Blust & Trussel (2019a): Proto-Austronesian
Search entries
| Headword | IPA | Glosses | |
|---|---|---|---|
| *zulu | ‘earlier, in advance’ |
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| *zekzek | ‘to tread, trample on’ |
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| *za-zalan | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *zawa | ‘millet sp.: *Setaria italica* (?)’ |
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| *zaRum | ‘needle’ |
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| *zaRem | ‘needle’ |
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| *zaRami | ‘rice straw’ |
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| *za(ŋ)kuC | ‘grab, grasp, seize’ |
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| *zalan-zalan | ‘small path or trail’ |
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| *zalan-an | ‘passage way, place where one has walked’ |
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| *zalan | 1. ‘path, made by a human as opposed to an animal’ 2. ‘way or means to do something’ |
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| *ya | ‘nominative case marker for singular common nouns’ |
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| *witiwit | ‘wag, swing from side to side’ |
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| *wiRi | ‘left side or direction’ |
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| *wiŋawiŋ | ‘wag, shake, move repeatedly from side to side’ |
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| *wili | ‘return, come back’ |
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| *wa-walu | ‘eight (of humans)’ |
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| *watawat | ‘wave, flutter (as a flag)’ |
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| *waSaw | ‘leaf’ |
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| *-waRwaR | ‘rainbow’ |
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| *waRi | 1. ‘day’ 2. ‘sun’ 3. ‘dry in the sun’ |
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| *waray | ‘to separate, as two people’ |
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| *waqit | 1. ‘barb, point’ 2. ‘canine tooth?’ |
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| *waqay | ‘foot, leg’ |
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| *waNu | ‘honeybee’ |
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| *waNiS-an | ‘wild boar’ |
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| *waNiS | ‘tusk of wild boar’ |
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| *wanaN | ‘right ( side, hand, direction)’ |
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| *waNan | ‘right ( side, hand, direction)’ |
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| *walu | ‘eight’ |
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| *walay | ‘thread’ |
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| *wakwak | 1. ‘bird sp.’ 2. ‘to caw, crow’ |
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| *-wadaŋ | ‘collarbone, clavicle’ |
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| *waCa-waCaN | ‘small pond(?)’ |
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| *waCaN | ‘deep pool or pond’ |
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| *utaq-en | ‘vomit’ |
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| *utaq-an | ‘vomit (imperative)’ |
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| *utaq | ‘vomit’ |
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| *utan | ‘taro variety’ |
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| *u-Siwa | ‘nine (of things?)’ |
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| *uSa | ‘go’ |
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| *uReŋ | ‘horn of an animal’ |
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| *upup | ‘bullfrog’ |
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| *uNuq | ‘beads, necklace’ |
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| *uŋay | ‘ritually sacrificed monkey?’ |
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| *uNay | ‘sliver, splinter, foreign body embedded in the flesh’ |
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| *um-utaq | ‘to vomit’ |
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| *um-uSa | ‘to go, to walk’ |
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| *umuR | ‘hold in the mouth’ |
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| *um-imah | ‘to drink’ |
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| *umaS | ‘to pickle, preserve meat or fish’ |
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| *um-aRi | ‘to come’ |
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| *um-aŋay | ‘to leave, depart (?)’ |
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| *umaN | ‘again’ |
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| *um-alaq | ‘fetch, get, take’ |
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| *um-ala | ‘to fetch, get, take’ |
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| *um-ai | ‘to come’ |
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| *um-adaS | ‘bring’ |
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| *ulaw | ‘confusion, perplexity’ |
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| *ulaŋ | ‘repeat, do again’ |
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| *uka | ‘negative existential: there is none’ |
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| *ujuŋ | ‘nose’ |
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| *udu | ‘grass’ |
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| *ubuC | ‘pluck, pull out’ |
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| *ua | ‘exclamation of surprise, etc.’ |
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| *tuzuq-en | ‘point’ |
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| *tuzuq | 1. ‘to point at, point out’ 2. ‘give directions’ |
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| *tutut | ‘sparrow or similar bird’ |
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| *tutur | ‘cooing of a dove’ |
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| *tutuh | ‘beat, pound, bump, thump’ |
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| *tusuk | ‘pierce, skewer or string together’ |
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| *tuRukuk | ‘chicken’ |
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| *tuRtuR | ‘resonant sound’ |
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| *turis | ‘scratch a line, make a long shallow cut’ |
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| *tuquN | ‘evergreen tree, probably *Acacia confusa*’ |
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| *tuqtuq | ‘to hammer, pound, crush’ |
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| *tuqed | 1. ‘tree stump’ 2. ‘stubble’ |
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| *tuqaS tuqaS | ‘old’ |
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| *tuqaS | 1. ‘old, of people’ 2. ‘primary forest, old forest’ |
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| *tunuh-an | ‘to roast’ |
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| *tuNa | ‘freshwater eel’ |
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| *tumaNa | ‘to hear, listen’ |
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| *tulani | ‘bamboo nose flute’ |
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| *tukul | ‘to sprout, begin to grow’ |
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| *tukud | ‘prop, support’ |
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| *tuku | ‘prop, post’ |
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| *tuktuk | ‘top, summit, crown’ |
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| *tuktuk | 1. ‘to knock, pound, beat’ 2. ‘crush’ |
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| *tuktuk | 1. ‘beak of a bird’ 2. ‘to peck’ |
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| *tuked | ‘prop, support’ |
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| *tukad | 1. ‘sloping upward’ 2. ‘to climb a mountain’ |
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| *tuiq | ‘bird sp.’ |
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| *tuduS | ‘knee’ |
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| *tuduR | ‘to sleep’ |
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| *tuduq-en | ‘to drip’ |
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| *tuduq-an | ‘to drip’ |
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| *tuduq | 1. ‘to leak, drip, as a leaky roof’ 2. ‘drop of water’ |
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| *tudiŋ | ‘to point out’ |
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| *tubah | ‘plant with roots that are pounded and put in rivers to stun fish: *Derris elliptica*’ |
