Source entries: Blust & Trussel (2019f)

Blust & Trussel (2019f): Proto-Oceanic

Original citation: Blust, Robert and Stephen Trussel. 2019. Austronesian Comparative Dictionary, web edition. URL: www.trussel2.com/ACD

Notes on this source: Edited by Allahverdi Verdizade

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Headword	IPA	Glosses
*<in>		‘perfective marker’
*-a		‘3sg. object’
*-a		‘imperative suffix’
*a		‘article’
*a		‘hesitation particle’
*a		‘ligature’
*a-		‘adjectival prefix’
*abit		‘hold, get, take’
*abu		‘grandparent’
*abut		‘pull up, root up’
*acok		‘sniff, kiss’
*adom		‘think, understand’
*agup		‘pick up with both hands’
*ai		‘anaphoric or relative particle: there, previously mentioned place’
*ai		‘interjection, exclamation of surprise, incredulity, etc.’
*ake		‘tree sp.’
*akot		‘point out, show, teach’
*aku		‘1sg nominative, I’
*akup		‘cover’
*alali		‘halibut, sole, flounder’
*alap		‘fetch, get, take’
*alaq		‘fetch, get, take’
*aliq		‘move, change place’
*aluluŋ		‘howl (of dogs)’
*aluŋ		‘shade, shadow’
*aluton		‘firewood’
*amax		‘father’
*ami		‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we (exclusive)’
*-an		‘verbal suffix marking locative voice, nominal suffix marking location’
*-ana		‘attributive suffix’
*ana<ŋa>ican		‘when? (past)’
*añam		‘plait (mats, baskets, etc.)’
*ane		‘insect of the order Isoptera: termite, white ant’
*aŋak		‘out of breath, gasping’
*aŋi		‘sharp’
*aŋin		‘wind’
*aŋin-aŋin		‘gust, draft, current of air’
*aŋit		‘anger’
*aŋo		‘turmeric’; ‘Curcuma longa’
*aŋo-aŋo-ana		‘yellow’
*aŋom		‘stench’
*aŋusu		‘spit, spittle’
*anu		‘thing whose name is unknown’
*a-nu-ku		‘my unnamed thing: mine’
*añuliŋ		‘fruit-bearing plant’; ‘Pisonia umbellifera’
*a-nu-mu		‘your unnamed thing: yours’
*anu-ña		‘his/her unnamed thing: his/hers’
*a-nusa		‘small island, islet’
*apa apa		‘something, anything, everything’
*api		‘fire’
*apic		‘twins of the same sex’
*apo		‘high, lofty’
*apon		‘fishing line’
*apuŋ apuŋ		‘floating’
*ari		‘demonstrative: this (?)’
*ariRi		‘housepost’
*aRu		‘shore tree’; ