OUTOFPAPUA database: Lexicons of the West Papuan language area

‘earlier, in advance’ (eng)

‘to tread, trample on’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘millet sp.: *Setaria italica* (?)’ (eng)

‘needle’ (eng)

‘needle’ (eng)

‘rice straw’ (eng)

‘grab, grasp, seize’ (eng)

‘small path or trail’ (eng)

‘passage way, place where one has walked’ (eng)

1. ‘path, made by a human as opposed to an animal’ (eng)

2. ‘way or means to do something’ (eng)

‘nominative case marker for singular common nouns’ (eng)

‘wag, swing from side to side’ (eng)

‘left side or direction’ (eng)

‘wag, shake, move repeatedly from side to side’ (eng)

‘return, come back’ (eng)

‘eight (of humans)’ (eng)

‘wave, flutter (as a flag)’ (eng)

‘leaf’ (eng)

‘rainbow’ (eng)

1. ‘day’ (eng)

2. ‘sun’ (eng)

3. ‘dry in the sun’ (eng)

‘to separate, as two people’ (eng)

1. ‘barb, point’ (eng)

2. ‘canine tooth?’ (eng)

‘foot, leg’ (eng)

‘honeybee’ (eng)

‘wild boar’ (eng)

‘tusk of wild boar’ (eng)

‘right ( side, hand, direction)’ (eng)

‘right ( side, hand, direction)’ (eng)

‘eight’ (eng)

‘thread’ (eng)

1. ‘bird sp.’ (eng)

2. ‘to caw, crow’ (eng)

‘collarbone, clavicle’ (eng)

‘small pond(?)’ (eng)

‘deep pool or pond’ (eng)

‘vomit’ (eng)

‘vomit (imperative)’ (eng)

‘vomit’ (eng)

‘taro variety’ (eng)

‘nine (of things?)’ (eng)

‘go’ (eng)

‘horn of an animal’ (eng)

‘bullfrog’ (eng)

‘beads, necklace’ (eng)

‘ritually sacrificed monkey?’ (eng)

‘sliver, splinter, foreign body embedded in the flesh’ (eng)

‘to vomit’ (eng)

‘to go, to walk’ (eng)

‘hold in the mouth’ (eng)

‘to drink’ (eng)

‘to pickle, preserve meat or fish’ (eng)

‘to come’ (eng)

‘to leave, depart (?)’ (eng)

‘again’ (eng)

‘fetch, get, take’ (eng)

‘to fetch, get, take’ (eng)

‘to come’ (eng)

‘bring’ (eng)

‘confusion, perplexity’ (eng)

‘repeat, do again’ (eng)

‘negative existential: there is none’ (eng)

‘nose’ (eng)

‘grass’ (eng)

‘pluck, pull out’ (eng)

‘exclamation of surprise, etc.’ (eng)

‘point’ (eng)

1. ‘to point at, point out’ (eng)

2. ‘give directions’ (eng)

‘sparrow or similar bird’ (eng)

‘cooing of a dove’ (eng)

‘beat, pound, bump, thump’ (eng)

‘pierce, skewer or string together’ (eng)

‘chicken’ (eng)

‘resonant sound’ (eng)

‘scratch a line, make a long shallow cut’ (eng)

‘evergreen tree, probably *Acacia confusa*’ (eng)

‘to hammer, pound, crush’ (eng)

1. ‘tree stump’ (eng)

2. ‘stubble’ (eng)

‘old’ (eng)

1. ‘old, of people’ (eng)

2. ‘primary forest, old forest’ (eng)

‘to roast’ (eng)

‘freshwater eel’ (eng)

‘to hear, listen’ (eng)

‘bamboo nose flute’ (eng)

‘to sprout, begin to grow’ (eng)

‘prop, support’ (eng)

‘prop, post’ (eng)

‘top, summit, crown’ (eng)

1. ‘to knock, pound, beat’ (eng)

2. ‘crush’ (eng)

1. ‘beak of a bird’ (eng)

2. ‘to peck’ (eng)

‘prop, support’ (eng)

1. ‘sloping upward’ (eng)

2. ‘to climb a mountain’ (eng)

‘bird sp.’ (eng)

‘knee’ (eng)

‘to sleep’ (eng)

‘to drip’ (eng)

‘to drip’ (eng)

1. ‘to leak, drip, as a leaky roof’ (eng)

2. ‘drop of water’ (eng)

‘to point out’ (eng)

‘plant with roots that are pounded and put in rivers to stun fish: *Derris elliptica*’ (eng)

1. ‘puppy’ (eng)

2. ‘young animal in general?’ (eng)

‘to beat on something loudly’ (eng)

‘shiver, tremble’ (eng)

‘spittle’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘to weave cloth’ (eng)

‘salt’ (eng)

‘rinse the mouth’ (eng)

‘south or east wind’ (eng)

‘salt’ (eng)

‘chin, jaw’ (eng)

‘to hear, listen’ (eng)