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| *titu | 1. ‘puppy’ 2. ‘young animal in general?’ |
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| *titik | ‘to beat on something loudly’ |
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| *tirtir | ‘shiver, tremble’ |
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| *tiR(e)peS | ‘spittle’ |
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| *ti-pitu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *tinun | ‘to weave cloth’ |
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| *timus | ‘salt’ |
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| *timuRmuR | ‘rinse the mouth’ |
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| *timuR | ‘south or east wind’ |
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| *timu | ‘salt’ |
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| *timij | ‘chin, jaw’ |
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| *timaNa | ‘to hear, listen’ |
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| *tikuRas | ‘bird: the Formosan bamboo partridge’ |
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| *tiktik | ‘to tattoo’ |
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| *tiktik | ‘to tap, strike lightly on a hard surface’ |
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| *tikel | ‘bend’ |
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| *tik | ‘sound of tapping or flicking (of finger, small implement, etc.) against something’ |
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| *tibuk | ‘pound, throb’ |
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| *tiaN | ‘abdomen, belly’ |
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| *ti | 1. ‘1p deixis and spatial reference: this’ 2. ‘here’ |
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| *terter | ‘shiver, tremble’ |
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| *teRteR | ‘to tremble, shiver’ |
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| *teRebeS | ‘tree: *Zelkova Formosana*’ |
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| *tepuk | ‘hit, sound of hitting, clapping, thumping’ |
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| *tepik | ‘pat, light slap’ |
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| *tepeŋ | ‘to measure quantities, as amounts of grain’ |
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| *tenun-en | ‘woven by someone’ |
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| *tenun-an | ‘loom’ |
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| *tenun | ‘to weave ( cloth)’ |
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| *teŋteŋ | ‘drone, droning tone’ |
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| *teŋiC | ‘grimace at pain’ |
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| *tenem | ‘sea, ocean’ |
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| *teñeb | ‘submerge’ |
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| *teneb | ‘to immerse, put under water’ |
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| *telu | ‘three’ |
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| *tekuŋ | ‘to rap, knock, make a booming sound’ |
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| *tektek-en | 1. ‘chopped into pieces, be minced, as meat or vegetables’ 2. ‘what is chopped up or minced’ |
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| *tektek | ‘gecko, house lizard (onom.)’ |
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| *tektek | ‘chopping to pieces, cutting up, as meat or vegetables’ |
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| *tekiq | 1. ‘high-pitched sound’ 2. ‘chirp of a gecko’ |
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| *tekep | 1. ‘cover’ 2. ‘to cover with a flat surface’ |
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| *teguŋ | ‘to boom, sound">resound’ |
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| *teda | ‘leftover, remainder’ |
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| *tebuS | ‘sugarcane: *Saccharum officinarum*’ |
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| *tebteb | ‘to cut’ |
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| *tebek | ‘pierce, stab’ |
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| *tebaS | ‘to cut, clear vegetation’ |
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| *ta-tenun-an | ‘loom’ |
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| *ta-telu | ‘three (of humans)’ |
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| *tatak | ‘hoe’ |
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| *tata | ‘collateral consanguine of the first ascending generation’ |
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| *tastas | ‘sever, cut through, rip out stitches’ |
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| *taRuqan | 1. ‘field hut’ 2. ‘temporary shelter used when working for extended periods in fields far from the village’ |
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| *ta(R)kes | ‘wrap around, encircle’ |
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| *taRaq-i | ‘Adze it!, Hew it!’ |
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| *taRaq | ‘hewing with an adze’ |
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| *taRah | ‘to wait’ |
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| *taR- | ‘prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action’ |
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| *taqan | 1. ‘snare trap’ 2. ‘set a snare trap’ |
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| *tapus | ‘end, complete, finish’ |
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| *tapun | ‘gather, assemble’ |
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| *tapis | ‘loincloth (?)’ |
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| *tapeS-i | ‘to winnow’ |
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| *tapeS | ‘winnow’ |
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| *taNiud | ‘mulberry tree and fruit: *Morus formosensis* (Hotta)’ |
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| *taŋa | ‘to open’ |
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| *tanem-an | ‘area that is planted(?)’ |
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| *taNek-en | ‘cook’ |
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| *taNek | ‘to cook anything but rice’ |
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| *tanayan | ‘bamboo sp.’ |
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| *taNaS | 1. ‘village’ 2. ‘place of residence’ |
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| *tanaq | ‘plant: *Aralia decaisneana* (Hance)’ |
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| *tañam | ‘try, taste’ |
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| *taNah | ‘red’ |
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| *tamuhuŋ | ‘hat, head covering’ |
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| *tamtam | ‘smack the lips’ |
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| *tama | 1. ‘appropriate, suitable, right’ 2. ‘fit together’ 3. ‘hit the mark’ |
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| *taliuk | ‘turn, go around’ |
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| *talaw | 1. ‘fear, fearful’ 2. ‘coward’ |
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| *takut | ‘fear’ |
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| *taku | 1. ‘dipper, scoop’ 2. ‘to scoop, ladle up’ |
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| *taktak | 1. ‘to fall, of many things at once’ 2. ‘to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something’ |
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| *taktak | ‘clatter, clack’ |
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| *takis | ‘sword’ |
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| *takes | 1. ‘to wrap around’ 2. ‘embrace, hug’ |
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| *takep | ‘to lay something on top of another’ |
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| *taina | ‘female, of animals’ |
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| *ta-ina | ‘mother (ref.)’ |
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| *tageRaŋ | ‘ribcage’ |
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| *tadaw | ‘kind of large knife’ |
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| *tabukul | ‘casting net for fishing’ |
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| *tabtab | 1. ‘slurp up food or water’ 2. ‘eat like a pig or dog’ 3. ‘gulp down’ |
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| *tabi | ‘plough’ |
