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| *maR-qani | 1. ‘harvest’ (eng) 2. ‘to harvest’ (eng) |
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| *maS | ‘and’ (eng) |
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| *ma-Sasak | 1. ‘ripe’ (eng) 2. ‘cooked’ (eng) |
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| *ma-SateD | ‘escort, accompany’ (eng) |
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| *ma-Sepat | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *ma-SeReC | ‘tight, firm’ (eng) |
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| *ma-Seyaq | ‘shame’ (eng) |
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| *ma-Sikad | 1. ‘ashamed’ (eng) 2. ‘shy’ (eng) 3. ‘modest’ (eng) |
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| *ma-Suab | ‘to yawn, yawning’ (eng) |
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| *ma-Suaw | ‘to yawn’ (eng) |
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| *ma-Sulem | ‘dim, dark’ (eng) |
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| *mata nu qalejaw | ‘sun (‘ eye of the day’)’ (eng) |
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| *ma-takut | ‘fear’ (eng) |
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| *ma-talaw | ‘fear’ (eng) |
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| *ma-taŋa | ‘will open?’ (eng) |
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| *-matek | ‘jungle leech, *Haemadipsa* spp.’ (eng) |
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| *ma-telu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *ma-tuduR | ‘to sleep’ (eng) |
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| *ma-tunuh | ‘roast’ (eng) |
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| *ma-tuqaS | ‘old, of people’ (eng) |
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| *ma-tuqaS tuqaS | ‘old, elder, senior’ (eng) |
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| *ma-ulaw | ‘dazed, confused’ (eng) |
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| *-meCaq | ‘paddy leech’ (eng) |
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| *-medaw | ‘dizzy, giddy’ (eng) |
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| *mesmes | ‘grasp, grip, squeeze’ (eng) |
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| *metmet | ‘to hold tightly’ (eng) |
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| *mi- | ‘prefix marking possession of some object’ (eng) |
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| *mi-da-duSa | ‘do something with someone else, perform an action together’ (eng) |
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| *mu- | ‘movement prefix’ (eng) |
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| *mudaq | 1. ‘young (of fruits)’ (eng) 2. ‘immature’ (eng) |
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| *mujiŋ | ‘face (human)’ (eng) |
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| *mujiŋ-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *mula | ‘to plant’ (eng) |
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| *mulmul | ‘hold in the mouth and suck’ (eng) |
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| *mumu | ‘Formosan blind mole: *Talpa micrura insularis* (Swinhoe)’ (eng) |
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| *muRmuR | ‘gargle, rinse the mouth’ (eng) |
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| *N<um>aŋuy | ‘to swim’ (eng) |
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| *-na | 1. ‘distal spatio-temporal deixis: that, there’ (eng) 2. ‘then’ (eng) |
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| *Na | ‘already’ (eng) |
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| *Na | ‘conjunction: and’ (eng) |
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| *na | ‘genitive of plural personal names’ (eng) |
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| *na | ‘linker marking emphatic attribution’ (eng) |
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| *Nabek | ‘breakers, surf, waves’ (eng) |
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| *NaCeŋ | ‘vegetables’ (eng) |
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| *najam | 1. ‘accustomed to, familiar with’ (eng) 2. ‘tame’ (eng) |
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| *Nali | ‘cicada’ (eng) |
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| *Namat | ‘iron ( metal)’ (eng) |
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| *n-ami | ‘1pl. excl. genitive, our’ (eng) |
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| *ñamñam | ‘tasty, delicious (?)’ (eng) |
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| *n-amu | ‘2pl. genitive, your, by you’ (eng) |
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| *ñamuR | ‘dew’ (eng) |
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| *naNaq | ‘pus’ (eng) |
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| *Naŋuy | ‘to swim’ (eng) |
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| *na-nu | ‘what(?)’ (eng) |
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| *Naqeji | ‘boundary between adjacent rice fields’ (eng) |
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| *naRa | ‘to wait’ (eng) |
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| *Nasu | ‘cook by boiling’ (eng) |
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| *nasuk | ‘cook by boiling’ (eng) |
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| *NataD | ‘outside’ (eng) |
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| *ñawñaw | ‘rinse, wash’ (eng) |
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| *nay | ‘deictic particle: this’ (eng) |
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| *Nayad | ‘plant: *Sambucus formosana*’ (eng) |
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| *nema | ‘what thing?’ (eng) |
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| *nemnem | ‘think’ (eng) |
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| *Neŋ | ‘look, see’ (eng) |
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| *NeŋNeŋ | ‘stare, look fixedly’ (eng) |
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| *ŋabŋab | ‘bite off the surface of something’ (eng) |
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| *ŋajan | ‘name’ (eng) |
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| *ŋajay | ‘saliva, drivel’ (eng) |
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| *ŋalŋal | ‘to chew, masticate’ (eng) |
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| *ŋaŋa | ‘open the mouth’ (eng) |
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| *ŋawŋaw | 1. ‘sound produced by an animal’ (eng) 2. ‘unintelligible muttering of a person’ (eng) |
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| *ŋayaw | ‘headhunting’ (eng) |
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| *ŋeCŋeC | ‘gnash the teeth’ (eng) |
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| *ŋerŋer | ‘growl’ (eng) |
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| *ŋesŋes | ‘to pant, be out of breath’ (eng) |
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| *ŋetŋet | ‘gnaw, nibble’ (eng) |
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| *ŋiCŋiC | ‘show annoyance or irritation’ (eng) |
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| *ŋidaw | ‘toothless’ (eng) |