‘bird: the Formosan bamboo partridge’ (eng)

‘to tattoo’ (eng)

‘to tap, strike lightly on a hard surface’ (eng)

‘bend’ (eng)

‘sound of tapping or flicking (of finger, small implement, etc.) against something’ (eng)

‘pound, throb’ (eng)

‘abdomen, belly’ (eng)

1. ‘1p deixis and spatial reference: this’ (eng)

2. ‘here’ (eng)

‘shiver, tremble’ (eng)

‘to tremble, shiver’ (eng)

‘tree: *Zelkova Formosana*’ (eng)

‘hit, sound of hitting, clapping, thumping’ (eng)

‘pat, light slap’ (eng)

‘to measure quantities, as amounts of grain’ (eng)

‘woven by someone’ (eng)

‘loom’ (eng)

‘to weave ( cloth)’ (eng)

‘drone, droning tone’ (eng)

‘grimace at pain’ (eng)

‘sea, ocean’ (eng)

‘submerge’ (eng)

‘to immerse, put under water’ (eng)

‘three’ (eng)

‘to rap, knock, make a booming sound’ (eng)

1. ‘chopped into pieces, be minced, as meat or vegetables’ (eng)

2. ‘what is chopped up or minced’ (eng)

‘gecko, house lizard (onom.)’ (eng)

‘chopping to pieces, cutting up, as meat or vegetables’ (eng)

1. ‘high-pitched sound’ (eng)

2. ‘chirp of a gecko’ (eng)

1. ‘cover’ (eng)

2. ‘to cover with a flat surface’ (eng)

‘to boom, sound">resound’ (eng)

‘leftover, remainder’ (eng)

‘sugarcane: *Saccharum officinarum*’ (eng)

‘to cut’ (eng)

‘pierce, stab’ (eng)

‘to cut, clear vegetation’ (eng)

‘loom’ (eng)

‘three (of humans)’ (eng)

‘hoe’ (eng)

‘collateral consanguine of the first ascending generation’ (eng)

‘sever, cut through, rip out stitches’ (eng)

1. ‘field hut’ (eng)

2. ‘temporary shelter used when working for extended periods in fields far from the village’ (eng)

‘wrap around, encircle’ (eng)

‘Adze it!, Hew it!’ (eng)

‘hewing with an adze’ (eng)

‘to wait’ (eng)

‘prefix marking spontaneous or involuntary action’ (eng)

1. ‘snare trap’ (eng)

2. ‘set a snare trap’ (eng)

‘end, complete, finish’ (eng)

‘gather, assemble’ (eng)

‘loincloth (?)’ (eng)

‘to winnow’ (eng)

‘winnow’ (eng)

‘mulberry tree and fruit: *Morus formosensis* (Hotta)’ (eng)

‘to open’ (eng)

‘area that is planted(?)’ (eng)

‘cook’ (eng)

‘to cook anything but rice’ (eng)

‘bamboo sp.’ (eng)

1. ‘village’ (eng)

2. ‘place of residence’ (eng)

‘plant: *Aralia decaisneana* (Hance)’ (eng)

‘try, taste’ (eng)

‘red’ (eng)

‘hat, head covering’ (eng)

‘smack the lips’ (eng)

1. ‘appropriate, suitable, right’ (eng)

2. ‘fit together’ (eng)

3. ‘hit the mark’ (eng)

‘turn, go around’ (eng)

1. ‘fear, fearful’ (eng)

2. ‘coward’ (eng)

‘fear’ (eng)

1. ‘dipper, scoop’ (eng)

2. ‘to scoop, ladle up’ (eng)

1. ‘to fall, of many things at once’ (eng)

2. ‘to dislodge the contents of a container by knocking it against something’ (eng)

‘clatter, clack’ (eng)

‘sword’ (eng)

1. ‘to wrap around’ (eng)

2. ‘embrace, hug’ (eng)

‘to lay something on top of another’ (eng)

‘female, of animals’ (eng)

‘mother (ref.)’ (eng)

‘ribcage’ (eng)

‘kind of large knife’ (eng)

‘casting net for fishing’ (eng)

1. ‘slurp up food or water’ (eng)

2. ‘eat like a pig or dog’ (eng)

3. ‘gulp down’ (eng)

‘plough’ (eng)

‘head trophy, trophy taken in headhunting (?)’ (eng)

‘father (ref.)’ (eng)

‘1pl. incl. nominative and hortative pronoun’ (eng)

‘1pl. incl. genitive suffix’ (eng)

‘to chop, hack, cut off’ (eng)

‘to point at, point out, lecture or instruct, give advice’ (eng)

‘to hear, listen’ (eng)

‘to climb, as a mountain or steps’ (eng)

‘to stun fish with plant poison’ (eng)

‘to hear, listen’ (eng)

‘to tattoo someone’ (eng)

‘to weave’ (eng)

‘to pierce, to stab’ (eng)

‘sharp’ (eng)