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| *tabaN | ‘head trophy, trophy taken in headhunting (?)’ |
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| *ta-amax | ‘father (ref.)’ |
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| *ta- | ‘1pl. incl. nominative and hortative pronoun’ |
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| *-ta | ‘1pl. incl. genitive suffix’ |
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| *t<um>əktək | ‘to chop, hack, cut off’ |
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| *t<um>uzuq | ‘to point at, point out, lecture or instruct, give advice’ |
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| *t<um>umaNa | ‘to hear, listen’ |
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| *t<um>ukad | ‘to climb, as a mountain or steps’ |
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| *t<um>uba | ‘to stun fish with plant poison’ |
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| *t<um>imaNa | ‘to hear, listen’ |
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| *t<um>iktik | ‘to tattoo someone’ |
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| *t<um>enun | ‘to weave’ |
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| *t<um>ebek | ‘to pierce, to stab’ |
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| *t<um>azem | ‘sharp’ |
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| *t<um>aRaq | ‘to adze wood, hew wood with an adze’ |
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| *t<um>aRah | ‘to wait’ |
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| *t<um>anem | ‘to plant’ |
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| *t<um>aNek | ‘to cook anything but rice’ |
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| *t<in>uduq | ‘drip’ |
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| *t<in>enun-an | ‘woven cloth’ |
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| *t<in>enun | 1. ‘was woven by someone’ 2. ‘what was woven’ |
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| *t<in>ektek | ‘was chopped up’ |
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| *t<in>aNek | ‘boiled foods other than rice?’ |
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| *Suʔu | ‘2sg. agent/possessor’ |
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| *Suyeʔab | ‘to yawn’ |
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| *SuSuq | ‘drip or drain out’ |
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| *susuN | ‘to stack up’ |
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| *susu | 1. ‘female breast’ 2. ‘udder’ |
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| *SuRut-en | ‘pull’ |
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| *SuRut | ‘pull, draw’ |
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| *suRuq | ‘to call on a person to do something’ |
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| *SuRSuR | 1. ‘draw string’ 2. ‘to thread a drawstring’ |
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| *SuReNa | ‘snow’ |
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| *SuRay | 1. ‘to pass, of time’ 2. ‘to pass time idly’ |
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| *SuRas | ‘wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes)’ |
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| *suquN | ‘carry on the head’ |
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| *SuqSuq | ‘drip or drain out’ |
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| *suqaR | ‘thorn’ |
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| *supsup | ‘sip, suck’ |
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| *Supiq | ‘plant shoot’ |
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| *supay | ‘whet’ |
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| *SuNus | ‘withdraw, pull out, extract’ |
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| *Suni | ‘chirp’ |
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| *suŋa | ‘do wrong, do in reverse’ |
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| *suNaR | ‘light, radiance’ |
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| *SuluR | ‘lower or let down, as on a rope’ |
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| *sulud | ‘push’ |
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| *SulSul | ‘to masturbate’ |
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| *Sulij | ‘lie or sleep next to’ |
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| *suli | ‘to reverse, turn around’ |
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| *suleN | ‘insert, plug’ |
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| *Sulem | ‘dim’ |
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| *SulaR | ‘snake’ |
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| *sukud | ‘walking stick, cane, staff’ |
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| *suksuk | 1. ‘pierce, penetrate’ 2. ‘insert’ |
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| *suked | 1. ‘prop, support’ 2. ‘to prop up or support’ |
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| *suiq | ‘bird: the sandpiper (?)’ |
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| *Suaw | ‘yawn’ |
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| *Suaji-an | ‘called or regarded as siblings (?)’ |
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| *Suaji | ‘younger sibling’ |
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| *Suab | ‘yawn’ |
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| *su | ‘nominative case marker for common nouns’ |
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| *Su- | ‘take off, remove (+ noun)’ |
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| *siwsiw | 1. ‘to cheep’ 2. ‘baby chick’ |
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| *Siwid | ‘slant’ |
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| *siwaq | ‘fissure, split in something’ |
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| *Siwa | ‘nine’ |
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| *SiSiN | ‘omen bird: *Alcippe* spp.’ |
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| *siRup | ‘to sip, as through a straw’ |
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| *SiRup | ‘sip, as soup or rice wine from a bowl’ |
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| *siRa | ‘yesterday’ |
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| *SipuR | ‘to count’ |
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| *sipsip | ‘sip, suck’ |
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| *sipit | 1. ‘tongs, pincers, claw of a crab or lobster’ 2. ‘to pinch or squeeze’ |
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| *sipiŋ | ‘supernumerary, as an extra finger or toe’ |
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| *Sipi | ‘dream’ |
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| *Sipes | ‘cockroach’ |
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| *SipaR | ‘opposite side (esp. of a river)’ |
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| *SiNuq | ‘beads, necklace’ |
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| *Siŋus | ‘sniff, sniffle (as with a runny nose)’ |
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| *Siñaw-an | ‘wash’ |
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| *Siñaw | ‘to wash’ |
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| *siNaR | ‘sun’ |
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| *Sina | ‘plant: *Erechtites* spp.’ |
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| *Sin- | ‘verb prefix’ |
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| *Simu | ‘2p pronoun: you’ |
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| *SimaR | ‘grease, oil, fat’ |
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| *silaq | ‘split’ |
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| *Si-lahud | ‘wind from the sea (?)’ |
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| *sikux | ‘elbow’ |
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| *Siket | ‘tie, bind, attach to by tying’ |
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| *Sika-telu | ‘third’ |
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| *Sika-Siwa | ‘ninth’ |
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| *Sika-puluq | ‘ten’ |
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| *Sika-pitu | ‘seven’ |
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| *Sikan | ‘fish’ |
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| *Sikam | ‘mat’ |
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| *Sika-lima | ‘fifth (ordinal numeral)’ |
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| *Si-kaen | ‘eat’ |
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| *Sika-duSa | ‘second’ |