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| *ŋilu | ‘painful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour’ (eng) |
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| *ŋipen | ‘tooth’ (eng) |
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| *ŋiSŋiS | ‘beard’ (eng) |
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| *ŋitŋit | ‘gnaw’ (eng) |
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| *ŋusŋus | ‘to snore, growl, grunt’ (eng) |
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| *ŋuSuN | ‘nosebleed’ (eng) |
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| *ŋusuq | 1. ‘nasal area’ (eng) 2. ‘snout’ (eng) |
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| *ŋuSuR | ‘nasal mucus’ (eng) |
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| *-ni | 1. ‘proximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here’ (eng) 2. ‘now’ (eng) |
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| *ni | 1. ‘genitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns’ (eng) 2. ‘marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb’ (eng) |
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| *ni-a | ‘3sg. agent/possessor’ (eng) |
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| *Nibu | ‘lair, den of an animal’ (eng) |
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| *Nihib | ‘rock shelter, cave under a rock’ (eng) |
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| *ni-ia | ‘he. genitive, his, it’ (eng) |
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| *ni-ima | ‘whose?’ (eng) |
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| *nimas | ‘bailer in a canoe’ (eng) |
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| *nipen | ‘tooth’ (eng) |
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| *Nipis | ‘thinness (of materials)’ (eng) |
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| *NiSawa | 1. ‘breath’ (eng) 2. ‘to breathe’ (eng) |
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| *n-ita | 1. ‘1st pers. incl. genitive’ (eng) 2. ‘our’ (eng) |
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| *Nitaq | ‘type of soil, clay’ (eng) |
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| *Niteq | ‘sap of a tree or plant’ (eng) |
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| *Niwaŋ | ‘thinness, slenderness’ (eng) |
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| *-nu | ‘2sg possessor and non-subject agent’ (eng) |
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| *-nu | ‘marker of uncertainty’ (eng) |
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| *nu | ‘genitive case marker for common nouns (cf. *na, *ni)’ (eng) |
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| *nu | ‘if, when (in future)’ (eng) |
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| *nu- | ‘future marker with words for days’ (eng) |
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| *Nuka | ‘wound’ (eng) |
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| *nuka | ‘to make hemp yarn’ (eng) |
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| *numa | ‘how?’ (eng) |
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| *nunuh | ‘female breast’ (eng) |
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| *NuqeS | ‘bone marrow’ (eng) |
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| *Nusuŋ | ‘rice mortar’ (eng) |
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| *Nutud | ‘join two things to give added length (rope, bamboo, etc.)’ (eng) |
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| *p<in>a-kaen | ‘was fed by someone’ (eng) |
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| *p<in>anaq | ‘shoot with a bow’ (eng) |
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| *p<in>espes | ‘massage’ (eng) |
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| *p<um>anaq | ‘shoot with a bow’ (eng) |
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| *p<um>ataS | ‘to tattoo, make designs’ (eng) |
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| *p<um>ekpek | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *p<um>espes | ‘to massage’ (eng) |
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| *p<um>iliq | ‘to choose, select, pick out’ (eng) |
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| *pa | ‘still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)’ (eng) |
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| *pa- | ‘causative prefix’ (eng) |
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| *pa-aCay | ‘kill’ (eng) |
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| *pa-aluja | ‘to paddle’ (eng) |
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| *pa-añud | ‘set a drift’ (eng) |
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| *pa-bajaq | ‘know’ (eng) |
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| *pa-beRay | ‘to give’ (eng) |
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| *paCak | ‘spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal’ (eng) |
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| *pa-Caŋis | 1. ‘to make someone cry’ (eng) 2. ‘to let someone cry’ (eng) |
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| *p-aCay-en | ‘kill’ (eng) |
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| *pacek | 1. ‘wooden nail, dowel’ (eng) 2. ‘drive in, as a wooden nail or dowel’ (eng) |
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| *pa-daNum | ‘to irrigate’ (eng) |
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| *pa-dekeC | ‘to stick or paste on’ (eng) |
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| *padeŋ | ‘to extinguish, douse a fire’ (eng) |
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| *paen | ‘bait’ (eng) |
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| *paheku | ‘bracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum’ (eng) |
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| *pa-hinzam | ‘lend’ (eng) |
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| *pahpah | ‘flower (?)’ (eng) |
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| *paid | ‘fan’ (eng) |
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| *pajay | 1. ‘rice in the field’ (eng) 2. ‘rice plant’ (eng) |
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| *pajiS | ‘enemy’ (eng) |
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| *pa-ka- | ‘causative of stative verbs’ (eng) |
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| *pa-kaCu | ‘to send’ (eng) |
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| *paka-duSa | ‘twice, do something twice’ (eng) |
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| *pa-kaen | ‘to feed’ (eng) |
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| *pa-kaen-en | ‘to feed, be fed’ (eng) |
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| *pa-ka-keseR | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *pa-kita | ‘to show’ (eng) |
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| *pakpak | 1. ‘to clap, flap the wings’ (eng) 2. ‘sound of clapping or flapping’ (eng) |
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| *paleCuk | ‘shoot, sound of shooting’ (eng) |
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| *pa-likaw | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |
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| *pa-likud | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng) |