‘to adze wood, hew wood with an adze’ (eng)

‘to wait’ (eng)

‘to plant’ (eng)

‘to cook anything but rice’ (eng)

‘drip’ (eng)

‘woven cloth’ (eng)

1. ‘was woven by someone’ (eng)

2. ‘what was woven’ (eng)

‘was chopped up’ (eng)

‘boiled foods other than rice?’ (eng)

‘2sg. agent/possessor’ (eng)

‘to yawn’ (eng)

‘drip or drain out’ (eng)

‘to stack up’ (eng)

1. ‘female breast’ (eng)

2. ‘udder’ (eng)

‘pull’ (eng)

‘pull, draw’ (eng)

‘to call on a person to do something’ (eng)

1. ‘draw string’ (eng)

2. ‘to thread a drawstring’ (eng)

‘snow’ (eng)

1. ‘to pass, of time’ (eng)

2. ‘to pass time idly’ (eng)

‘wash body parts, cooking or eating utensils (but not clothes)’ (eng)

‘carry on the head’ (eng)

‘drip or drain out’ (eng)

‘thorn’ (eng)

‘sip, suck’ (eng)

‘plant shoot’ (eng)

‘whet’ (eng)

‘withdraw, pull out, extract’ (eng)

‘chirp’ (eng)

‘do wrong, do in reverse’ (eng)

‘light, radiance’ (eng)

‘lower or let down, as on a rope’ (eng)

‘push’ (eng)

‘to masturbate’ (eng)

‘lie or sleep next to’ (eng)

‘to reverse, turn around’ (eng)

‘insert, plug’ (eng)

‘dim’ (eng)

‘snake’ (eng)

‘walking stick, cane, staff’ (eng)

1. ‘pierce, penetrate’ (eng)

2. ‘insert’ (eng)

1. ‘prop, support’ (eng)

2. ‘to prop up or support’ (eng)

‘bird: the sandpiper (?)’ (eng)

‘yawn’ (eng)

‘called or regarded as siblings (?)’ (eng)

‘younger sibling’ (eng)

‘yawn’ (eng)

‘nominative case marker for common nouns’ (eng)

‘take off, remove (+ noun)’ (eng)

1. ‘to cheep’ (eng)

2. ‘baby chick’ (eng)

‘slant’ (eng)

‘fissure, split in something’ (eng)

‘nine’ (eng)

‘omen bird: *Alcippe* spp.’ (eng)

‘to sip, as through a straw’ (eng)

‘sip, as soup or rice wine from a bowl’ (eng)

‘yesterday’ (eng)

‘to count’ (eng)

‘sip, suck’ (eng)

1. ‘tongs, pincers, claw of a crab or lobster’ (eng)

2. ‘to pinch or squeeze’ (eng)

‘supernumerary, as an extra finger or toe’ (eng)

‘dream’ (eng)

‘cockroach’ (eng)

‘opposite side (esp. of a river)’ (eng)

‘beads, necklace’ (eng)

‘sniff, sniffle (as with a runny nose)’ (eng)

‘wash’ (eng)

‘to wash’ (eng)

‘sun’ (eng)

‘plant: *Erechtites* spp.’ (eng)

‘verb prefix’ (eng)

‘2p pronoun: you’ (eng)

‘grease, oil, fat’ (eng)

‘split’ (eng)

‘wind from the sea (?)’ (eng)

‘elbow’ (eng)

‘tie, bind, attach to by tying’ (eng)

‘third’ (eng)

‘ninth’ (eng)

‘ten’ (eng)

‘seven’ (eng)

‘fish’ (eng)

‘mat’ (eng)

‘fifth (ordinal numeral)’ (eng)

‘eat’ (eng)

‘second’ (eng)

1. ‘ashamed’ (eng)

2. ‘shy’ (eng)

‘prefix for ordinal numbers’ (eng)

‘broom’ (eng)

‘who?’ (eng)

‘maggot’ (eng)

‘spoon, ladle’ (eng)

‘Formosan serow, mountain goat’ (eng)

‘urine’ (eng)

‘chick’ (eng)

1. ‘demonstrative pronoun and adverb: this, here’ (eng)

2. ‘that, there’ (eng)

‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she, it’ (eng)

‘father (ref.)’ (eng)

‘nominative case marker for singular personal names or kin terms used as personal names’ (eng)

‘verbal prefix marking instrumental or benefactive voice’ (eng)

‘to wear, put on clothes, etc.’ (eng)

‘origin’ (eng)

‘borrow, lend’ (eng)

‘blow’ (eng)

‘blow’ (eng)

1. ‘shyness, embarrassment’ (eng)

2. ‘shame’ (eng)

‘cut, sever, chop’ (eng)

‘flesh, meat’ (eng)

1. ‘to bind tightly’ (eng)

2. ‘belt’ (eng)

‘horn of an animal’ (eng)

‘suck’ (eng)

‘sip, suck’ (eng)