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| *Sikad | 1. ‘ashamed’ 2. ‘shy’ |
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| *Sika- | ‘prefix for ordinal numbers’ |
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| *Sijap | ‘broom’ |
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| *si-ima | ‘who?’ |
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| *sihikay | ‘maggot’ |
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| *sidu | ‘spoon, ladle’ |
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| *Sidi | ‘Formosan serow, mountain goat’ |
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| *sibu | ‘urine’ |
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| *siap | ‘chick’ |
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| *si ia | 1. ‘demonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here’ 2. ‘that, there’ |
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| *si ia | ‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she, it’ |
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| *si amax | ‘father (ref.)’ |
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| *si | ‘nominative case marker for singular personal names or kin terms used as personal names’ |
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| *Si- | ‘verbal prefix marking instrumental or benefactive voice’ |
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| *Si- | ‘to wear, put on clothes, etc.’ |
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| *Si- | ‘origin’ |
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| *Sezam | ‘borrow, lend’ |
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| *Seyup-an | ‘blow’ |
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| *Seyup | ‘blow’ |
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| *Seyaq | 1. ‘shyness, embarrassment’ 2. ‘shame’ |
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| *Setek | ‘cut, sever, chop’ |
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| *Sesi | ‘flesh, meat’ |
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| *SeReC | 1. ‘to bind tightly’ 2. ‘belt’ |
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| *sequŋ | ‘horn of an animal’ |
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| *sepsep-en | ‘suck’ |
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| *sepsep | ‘sip, suck’ |
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| *sepiq | ‘break off fruit or branches’ |
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| *Sepi | ‘dream’ |
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| *Sepat | ‘four’ |
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| *seŋseŋ | ‘cork, stopper, plug’ |
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| *seŋet | ‘to sting or bite, of an insect’ |
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| *Seŋaw | ‘to breathe (?)’ |
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| *Seŋad | ‘to breathe’ |
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| *Señaw | ‘to wash’ |
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| *Semut | ‘smother’ |
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| *Semay | ‘cooked rice’ |
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| *Sema | ‘tongue’ |
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| *selsel | ‘insert, cram in’ |
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| *selem | 1. ‘sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water’ 2. ‘to set, of the sun’ |
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| *Selem | ‘dark, dim’ |
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| *SekuC | ‘hunched over, stoop-shouldered’ |
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| *seksek | 1. ‘to stuff, cram in’ 2. ‘crowded’ |
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| *sekel | ‘bend, bow’ |
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| *Seked | ‘stop an activity, take a break, rest’ |
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| *Sekak | ‘to crow, to caw’ |
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| *sejep | ‘enter, penetrate’ |
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| *sedu | ‘hiccough’ |
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| *sebuS | 1. ‘douse a fire, extinguish a fire with water’ 2. ‘to hiss, as water on fire’’ |
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| *SebuC | ‘pluck, pull up (as weeds)’ |
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| *sebu | ‘bladder’ |
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| *SebaN | ‘carry a child with a carrying cloth’ |
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| *SayaN | ‘termite’ |
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| *SawSaw | ‘wash, rinse’ |
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| *Sawiki | ‘betel nut: nut of *Areca catechu*’ |
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| *Sawak | ‘waist, back of the waist’ |
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| *Saw | ‘question particle’ |
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| *Sauni | ‘in a little while, momentarily, later’ |
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| *SateD-an | ‘escort, accompany (imperative)’ |
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| *SateD | 1. ‘accompany, escort’ 2. ‘send, return’ |
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| *sa-supay-an | ‘whetstone’ |
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| *Sa-Sepat | ‘four (of humans)’ |
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| *Sasaq-an | ‘whetstone, grindstone’ |
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| *Sasaq | ‘whet, sharpen’ |
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| *Sasak | 1. ‘ripe’ 2. ‘cooked’ |
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| *SaRuŋ | ‘snore, groan, etc.’ |
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| *saqsaq | ‘bamboo which has been split and flattened’ |
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| *saqit | 1. ‘hook’ 2. ‘to hang up’ |
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| *Sapuy | ‘fire’ |
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| *saput | ‘to pick up with something to avoid getting dirty or burned’ |
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| *SapuSap | ‘feel, grope’ |
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| *sa-puluq | ‘ten’ |
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| *SapSap | ‘feel, grope’ |
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| *Sapit | ‘press together, press between two surfaces’ |
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| *Sapiq | ‘flattened’ |
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| *sapet | ‘grab with the hand, catch’ |
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| *Sapejiq | ‘smart’ |
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| *sapay | ‘drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth’ |
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| *sapaw | ‘field hut’ |
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| *SapaR | ‘unroll a mat, spread out a mat’ |
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| *sapaq | ‘stream, river’ |
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| *saNiw | ‘whetstone’ |
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| *saŋeday | ‘lean or rest on’ |
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| *Sanaq | ‘river otter’ |
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| *samuR | 1. ‘to mix’ 2. ‘mixture’ |
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| *Samud | ‘plant, sesame: *Sesamum indicum*’ |
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| *SameCi | ‘plant: *Solanum nigrum*’ |
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| *samaq | ‘remnant, leftover’ |
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| *Samaq | ‘plant: *Lactuca indica* Linn., and *Sonchus oleraceus* Linn.’ |
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| *saliw | ‘buy, sell’ |
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| *saleŋ | ‘pine tree, pitch pine’ |
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| *salaw | ‘to pour, of heavy rain’ |
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| *Salas | ‘forest, wilderness, woods’ |
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| *sakut | ‘to carry, transport, move something’ |
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| *SakuC | 1. ‘transport piecemeal’ 2. ‘tranport through repeated trips’ |
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| *saksak | ‘hack, chop into pieces’ |
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| *sakeC | ‘muntjac, barking deer’ |
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| *sakay | ‘walk’ |