‘break off fruit or branches’ (eng)

‘dream’ (eng)

‘four’ (eng)

‘cork, stopper, plug’ (eng)

‘to sting or bite, of an insect’ (eng)

‘to breathe (?)’ (eng)

‘to breathe’ (eng)

‘to wash’ (eng)

‘smother’ (eng)

‘cooked rice’ (eng)

‘tongue’ (eng)

‘insert, cram in’ (eng)

1. ‘sink, immerse oneself in water, dive into the water’ (eng)

2. ‘to set, of the sun’ (eng)

‘dark, dim’ (eng)

‘hunched over, stoop-shouldered’ (eng)

1. ‘to stuff, cram in’ (eng)

2. ‘crowded’ (eng)

‘bend, bow’ (eng)

‘stop an activity, take a break, rest’ (eng)

‘to crow, to caw’ (eng)

‘enter, penetrate’ (eng)

‘hiccough’ (eng)

1. ‘douse a fire, extinguish a fire with water’ (eng)

2. ‘to hiss, as water on fire’’ (eng)

‘pluck, pull up (as weeds)’ (eng)

‘bladder’ (eng)

‘carry a child with a carrying cloth’ (eng)

‘termite’ (eng)

‘wash, rinse’ (eng)

‘betel nut: nut of *Areca catechu*’ (eng)

‘waist, back of the waist’ (eng)

‘question particle’ (eng)

‘in a little while, momentarily, later’ (eng)

‘escort, accompany (imperative)’ (eng)

1. ‘accompany, escort’ (eng)

2. ‘send, return’ (eng)

‘whetstone’ (eng)

‘four (of humans)’ (eng)

‘whetstone, grindstone’ (eng)

‘whet, sharpen’ (eng)

1. ‘ripe’ (eng)

2. ‘cooked’ (eng)

‘snore, groan, etc.’ (eng)

‘bamboo which has been split and flattened’ (eng)

1. ‘hook’ (eng)

2. ‘to hang up’ (eng)

‘fire’ (eng)

‘to pick up with something to avoid getting dirty or burned’ (eng)

‘feel, grope’ (eng)

‘ten’ (eng)

‘feel, grope’ (eng)

‘press together, press between two surfaces’ (eng)

‘flattened’ (eng)

‘grab with the hand, catch’ (eng)

‘smart’ (eng)

‘drape over the shoulder or from a line, as a cloth’ (eng)

‘field hut’ (eng)

‘unroll a mat, spread out a mat’ (eng)

‘stream, river’ (eng)

‘whetstone’ (eng)

‘lean or rest on’ (eng)

‘river otter’ (eng)

1. ‘to mix’ (eng)

2. ‘mixture’ (eng)

‘plant, sesame: *Sesamum indicum*’ (eng)

‘plant: *Solanum nigrum*’ (eng)

‘remnant, leftover’ (eng)

‘plant: *Lactuca indica* Linn., and *Sonchus oleraceus* Linn.’ (eng)

‘buy, sell’ (eng)

‘pine tree, pitch pine’ (eng)

‘to pour, of heavy rain’ (eng)

‘forest, wilderness, woods’ (eng)

‘to carry, transport, move something’ (eng)

1. ‘transport piecemeal’ (eng)

2. ‘tranport through repeated trips’ (eng)

‘hack, chop into pieces’ (eng)

‘muntjac, barking deer’ (eng)

‘walk’ (eng)

‘rise">rise, climb up’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘restraining device on animals’ (eng)

‘to smell’ (eng)

1. ‘smell’ (eng)

2. ‘to smell (transitive)’ (eng)

‘to shine, of the sun’ (eng)

‘many, much, plenty’ (eng)

‘housepost’ (eng)

1. ‘slurp up food or water, eat like a pig or dog’ (eng)

2. ‘gulp down’ (eng)

‘long cloth wrapped around body and used for carrying’ (eng)

‘twins of the same sex’ (eng)

‘do something together with others’ (eng)

‘south wind (?)’ (eng)

‘cloth used to carry a child on the back’ (eng)

‘one (clitic form of *esa)’ (eng)

‘nominative case marker for plural personal names’ (eng)

‘locative marker’ (eng)

‘stative prefix’ (eng)

‘marker of instrumental nouns’ (eng)

‘locative particle’ (eng)

‘ligature’ (eng)

‘to suckle, suck at the breast’ (eng)

‘to whet, grate, sharpen’ (eng)

‘to chirp, to crow, to sound off (birds)’ (eng)

‘to shine, radiate light’ (eng)

‘to push’ (eng)

‘to enter, penetrate, pierce’ (eng)

1. ‘to elbow’ (eng)

2. ‘to push or jab with the elbow’ (eng)

‘to blow’ (eng)

‘tighten, fasten firmly’ (eng)

‘to suck, sip’ (eng)

‘to breathe’ (eng)

‘to hiss or steam, of water touching a fire’ (eng)

‘accompany, escort’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘unroll, spread out a mat’ (eng)

‘to carry, transport, move something’ (eng)

‘to walk’ (eng)

‘what is carried on the back’ (eng)

‘ribcage’ (eng)

‘to scrape smooth, to plane a surface’ (eng)

‘male’ (eng)

‘house’ (eng)

‘old, of people’ (eng)

‘nest, lair’ (eng)

‘loquat tree and fruit: *Eriobotrya deflexa*’ (eng)

1. ‘hoe up weeds’ (eng)

2. ‘weed a garden’ (eng)

‘thresh grain by trampling’ (eng)

‘Japanese raspberry: *Rubus parvifolius* (Linn.), *Rubus taiwanianus* (Matsum.)’ (eng)

‘winnowing basket’ (eng)

‘male of Swinhoe’s blue pheasant’ (eng)

‘long feathers used for personal adornment’ (eng)

‘sword grass: *Imperata cylindrica*’ (eng)

1. ‘swell’ (eng)

2. ‘swelling, tumor’ (eng)

‘demolish’ (eng)

‘sword grass: *Imperata cylindrica*’ (eng)

‘grimace at pain’ (eng)

‘angry, annoyed’ (eng)

‘angry, annoyed’ (eng)

‘coil’ (eng)

‘coil’ (eng)

‘big, large’ (eng)

‘to rinse’ (eng)

‘scoop net’ (eng)

‘peel rattan, bamboo’ (eng)

‘ambush, attack from concealment’ (eng)

‘dip net’ (eng)

‘root’ (eng)

‘cold (of weather)’ (eng)

‘squeeze, knead’ (eng)

‘root’ (eng)

‘walk’ (eng)

‘seeds for sowing’ (eng)

‘hundred’ (eng)

‘uproot, pull out by the roots’ (eng)

‘small knife’ (eng)

‘every night, happening every night’ (eng)

1. ‘late afternoon, evening’ (eng)

2. ‘evening meal’ (eng)

‘evening, night’ (eng)

‘to sow seeds’ (eng)

‘rain’ (eng)

‘rain’ (eng)

1. ‘to sing’ (eng)

2. ‘song, tune, melody’ (eng)

‘penis’ (eng)

‘edible mushroom (generic)’ (eng)

‘pursuit (as of enemies or game)’ (eng)

‘anger, angry’ (eng)

‘fish scale’ (eng)

‘thirst’ (eng)

‘thirst’ (eng)

‘noise, clamor’ (eng)

‘bunch, cluster’ (eng)

‘braid’ (eng)

‘beads, necklace of beads’ (eng)

‘tree with sticky fruits: *Cordia* spp.’ (eng)

‘first, before, anterior in time’ (eng)

‘fill the mouth with food or water’ (eng)

‘hermit crab’ (eng)

‘repeat oneself monotonously’ (eng)

‘swidden, work a swidden’ (eng)

‘tadpole, polywog’ (eng)

‘head’ (eng)

‘head-end, upper part’ (eng)

‘clothing’ (eng)

‘type of small worm’ (eng)

‘dewdrop’ (eng)

‘hunched over, bowed (as with age)’ (eng)

‘charcoal’ (eng)

‘life, alive’ (eng)

‘dark, dull (of light or color)’ (eng)

‘gray hair’ (eng)

‘shrimp, crayfish, lobster’ (eng)

‘scrub-land, bush’ (eng)

‘pubic hair’ (eng)

‘gray hair’ (eng)

‘rattan, *Calamus* sp.’ (eng)

‘howl’ (eng)

‘empty, vacant’ (eng)

‘grammatical particle’ (eng)

‘copulate, have sexual intercourse’ (eng)

‘natural sound’ (eng)

1. ‘small, little’ (eng)

2. ‘few’ (eng)

‘shark’ (eng)

‘to rub hard on a surface’ (eng)

‘thresh with the feet, as rice’ (eng)

1. ‘pincer of crustaceans’ (eng)

2. ‘tongs’ (eng)

3. ‘press together, pinch, squeeze’ (eng)

‘incline one's head to the side’ (eng)

‘large ruminant species’ (eng)

‘lie down to sleep’ (eng)

‘door’ (eng)

‘moon, month’ (eng)

‘wipe after defecating’ (eng)

1. ‘resent, blame’ (eng)

2. ‘resentment, jealousy’ (eng)

‘spoon, ladle’ (eng)

‘spoon, ladle’ (eng)

‘nibble off, gnaw off’ (eng)

‘egg’ (eng)

‘animal cry’ (eng)

‘confirm (probably of affirmation or confirmation)’ (eng)

‘fart, flatulence’ (eng)

‘eat something raw’ (eng)

‘hiss, sizzle’ (eng)

‘sip, suck’ (eng)

1. ‘ripe’ (eng)

2. ‘cooked’ (eng)

3. ‘ready to eat’ (eng)

‘squeeze, press between’ (eng)

‘animal haunt, place frequented by animals’ (eng)