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| *sakat | ‘rise">rise, climb up’ |
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| *saka-pitu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *sakal | ‘restraining device on animals’ |
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| *Sajek-en | ‘to smell’ |
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| *Sajek | 1. ‘smell’ 2. ‘to smell (transitive)’ |
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| *saheNaR | ‘to shine, of the sun’ |
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| *Sadu | ‘many, much, plenty’ |
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| *SadiRi | ‘housepost’ |
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| *sabsab | 1. ‘slurp up food or water, eat like a pig or dog’ 2. ‘gulp down’ |
||
| *Sabit | ‘long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying’ |
||
| *Sabij | ‘twins of the same sex’ |
||
| *sabay | ‘do something together with others’ |
||
| *SabaRat | ‘south wind (?)’ |
||
| *SabaN | ‘cloth used to carry a child on the back’ |
||
| *sa | ‘one (clitic form of *esa)’ |
||
| *sa | ‘nominative case marker for plural personal names’ |
||
| *sa | ‘locative marker’ |
||
| *Sa- | ‘stative prefix’ |
||
| *Sa- | ‘marker of instrumental nouns’ |
||
| *Sa | ‘locative particle’ |
||
| *Sa | ‘ligature’ |
||
| *s<um>usu | ‘to suckle, suck at the breast’ |
||
| *s<um>upay | ‘to whet, grate, sharpen’ |
||
| *S<um>uni | ‘to chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds)’ |
||
| *s<um>uNaR | ‘to shine, radiate light’ |
||
| *s<um>ulud | ‘to push’ |
||
| *s<um>uksuk | ‘to enter, penetrate, pierce’ |
||
| *s<um>iku | 1. ‘to elbow’ 2. ‘to push or jab with the elbow’ |
||
| *S<um>eyup | ‘to blow’ |
||
| *S<um>eReC | ‘tighten, fasten firmly’ |
||
| *s<um>epsep | ‘to suck, sip’ |
||
| *S<um>eŋad | ‘to breathe’ |
||
| *s<um>ebuS | ‘to hiss or steam, of water touching a fire’ |
||
| *S<um>ateD | ‘accompany, escort’ |
||
| *S<um>apuy | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
| *S<um>apaR | ‘unroll, spread out a mat’ |
||
| *s<um>akut | ‘to carry, transport, move something’ |
||
| *s<um>akay | ‘to walk’ |
||
| *S<in>ebaN | ‘what is carried on the back’ |
||
| *Rusuk | ‘ribcage’ |
||
| *RuSRuS | ‘to scrape smooth, to plane a surface’ |
||
| *RuqaNay | ‘male’ |
||
| *Rumaq | ‘house’ |
||
| *Rudaŋ | ‘old, of people’ |
||
| *Rubu | ‘nest, lair’ |
||
| *Ritu | ‘loquat tree and fruit: *Eriobotrya deflexa*’ |
||
| *riSriS | 1. ‘hoe up weeds’ 2. ‘weed a garden’ |
||
| *Riqek | ‘thresh grain by trampling’ |
||
| *RiNuk | ‘Japanese raspberry: *Rubus parvifolius* (Linn.), *Rubus taiwanianus* (Matsum.)’ |
||
| *Rinu | ‘winnowing basket’ |
||
| *RiNaS-an | ‘male of Swinhoe’s blue pheasant’ |
||
| *RiNaS | ‘long feathers used for personal adornment’ |
||
| *Rimeja | ‘sword grass: *Imperata cylindrica*’ |
||
| *Ribawa | 1. ‘swell’ 2. ‘swelling, tumor’ |
||
| *RibaS | ‘demolish’ |
||
| *Riaq | ‘sword grass: *Imperata cylindrica*’ |
||
| *reŋiC | ‘grimace at pain’ |
||
| *reŋeC | ‘angry, annoyed’ |
||
| *ReŋeC | ‘angry, annoyed’ |
||
| *reken | ‘coil’ |
||
| *Reken | ‘coil’ |
||
| *Raya | ‘big, large’ |
||
| *rawraw | ‘to rinse’ |
||
| *RauS | ‘scoop net’ |
||
| *rauC | ‘peel rattan, bamboo’ |
||
| *RaSuŋ | ‘ambush, attack from concealment’ |
||
| *Ra-RauS | ‘dip net’ |
||
| *RamiS | ‘root’ |
||
| *ramig | ‘cold (of weather)’ |
||
| *Rames | ‘squeeze, knead’ |
||
| *RameC | ‘root’ |
||
| *rakat | ‘walk’ |
||
| *Rahap | ‘seeds for sowing’ |
||
| *RaCus | ‘hundred’ |
||
| *RabuC | ‘uproot, pull out by the roots’ |
||
| *RabiS | ‘small knife’ |
||
| *Rabi-Rabi | ‘every night, happening every night’ |
||
| *Rabiqi | 1. ‘late afternoon, evening’ 2. ‘evening meal’ |
||
| *Rabi-an | ‘evening, night’ |
||
| *R<um>ahap | ‘to sow seeds’ |
||
| *quzan-en | ‘rain’ |
||
| *quzaN | ‘rain’ |
||
| *quyaS | 1. ‘to sing’ 2. ‘song, tune, melody’ |
||
| *qutiN | ‘penis’ |
||
| *quSuŋ | ‘edible mushroom (generic)’ |
||
| *qusiR | ‘pursuit (as of enemies or game)’ |
||
| *quSeŋeC | ‘anger, angry’ |
||
| *quSeNap | ‘fish scale’ |
||
| *quSaw-an | ‘thirst’ |
||
| *quSaw | ‘thirst’ |
||
| *quriaw | ‘noise, clamor’ |
||
| *qupuŋ | ‘bunch, cluster’ |
||
| *qupid | ‘braid’ |
||
| *quNuq | ‘beads, necklace of beads’ |
||
| *quNuNaŋ | ‘tree with sticky fruits: *Cordia* spp.’ |
||
| *(q)uNah | ‘first, before, anterior in time’ |
||
| *qumuR | ‘fill the mouth with food or water’ |
||
| *qumaŋ | ‘hermit crab’ |
||
| *quman | ‘repeat oneself monotonously’ |
||
| *qumah | ‘swidden, work a swidden’ |
||
| *qulu-qulu | ‘tadpole, polywog’ |
||
| *quluh | ‘head’ |
||
| *qulu qulu | ‘head-end, upper part’ |
||
| *qules | ‘clothing’ |
||
| *qulej | ‘type of small worm’ |
||
| *qulas | ‘dewdrop’ |
||
| *qukut | ‘hunched over, bowed (as with age)’ |
||
| *qujiŋ | ‘charcoal’ |
||
| *qudip | ‘life, alive’ |
||
| *qudem | ‘dark, dull (of light or color)’ |
||
| *qudaS | ‘gray hair’ |
||
| *qudaŋ | ‘shrimp, crayfish, lobster’ |
||
| *quCaN | ‘scrub-land, bush’ |
||
| *qubiS | ‘pubic hair’ |
||
| *qubaN | ‘gray hair’ |
||
| *quay | ‘rattan, *Calamus* sp.’ |
||
| *quaŋ | ‘howl’ |
||
| *quaŋ | ‘empty, vacant’ |
||
| *qu | ‘grammatical particle’ |
||
| *qiut | ‘copulate, have sexual intercourse’ |
||
| *qiuŋ | ‘natural sound’ |
||
| *qitik | 1. ‘small, little’ 2. ‘few’ |
||
| *qiSu | ‘shark’ |
||
| *qiSqiS | ‘to rub hard on a surface’ |
||
| *qiRik | ‘thresh with the feet, as rice’ |
||
| *qipit | 1. ‘pincer of crustaceans’ 2. ‘tongs’ 3. ‘press together, pinch, squeeze’ |
||
| *qipiŋ | ‘incline one's head to the side’ |
||
| *qiNuaŋ | ‘large ruminant species’ |
||
| *qinep | ‘lie down to sleep’ |
||
| *qiNeb | ‘door’ |
||
| *qiNaS | ‘moon, month’ |
||
| *qiluS | ‘wipe after defecating’ |
||
| *qijap | 1. ‘resent, blame’ 2. ‘resentment, jealousy’ |
||
| *qidus | ‘spoon, ladle’ |
||
| *qiduS | ‘spoon, ladle’ |
||
| *qiCqiC | ‘nibble off, gnaw off’ |
||
| *qiCeluR | ‘egg’ |
||
| *qiaw | ‘animal cry’ |
||
| *qia | ‘confirm (probably of affirmation or confirmation)’ |
||
| *qetut | ‘fart, flatulence’ |
||
| *qetaq | ‘eat something raw’ |
||
| *qesir | ‘hiss, sizzle’ |
||
| *qesep | ‘sip, suck’ |
||
| *qesak | 1. ‘ripe’ 2. ‘cooked’ 3. ‘ready to eat’ |
||
| *qepit | ‘squeeze, press between’ |
||
| *qenuR-an | ‘animal haunt, place frequented by animals’ |
||
| *qeNuR | ‘animal trail’ |
||
| *qeNeb | 1. ‘to close, to shut’ 2. ‘door’ |
||
| *qeNeb | ‘spread all over’ |
||
| *qenay | ‘sand’ |
||
| *qemu | ‘sticky rice cake’ |
||
| *qemqem | ‘hold in the closed mouth’ |
||
| *qemin | ‘all’ |
||
| *qelud | ‘housepost, pillar’ |
||
| *qelqel | ‘chew, gnaw on’ |
||
| *qeleC | ‘interval, intervening space’ |
||
| *qekuŋ | ‘owl’ |
||
| *qedet | ‘press down on’ |
||
| *qeCuR | ‘sexual arousal, sexual excitement’ |
||
| *qeCqeC | ‘tight, constricted’ |
||
| *qeCeŋeN | ‘black’ |
||
| *qeCeŋ | ‘obstruction, barrier’ |
||
| *qeCah | ‘rice husk, rice bran’ |
||
| *qebel | ‘smoke’ |
||
| *qazi | 1. ‘no, not’ 2. ‘negator of verbs and adjectives (cf *, *, *)’ |
||
| *qayam | ‘bird’ |
||
| *qawqaw | ‘to bark, of a dog’ |
||
| *qauR | ‘bamboo sp.’ |
||
| *qauŋ | ‘to howl, of a dog’ |
||
| *qatip-an | ‘part of the loom’ |
||
| *qatip | ‘part of the loom’ |
||
| *qatimela | ‘flea’ |
||
| *qataq | ‘eat something raw’ |
||
| *qasiRa-en | ‘salt’ |
||
| *qasiRa | ‘salt’ |
||
| *qasiN | ‘saltiness, salty taste’ |
||
| *qasepa | ‘astringent’ |
||
| *qaSelu | ‘pestle’ |
||
| *qaseb | ‘smoke’ |
||
| *qasawa | ‘spouse: husband, wife’ |
||
| *qaRsem | ‘sourness, acidity’ |
||
| *qaRiw | ‘dry’ |
||
| *qaRidaŋ | ‘bean, pea (generic)’ |
||
| *qaReNu | ‘plant, *Phragmites* spp.’ |
||
| *qaRem | ‘pangolin, scaly anteater’ |
||
| *qaRaw | ‘snatch, take away by force, rob’ |
||
| *qaqay | ‘foot, leg’ |
||
| *qapuR | ‘lime, calcium’ |
||
| *qapucuk | ‘peak of a mountain’ |
||
| *qapid | ‘braid, twine’ |
||
| *qapiC | ‘tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching’ |
||
| *qapejux | ‘gall, gall bladder, bile’ |
||
| *qanus | ‘plant: *Begonia aptera* (Hay)’ |
||
| *qaNup-en | ‘hunt’ |
||
| *qaNup-an | ‘hunt’ |
||
| *qanup | ‘to hunt wild game’ |
||
| *qaNuNaŋ | ‘tree: *Cordia dichotoma*’ |
||
| *qañud | ‘drift on a current, carried away by flowing water’ |
||
| *qaNuaŋ | ‘large ruminant species: carabao, water buffalo (?)’ |
||
| *qaniS | 1. ‘harvest’ 2. ‘to harvest’ |
||
| *qaNiŋu | ‘' shadow, reflection’ |
||
| *qaNi-meCaq | ‘paddy leech’ |
||
| *qaNi-matek | ‘jungle leech, *Haemadipsa* spp.’ |
||
| *qaNiCu | 1. ‘ghost, spirit of the dead’ 2. ‘owl’ |
||
| *qaNiC | ‘animal skin, hide, leather’ |
||
| *qanibuŋ | ‘fruit-bearing bush or tree’ |
||
| *qani | ‘proximal deictic: this’ |
||
| *qaNi- | ‘variant of the *qali/kali- prefix’ |
||
| *qaNi | ‘weaving spindle’ |
||
| *qa-ni | 1. ‘this’ 2. ‘here’ |
||