‘animal trail’ (eng)

1. ‘to close, to shut’ (eng)

2. ‘door’ (eng)

‘spread all over’ (eng)

‘sand’ (eng)

‘sticky rice cake’ (eng)

‘hold in the closed mouth’ (eng)

‘all’ (eng)

‘housepost, pillar’ (eng)

‘chew, gnaw on’ (eng)

‘interval, intervening space’ (eng)

‘owl’ (eng)

‘press down on’ (eng)

‘sexual arousal, sexual excitement’ (eng)

‘tight, constricted’ (eng)

‘black’ (eng)

‘obstruction, barrier’ (eng)

‘rice husk, rice bran’ (eng)

‘smoke’ (eng)

1. ‘no, not’ (eng)

2. ‘negator of verbs and adjectives (cf *, *, *)’ (eng)

‘bird’ (eng)

‘to bark, of a dog’ (eng)

‘bamboo sp.’ (eng)

‘to howl, of a dog’ (eng)

‘part of the loom’ (eng)

‘part of the loom’ (eng)

‘flea’ (eng)

‘eat something raw’ (eng)

‘salt’ (eng)

‘salt’ (eng)

‘saltiness, salty taste’ (eng)

‘astringent’ (eng)

‘pestle’ (eng)

‘smoke’ (eng)

‘spouse: husband, wife’ (eng)

‘sourness, acidity’ (eng)

‘dry’ (eng)

‘bean, pea (generic)’ (eng)

‘plant, *Phragmites* spp.’ (eng)

‘pangolin, scaly anteater’ (eng)

‘snatch, take away by force, rob’ (eng)

‘foot, leg’ (eng)

‘lime, calcium’ (eng)

‘peak of a mountain’ (eng)

‘braid, twine’ (eng)

‘tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching’ (eng)

‘gall, gall bladder, bile’ (eng)

‘plant: *Begonia aptera* (Hay)’ (eng)

‘hunt’ (eng)

‘hunt’ (eng)

‘to hunt wild game’ (eng)

‘tree: *Cordia dichotoma*’ (eng)

‘drift on a current, carried away by flowing water’ (eng)

‘large ruminant species: carabao, water buffalo (?)’ (eng)

1. ‘harvest’ (eng)

2. ‘to harvest’ (eng)

‘' shadow, reflection’ (eng)

‘paddy leech’ (eng)

‘jungle leech, *Haemadipsa* spp.’ (eng)

1. ‘ghost, spirit of the dead’ (eng)

2. ‘owl’ (eng)

‘animal skin, hide, leather’ (eng)

‘fruit-bearing bush or tree’ (eng)

‘proximal deictic: this’ (eng)

‘variant of the *qali/kali- prefix’ (eng)

‘weaving spindle’ (eng)

1. ‘this’ (eng)

2. ‘here’ (eng)

‘barking of a dog’ (eng)

‘stench, musky odor of an animal’ (eng)

‘stench of urine’ (eng)

‘stench of spoiled or souring organic matter’ (eng)

‘stench of spoiling fish’ (eng)

‘stench of burning substances’ (eng)

‘door panel’ (eng)

‘door’ (eng)

‘close a door’ (eng)

1. ‘stranger’ (eng)

2. ‘enemy’ (eng)

1. ‘north’ (eng)

2. ‘winter’ (eng)

‘north wind’ (eng)

‘centipede’ (eng)

‘current, deep channel in the middle of a river’ (eng)

‘persimmon’ (eng)

‘whirlwind’ (eng)

‘hair whorl’ (eng)

‘hair whorl’ (eng)

‘hand’ (eng)

‘hand’ (eng)

‘prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world (cf. <pwd>*kali-</pwd>)’ (eng)

‘beckon, wave’ (eng)

‘knee’ (eng)

‘fence, wall’ (eng)

‘boundary’ (eng)

‘day’ (eng)

‘hawk sp. ( harrier?)’ (eng)

‘soft-shelled turtle’ (eng)

‘prefix variant of the *qali/kali- set’ (eng)

‘ebb, of water in streams’ (eng)

‘deadfall trap to catch small mammals’ (eng)

‘liver’ (eng)

‘ash’ (eng)

‘ash, cinder, powder’ (eng)

‘notch cut in a tree’ (eng)

‘shoulder (?)’ (eng)

‘shoulder’ (eng)

‘boat, canoe’ (eng)

‘locative particle’ (eng)

‘interrogative particle’ (eng)

1. ‘to rain’ (eng)

2. ‘it is raining’ (eng)

1. ‘to do or go first’ (eng)

2. ‘to lead’ (eng)

‘to fart, break wind’ (eng)

‘suck’ (eng)

‘to hunt, go hunting’ (eng)

‘to skin an animal’ (eng)

‘to bark, of a dog’ (eng)

‘to shine, of the sun’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘to break off, cut off, as a limb’ (eng)

‘to pluck, pull out’ (eng)

‘gummy secretion’ (eng)

‘twice’ (eng)

‘bird, the quail’ (eng)

‘brain, marrow’ (eng)

‘banana’ (eng)

‘whiteness’ (eng)

‘bunch, cluster (of grain, fruit, areca nuts, etc.)’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘greenish fruit dove’ (eng)

‘greenish fruit dove’ (eng)

‘group of ten’ (eng)

‘collection, gathering, assembly’ (eng)

‘plant: *Urena lobata*’ (eng)

‘handle’ (eng)

‘to hammer, pound, beat’ (eng)

‘vulva, vagina’ (eng)

‘night-’ (eng)

‘navel, umbilical cord’ (eng)

‘navel, umbilical cord’ (eng)

1. ‘ball of thread’ (eng)

2. ‘spool’ (eng)

‘fruit of the betel pepper’ (eng)

‘to water, irrigate’ (eng)

‘to defecate’ (eng)

‘foam, froth, lather’ (eng)

‘causative of motion’ (eng)

‘dent, dimple’ (eng)

‘seven by seven, seven at a time’ (eng)

‘seven’ (eng)

‘pinch’ (eng)

‘to beat, whip’ (eng)

1. ‘pinch, squeeze, press between two surfaces’ (eng)

2. ‘pluck, pick off’ (eng)

‘hair on the temples’ (eng)

‘cheeks, temples’ (eng)

1. ‘pinch, squeeze’ (eng)

2. ‘knead’ (eng)

‘laden with roe, of a fish or crustacean’ (eng)

‘roe, eggs of fish or crustacean’ (eng)

‘seven each’ (eng)

‘female genitalia (child’s word?)’ (eng)

‘cheek’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘lame, crippled’ (eng)

1. ‘crippled’ (eng)

2. ‘bent or twisted, of the leg or foot’ (eng)

‘choose it!’ (eng)

1. ‘to choose, to select’ (eng)

2. ‘to pick out’ (eng)

1. ‘to bend, curve’ (eng)

2. ‘bent, curved’ (eng)

‘bend, curve’ (eng)

‘sound of patting or tapping’ (eng)

‘close together’ (eng)

1. ‘interrogative of quantity: how much?, how many?’ (eng)

2. ‘adjective of indefinite quantity: some, several, a few’ (eng)

‘some, several’ (eng)

1. ‘baby chick’ (eng)

2. ‘peeping of chick’ (eng)

‘dish, plate’ (eng)

‘causative of location’ (eng)

‘massage (imperative)’ (eng)

‘squeeze, massage’ (eng)

1. ‘squeeze out juice’ (eng)

2. ‘squirt out’ (eng)

‘slip or slide off’ (eng)

‘squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing’ (eng)

‘squeeze out juice, wring out water’ (eng)

‘full, of a container’ (eng)

‘sea turtle’ (eng)

‘slip off’ (eng)

‘beat, hit’ (eng)

‘press together, pack solid’ (eng)

‘to wring out, as water from wet clothes’ (eng)

‘wink, blink’ (eng)

‘snap, as the fingers or a slingshot’ (eng)

‘break into several large pieces’ (eng)

‘cause to vomit’ (eng)

‘to send away’ (eng)

‘to point out, give directions (?)’ (eng)

‘to make someone listen’ (eng)

‘tattoo’ (eng)

‘tattoo’ (eng)

‘four (in counting certain referents)’ (eng)

‘to nurse, give a child the breast (to be sucked)’ (eng)

‘give the breast to, nurse a child’ (eng)

‘enter’ (eng)

‘cheek bone’ (eng)

‘beat out, thresh’ (eng)

‘lend’ (eng)

1. ‘wooden nail, dowel’ (eng)

2. ‘drive in, as a wooden nail, dowel, or fencepost’ (eng)

‘send (?)’ (eng)

1. ‘shoulder pole’ (eng)

2. ‘carry with a shoulder pole’ (eng)

‘do eight times’ (eng)

‘do four times’ (eng)

‘earthenware cooking pot’ (eng)

‘to unite, combine in one’ (eng)

‘sting’ (eng)

‘do six times’ (eng)

‘hoarse’ (eng)

1. ‘storage shelf’ (eng)

2. ‘attic, loft’ (eng)

‘divide into x (x = numeral)’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘care for, raise (an animal)’ (eng)

‘chew’ (eng)

1. ‘hotness of taste, spiciness’ (eng)

2. ‘bitterness’ (eng)

‘to fart, break wind’ (eng)

‘gall, gall bladder’ (eng)

‘thigh’ (eng)

‘seven (of humans)’ (eng)

‘how many? (of people)’ (eng)

‘to massage’ (eng)

‘kill’ (eng)

‘to knock, strike against’ (eng)

‘door’ (eng)

‘wing’ (eng)

‘wing’ (eng)

‘pandanus’ (eng)

‘fork’ (eng)

1. ‘fork of a branch’ (eng)