| *qaŋqaŋ | ‘barking of a dog’ |
||
| *qaŋeSit | ‘stench, musky odor of an animal’ |
||
| *qaŋeseR | ‘stench of urine’ |
||
| *qaŋeRu | ‘stench of spoiled or souring organic matter’ |
||
| *qaŋeRiS | ‘stench of spoiling fish’ |
||
| *qaŋeliC | ‘stench of burning substances’ |
||
| *qaNeb-an | ‘door panel’ |
||
| *qaNeb | ‘door’ |
||
| *qaNeb | ‘close a door’ |
||
| *qaNa | 1. ‘stranger’ 2. ‘enemy’ |
||
| *qamiS-an | 1. ‘north’ 2. ‘winter’ |
||
| *qamiS | ‘north wind’ |
||
| *qalu-Sipan | ‘centipede’ |
||
| *qaluR | ‘current, deep channel in the middle of a river’ |
||
| *qalupaR | ‘persimmon’ |
||
| *qali-puspus | ‘whirlwind’ |
||
| *qali-puju-an | ‘hair whorl’ |
||
| *qali-puju | ‘hair whorl’ |
||
| *qalima | ‘hand’ |
||
| *qa-lima | ‘hand’ |
||
| *qali- | ‘prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. <pwd>*kali-</pwd>)’ |
||
| *qalep | ‘beckon, wave’ |
||
| *qaleb | ‘knee’ |
||
| *qalad | ‘fence, wall’ |
||
| *qajiS | ‘boundary’ |
||
| *qajaw | ‘day’ |
||
| *qadiS | ‘hawk sp. ( harrier?)’ |
||
| *qaCipa | ‘soft-shelled turtle’ |
||
| *qaCi- | ‘prefix variant of the *qali/kali- set’ |
||
| *qaCi | ‘ebb, of water in streams’ |
||
| *qaCeb | ‘deadfall trap to catch small mammals’ |
||
| *qaCay | ‘liver’ |
||
| *qabu-an | ‘ash’ |
||
| *qabu | ‘ash, cinder, powder’ |
||
| *qabaS | ‘notch cut in a tree’ |
||
| *qabaRa-an | ‘shoulder (?)’ |
||
| *qabaRa | ‘shoulder’ |
||
| *qabaŋ | ‘boat, canoe’ |
||
| *qa | ‘locative particle’ |
||
| *qa | ‘interrogative particle’ |
||
| *q<um>uzaN | 1. ‘to rain’ 2. ‘it is raining’ |
||
| *(q)<um>uNah | 1. ‘to do or go first’ 2. ‘to lead’ |
||
| *q<um>etut | ‘to fart, break wind’ |
||
| *q<um>esep | ‘suck’ |
||
| *q<um>aNup | ‘to hunt, go hunting’ |
||
| *q<um>aNiC | ‘to skin an animal’ |
||
| *q<um>aŋqaŋ | ‘to bark, of a dog’ |
||
| *q<um>ajaw | ‘to shine, of the sun’ |
||
| *q<in>umah | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
| *putun | ‘to break off, cut off, as a limb’ |
||
| *putput | ‘to pluck, pull out’ |
||
| *puteq | ‘gummy secretion’ |
||
| *puSaN | ‘twice’ |
||
| *puRuq | ‘bird, the quail’ |
||
| *punuq | ‘brain, marrow’ |
||
| *punti | ‘banana’ |
||
| *puNi | ‘whiteness’ |
||
| *puŋuN | ‘bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.)’ |
||
| *pu-ŋajan | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
| *punay | ‘greenish fruit dove’ |
||
| *puna-punay | ‘greenish fruit dove’ |
||
| *puluq | ‘group of ten’ |
||
| *puluŋ | ‘collection, gathering, assembly’ |
||
| *puluC | ‘plant: *Urena lobata*’ |
||
| *pulu | ‘handle’ |
||
| *pukpuk | ‘to hammer, pound, beat’ |
||
| *puki | ‘vulva, vagina’ |
||
| *pukaw | ‘night-’ |
||
| *pujek | ‘navel, umbilical cord’ |
||
| *puja | ‘navel, umbilical cord’ |
||
| *puduN | 1. ‘ball of thread’ 2. ‘spool’ |
||
| *pudu | ‘fruit of the betel pepper’ |
||
| *pu-daNum | ‘to water, irrigate’ |
||
| *pu-Caqi | ‘to defecate’ |
||
| *puCaq | ‘foam, froth, lather’ |
||
| *pu- | ‘causative of motion’ |
||
| *piuk | ‘dent, dimple’ |
||
| *pitu pitu | ‘seven by seven, seven at a time’ |
||
| *pitu | ‘seven’ |
||
| *pitpit-en | ‘pinch’ |
||
| *pitpit | ‘to beat, whip’ |
||
| *pitpit | 1. ‘pinch, squeeze, press between two surfaces’ 2. ‘pluck, pick off’ |
||
| *pispis | ‘hair on the temples’ |
||
| *piSpiS | ‘cheeks, temples’ |
||
| *pisel | 1. ‘pinch, squeeze’ 2. ‘knead’ |
||
| *piRaS-an | ‘laden with roe, of a fish or crustacean’ |
||
| *piRaS | ‘roe, eggs of fish or crustacean’ |
||
| *pi-pitu | ‘seven each’ |
||
| *pipi | ‘female genitalia (child’s word?)’ |
||
| *piŋi | ‘cheek’ |
||
| *pin-duSa | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
| *piNay | ‘lame, crippled’ |
||
| *piluk | 1. ‘crippled’ 2. ‘bent or twisted, of the leg or foot’ |
||
| *piliq-i | ‘choose it!’ |
||
| *piliq | 1. ‘to choose, to select’ 2. ‘to pick out’ |
||
| *pikuq | 1. ‘to bend, curve’ 2. ‘bent, curved’ |
||
| *piku | ‘bend, curve’ |
||
| *pikpik | ‘sound of patting or tapping’ |
||
| *pijpij | ‘close together’ |
||
| *pijax | 1. ‘interrogative of quantity: how much?, how many?’ 2. ‘adjective of indefinite quantity: some, several, a few’ |
||
| *pija pija | ‘some, several’ |
||
| *piak | 1. ‘baby chick’ 2. ‘peeping of chick’ |
||
| *piad | ‘dish, plate’ |
||
| *pi- | ‘causative of location’ |
||
| *pespes-i | ‘massage (imperative)’ |
||
| *pespes | ‘squeeze, massage’ |
||
| *peSiq | 1. ‘squeeze out juice’ 2. ‘squirt out’ |
||
| *perus | ‘slip or slide off’ |
||
| *peRes | ‘squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing’ |
||
| *peReq | ‘squeeze out juice, wring out water’ |
||
| *peNuq | ‘full, of a container’ |
||
| *peñu | ‘sea turtle’ |
||
| *pelus | ‘slip off’ |
||
| *pekpek | ‘beat, hit’ |
||
| *pedped | ‘press together, pack solid’ |
||
| *pedel | ‘to wring out, as water from wet clothes’ |
||
| *pedek | ‘wink, blink’ |
||
| *peCik | ‘snap, as the fingers or a slingshot’ |
||
| *peceq | ‘break into several large pieces’ |
||
| *pa-utaq | ‘cause to vomit’ |
||
| *pa-uSa | ‘to send away’ |
||
| *pa-tuzuq | ‘to point out, give directions (?)’ |
||
| *pa-tumaNa | ‘to make someone listen’ |
||
| *pataS-an | ‘tattoo’ |
||
| *pataS | ‘tattoo’ |
||
| *pat-a | ‘four (in counting certain referents)’ |
||
| *pa-susu-en | ‘to nurse, give a child the breast (to be sucked)’ |
||
| *pa-susu | ‘give the breast to, nurse a child’ |
||
| *pasuk | ‘enter’ |
||
| *pasu | ‘cheek bone’ |
||
| *paspas | ‘beat out, thresh’ |
||
| *pa-Sezam | ‘lend’ |
||
| *pasek | 1. ‘wooden nail, dowel’ 2. ‘drive in, as a wooden nail, dowel, or fencepost’ |
||
| *pa-SateD | ‘send (?)’ |
||
| *pasaqaN | 1. ‘shoulder pole’ 2. ‘carry with a shoulder pole’ |
||
| *paR-walu-en | ‘do eight times’ |
||
| *paR-Sepat-en | ‘do four times’ |
||
| *pariuk | ‘earthenware cooking pot’ |
||
| *paR-isa-an | ‘to unite, combine in one’ |
||
| *paRiS | ‘sting’ |
||
| *paR-enem-en | ‘do six times’ |
||
| *paRaw | ‘hoarse’ |
||
| *paRa | 1. ‘storage shelf’ 2. ‘attic, loft’ |
||
| *paR- | ‘divide into x (x = numeral)’ |
||
| *pa-quzaN | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
| *pa-qumah-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
| *pa-qudip | ‘care for, raise (an animal)’ |
||
| *paqpaq | ‘chew’ |
||
| *paqiC | 1. ‘hotness of taste, spiciness’ 2. ‘bitterness’ |
||
| *pa-qetut | ‘to fart, break wind’ |
||
| *paqeju | ‘gall, gall bladder’ |
||
| *paqa | ‘thigh’ |
||
| *pa-pitu | ‘seven (of humans)’ |
||
| *pa-pija | ‘how many? (of people)’ |
||
| *pa-pespes | ‘to massage’ |
||
| *pa-p-aCay | ‘kill’ |
||
| *pa(n)tuk | ‘to knock, strike against’ |
||
| *paNiŋ | ‘door’ |
||
| *paNij | ‘wing’ |
||
| *paNid | ‘wing’ |
||
| *paŋudaN | ‘pandanus’ |
||
| *paŋaq | ‘fork’ |
||
| *paŋa | 1. ‘fork of a branch’ 2. ‘any forked structure’ 3. ‘bifurcation’ |
||
| *paNaw | ‘go, walk away, depart’ |
||
| *panaq | 1. ‘throw something at a target’ 2. ‘shoot with bow and arrow’ |
||
| *palu-palu | ‘pound, mallet, instrument for pounding or hammering’ |
||
| *palu | ‘to hammer, pound, hit’ |
||
| *pa-litlit | ‘to make something wind around something else’ |
||
| *paliSi-en | ‘taboo’ |
||
| *paliSi-an | ‘taboo’ |
||
| *paliSi | 1. ‘taboo, ritual purify’ 2. ‘purifying rite’ |
||
| *paliq | ‘internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas’ |
||
| *pa-likud | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
| *pa-likaw | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
| *paleCuk | ‘shoot, sound of shooting’ |
||
| *pakpak | 1. ‘to clap, flap the wings’ 2. ‘sound of clapping or flapping’ |
||
| *pa-kita | ‘to show’ |
||
| *pa-ka-keseR | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
||
| *pa-kaen-en | ‘to feed, be fed’ |
||
| *pa-kaen | ‘to feed’ |
||
| *paka-duSa | ‘twice, do something twice’ |
||
| *pa-kaCu | ‘to send’ |
||
| *pa-ka- | ‘causative of stative verbs’ |
||
| *pajiS | ‘enemy’ |
||
| *pajay | 1. ‘rice in the field’ 2. ‘rice plant’ |
||
| *paid | ‘fan’ |
||
| *pahpah | ‘flower (?)’ |
||
| *pa-hinzam | ‘lend’ |
||
| *paheku | ‘bracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum’ |
||
| *paen | ‘bait’ |
||
| *padeŋ | ‘to extinguish, douse a fire’ |
||
| *pa-dekeC | ‘to stick or paste on’ |
||
| *pa-daNum | ‘to irrigate’ |
||
| *pacek | 1. ‘wooden nail, dowel’ 2. ‘drive in, as a wooden nail or dowel’ |
||
| *p-aCay-en | ‘kill’ |
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| *pa-Caŋis | 1. ‘to make someone cry’ 2. ‘to let someone cry’ |
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| *paCak | ‘spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal’ |
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| *pa-beRay | ‘to give’ |
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| *pa-bajaq | ‘know’ |
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| *pa-añud | ‘set a drift’ |
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| *pa-aluja | ‘to paddle’ |