2. ‘any forked structure’ (eng)

3. ‘bifurcation’ (eng)

‘go, walk away, depart’ (eng)

1. ‘throw something at a target’ (eng)

2. ‘shoot with bow and arrow’ (eng)

‘pound, mallet, instrument for pounding or hammering’ (eng)

‘to hammer, pound, hit’ (eng)

‘to make something wind around something else’ (eng)

‘taboo’ (eng)

‘taboo’ (eng)

1. ‘taboo, ritual purify’ (eng)

2. ‘purifying rite’ (eng)

‘internal organ, probably spleen or pancreas’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘shoot, sound of shooting’ (eng)

1. ‘to clap, flap the wings’ (eng)

2. ‘sound of clapping or flapping’ (eng)

‘to show’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘to feed, be fed’ (eng)

‘to feed’ (eng)

‘twice, do something twice’ (eng)

‘to send’ (eng)

‘causative of stative verbs’ (eng)

‘enemy’ (eng)

1. ‘rice in the field’ (eng)

2. ‘rice plant’ (eng)

‘fan’ (eng)

‘flower (?)’ (eng)

‘lend’ (eng)

‘bracken, edible fern that grows by rivers: Athyrium esculentum’ (eng)

‘bait’ (eng)

‘to extinguish, douse a fire’ (eng)

‘to stick or paste on’ (eng)

‘to irrigate’ (eng)

1. ‘wooden nail, dowel’ (eng)

2. ‘drive in, as a wooden nail or dowel’ (eng)

‘kill’ (eng)

1. ‘to make someone cry’ (eng)

2. ‘to let someone cry’ (eng)

‘spotted, speckled, as the skin of an animal’ (eng)

‘to give’ (eng)

‘know’ (eng)

‘set a drift’ (eng)

‘to paddle’ (eng)

‘kill’ (eng)

‘causative prefix’ (eng)

‘still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)’ (eng)

‘to choose, select, pick out’ (eng)

‘to massage’ (eng)

‘(gloss uncertain)’ (eng)

‘to tattoo, make designs’ (eng)

‘shoot with a bow’ (eng)

‘massage’ (eng)

‘shoot with a bow’ (eng)

‘was fed by someone’ (eng)

‘join two things to give added length (rope, bamboo, etc.)’ (eng)

‘rice mortar’ (eng)

‘bone marrow’ (eng)

‘female breast’ (eng)

‘how?’ (eng)

‘to make hemp yarn’ (eng)

‘wound’ (eng)

‘future marker with words for days’ (eng)

‘if, when (in future)’ (eng)

‘genitive case marker for common nouns (cf. *na, *ni)’ (eng)

‘marker of uncertainty’ (eng)

‘2sg possessor and non-subject agent’ (eng)

‘thinness, slenderness’ (eng)

‘sap of a tree or plant’ (eng)

‘type of soil, clay’ (eng)

1. ‘1st pers. incl. genitive’ (eng)

2. ‘our’ (eng)

1. ‘breath’ (eng)

2. ‘to breathe’ (eng)

‘thinness (of materials)’ (eng)

‘tooth’ (eng)

‘bailer in a canoe’ (eng)

‘whose?’ (eng)

‘he. genitive, his, it’ (eng)

‘rock shelter, cave under a rock’ (eng)

‘lair, den of an animal’ (eng)

‘3sg. agent/possessor’ (eng)

1. ‘genitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns’ (eng)

2. ‘marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb’ (eng)

1. ‘proximal spatio-temporal deixis: this, here’ (eng)

2. ‘now’ (eng)

‘nasal mucus’ (eng)

1. ‘nasal area’ (eng)

2. ‘snout’ (eng)

‘nosebleed’ (eng)

‘to snore, growl, grunt’ (eng)

‘gnaw’ (eng)

‘beard’ (eng)

‘tooth’ (eng)

‘painful sensation in teeth, as from eating something sour’ (eng)

‘toothless’ (eng)

‘show annoyance or irritation’ (eng)

‘gnaw, nibble’ (eng)

‘to pant, be out of breath’ (eng)

‘growl’ (eng)

‘gnash the teeth’ (eng)

‘headhunting’ (eng)

1. ‘sound produced by an animal’ (eng)

2. ‘unintelligible muttering of a person’ (eng)

‘open the mouth’ (eng)

‘to chew, masticate’ (eng)

‘saliva, drivel’ (eng)

‘name’ (eng)

‘bite off the surface of something’ (eng)

‘stare, look fixedly’ (eng)

‘look, see’ (eng)

‘think’ (eng)

‘what thing?’ (eng)

‘plant: *Sambucus formosana*’ (eng)

‘deictic particle: this’ (eng)

‘rinse, wash’ (eng)

‘outside’ (eng)

‘cook by boiling’ (eng)

‘cook by boiling’ (eng)

‘to wait’ (eng)

‘boundary between adjacent rice fields’ (eng)

‘what(?)’ (eng)