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| *pa-aCay | ‘kill’ |
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| *pa- | ‘causative prefix’ |
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| *pa | ‘still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)’ |
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| *p<um>iliq | ‘to choose, select, pick out’ |
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| *p<um>espes | ‘to massage’ |
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| *p<um>ekpek | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *p<um>ataS | ‘to tattoo, make designs’ |
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| *p<um>anaq | ‘shoot with a bow’ |
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| *p<in>espes | ‘massage’ |
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| *p<in>anaq | ‘shoot with a bow’ |
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| *p<in>a-kaen | ‘was fed by someone’ |
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| *Nutud | ‘join two things to give added length (rope, bamboo, etc.)’ |
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| *Nusuŋ | ‘rice mortar’ |
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| *NuqeS | ‘bone marrow’ |
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| *nunuh | ‘female breast’ |
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| *numa | ‘how?’ |
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| *nuka | ‘to make hemp yarn’ |
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| *Nuka | ‘wound’ |
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| *nu- | ‘future marker with words for days’ |
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| *nu | ‘if, when (in future)’ |
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| *nu | ‘genitive case marker for common nouns (cf. *na, *ni)’ |
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| *-nu | ‘marker of uncertainty’ |
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| *-nu | ‘2sg possessor and non-subject agent’ |
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| *Niwaŋ | ‘thinness, slenderness’ |
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| *Niteq | ‘sap of a tree or plant’ |
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| *Nitaq | ‘type of soil, clay’ |
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| *n-ita | 1. ‘1st pers. incl. genitive’ 2. ‘our’ |
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| *NiSawa | 1. ‘breath’ 2. ‘to breathe’ |
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| *Nipis | ‘thinness (of materials)’ |
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| *nipen | ‘tooth’ |
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| *nimas | ‘bailer in a canoe’ |
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| *ni-ima | ‘whose?’ |
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| *ni-ia | ‘he. genitive, his, it’ |
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| *Nihib | ‘rock shelter, cave under a rock’ |
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| *Nibu | ‘lair, den of an animal’ |
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| *ni-a | ‘3sg. agent/possessor’ |
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| *ni | 1. ‘genitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns’ 2. ‘marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb’ |
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| *-ni | 1. ‘proximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here’ 2. ‘now’ |
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| *ŋuSuR | ‘nasal mucus’ |
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| *ŋusuq | 1. ‘nasal area’ 2. ‘snout’ |
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| *ŋuSuN | ‘nosebleed’ |
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| *ŋusŋus | ‘to snore, growl, grunt’ |
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| *ŋitŋit | ‘gnaw’ |
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| *ŋiSŋiS | ‘beard’ |
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| *ŋipen | ‘tooth’ |
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| *ŋilu | ‘painful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour’ |
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| *ŋidaw | ‘toothless’ |
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| *ŋiCŋiC | ‘show annoyance or irritation’ |
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| *ŋetŋet | ‘gnaw, nibble’ |
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| *ŋesŋes | ‘to pant, be out of breath’ |
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| *ŋerŋer | ‘growl’ |
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| *ŋeCŋeC | ‘gnash the teeth’ |
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| *ŋayaw | ‘headhunting’ |
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| *ŋawŋaw | 1. ‘sound produced by an animal’ 2. ‘unintelligible muttering of a person’ |
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| *ŋaŋa | ‘open the mouth’ |
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| *ŋalŋal | ‘to chew, masticate’ |
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| *ŋajay | ‘saliva, drivel’ |
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| *ŋajan | ‘name’ |
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| *ŋabŋab | ‘bite off the surface of something’ |
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| *NeŋNeŋ | ‘stare, look fixedly’ |
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| *Neŋ | ‘look, see’ |
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| *nemnem | ‘think’ |
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| *nema | ‘what thing?’ |
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| *Nayad | ‘plant: *Sambucus formosana*’ |
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| *nay | ‘deictic particle: this’ |
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| *ñawñaw | ‘rinse, wash’ |
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| *NataD | ‘outside’ |
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| *nasuk | ‘cook by boiling’ |
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| *Nasu | ‘cook by boiling’ |
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| *naRa | ‘to wait’ |
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| *Naqeji | ‘boundary between adjacent rice fields’ |
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| *na-nu | ‘what(?)’ |
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| *Naŋuy | ‘to swim’ |
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| *naNaq | ‘pus’ |
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| *ñamuR | ‘dew’ |
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| *n-amu | ‘2pl. genitive, your, by you’ |
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| *ñamñam | ‘tasty, delicious (?)’ |
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| *n-ami | ‘1pl. excl. genitive, our’ |
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| *Namat | ‘iron ( metal)’ |
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| *Nali | ‘cicada’ |
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| *najam | 1. ‘accustomed to, familiar with’ 2. ‘tame’ |
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| *NaCeŋ | ‘vegetables’ |
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| *Nabek | ‘breakers, surf, waves’ |
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| *na | ‘linker marking emphatic attribution’ |
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| *na | ‘genitive of plural personal names’ |
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| *Na | ‘conjunction: and’ |
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| *Na | ‘already’ |
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| *-na | 1. ‘distal spatio-temporal deixis: that, there’ 2. ‘then’ |
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| *N<um>aŋuy | ‘to swim’ |
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| *muRmuR | ‘gargle, rinse the mouth’ |
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| *mumu | ‘Formosan blind mole: *Talpa micrura insularis* (Swinhoe)’ |
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| *mulmul | ‘hold in the mouth and suck’ |
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| *mula | ‘to plant’ |
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| *mujiŋ-an | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *mujiŋ | ‘face (human)’ |
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| *mudaq | 1. ‘young (of fruits)’ 2. ‘immature’ |
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| *mu- | ‘movement prefix’ |
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| *mi-da-duSa | ‘do something with someone else, perform an action together’ |
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| *mi- | ‘prefix marking possession of some object’ |
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| *metmet | ‘to hold tightly’ |
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| *mesmes | ‘grasp, grip, squeeze’ |
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| *-medaw | ‘dizzy, giddy’ |
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| *-meCaq | ‘paddy leech’ |
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| *ma-ulaw | ‘dazed, confused’ |
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| *ma-tuqaS tuqaS | ‘old, elder, senior’ |
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| *ma-tuqaS | ‘old, of people’ |
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| *ma-tunuh | ‘roast’ |
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| *ma-tuduR | ‘to sleep’ |
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| *ma-telu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *-matek | ‘jungle leech, *Haemadipsa* spp.’ |
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| *ma-taŋa | ‘will open?’ |
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| *ma-talaw | ‘fear’ |
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| *ma-takut | ‘fear’ |
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| *mata nu qalejaw | ‘sun (‘ eye of the day’)’ |
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| *ma-Sulem | ‘dim, dark’ |
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| *ma-Suaw | ‘to yawn’ |
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| *ma-Suab | ‘to yawn, yawning’ |
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| *ma-Sikad | 1. ‘ashamed’ 2. ‘shy’ 3. ‘modest’ |
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| *ma-Seyaq | ‘shame’ |
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| *ma-SeReC | ‘tight, firm’ |
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| *ma-Sepat | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *ma-SateD | ‘escort, accompany’ |
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| *ma-Sasak | 1. ‘ripe’ 2. ‘cooked’ |
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| *maS | ‘and’ |
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| *maR-qani | 1. ‘harvest’ 2. ‘to harvest’ |
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| *maR-luSeq | ‘to shed tears, weep’ |
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| *maR-ina | ‘mother and child’ |
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| *maRe-anak | ‘parent and child’ |
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| *maR-buaq | ‘bear fruit’ |
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| *maR-amax | ‘father and child’ |
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| *ma-quzaN | ‘rain’ |
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| *ma-quSaw | ‘thirst’ |
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| *ma-qudem | ‘dark, cloudy’ |
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| *ma-qetaq | ‘raw, unripe, green (fruit), uncooked’ |
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| *maqaw | ‘plant: *Litsea cubeba* (Lour.)’ |
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| *ma-qataq | ‘raw, unripe’ |
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| *ma-qajaw | ‘sunny, hot’ |
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| *ma-qaCi | 1. ‘ebb, of water in streams’ 2. ‘low tide’ |
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| *ma-puSaN | ‘twenty’ |
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| *ma-puNi | ‘white’ |
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| *ma-pukaw | ‘dim, of vision’ |
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| *ma-pizpiz | ‘close’ |
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| *ma-piNay | ‘lame, crippled’ |
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| *ma-piliq | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *ma-paqiC | ‘bitter’ |
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| *ma-Nuka | ‘wound’ |
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| *manuk | ‘chicken’ |
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| *manu | ‘interrogative marker: which?’ |
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| *ma-Niwaŋ | ‘thin, of persons and animals’ |
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| *ma-Nipis | ‘thin (of materials)’ |
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| *ma-ŋilu | ‘painful, as of teeth on edge from eating something very sour’ |
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| *maNaŋ | ‘sharp’ |
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| *ma-najam | 1. ‘accustomed to, familiar with’ 2. ‘tame’ |
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| *mamah | ‘father’s brother’ |
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| *ma-litlit | ‘or become wound around something’ |
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| *maliqi | ‘pregnant’ |
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| *ma-lima-N | ‘fifty’ |
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| *ma-lebleb | ‘foggy, misty, overcast, gloomy, of weather preceding rain’ |
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| *ma-laRiw | ‘run, run away, flee’ |
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| *ma-laŋu | ‘dizzy, drunk’ |
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| *ma-kuliC | ‘skinny, thin, underweight’ |
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| *ma-kuja | ‘what are you doing? what’s happening?’ |
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| *ma-kuCu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *ma-kiRim | ‘found?’ |
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| *ma-keseR | ‘vigor’ |
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| *maka-walu | ‘eight times (frequentative, multiplicative)’ |
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| *maka-Sepat | ‘four times’ |
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| *ma-kaRaC | ‘bitten’ |
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| *maka-pitu | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *maka-pija | ‘(for) how many days?’ |
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| *maka-lima | ‘five times’ |
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| *maka-enem | ‘six times (frequentative multiplicative)’ |
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| *ma-kaen | ‘will eat (?)’ |
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| *ma-hemis | ‘sweet’ |
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| *ma-demdem | ‘gloom’ |
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| *ma-daRaq | ‘blood’ |
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| *ma-dalis | ‘smooth, slippery’ |
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| *ma-dalem | ‘deep’ |
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| *ma-dajem | ‘chills, as of malaria’ |
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| *ma-dajam | ‘accustomed to, tame’ |
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| *ma-CuNuh | ‘roast’ |
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| *ma-Cawa | ‘to laugh’ |
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| *ma-Caqu | ‘know’ |
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| *ma-Caŋis | ‘cry’ |
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| *ma-Cakaw | ‘to steal’ |
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| *maCa | ‘eye, focal point, center or most prominent part’ |
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| *ma-buSuk | ‘drunk, intoxicated’ |
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| *ma-buRaw | ‘drive’ |
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| *ma-bunuR | 1. ‘to swell’ 2. ‘swollen’ |
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| *ma-buCa | ‘blind’ |
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| *ma-besuR | ‘satiated, full from eating’ |
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| *ma-belaq | ‘split, in two’ |
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| *ma-baSaw | ‘cooled off, as cooked food that has been left to sit too long’ |
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| *ma-bañaw | ‘wash the body’ |
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| *ma-bali | ‘wind’ |
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| *ma-bajaq | ‘know, understand’ |
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| *ma-b<in>ahi | ‘female, woman’ |
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| *ma-anak | ‘(gloss uncertain)’ |
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| *ma-alap | ‘take’ |
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| *ma-ala | ‘take’ |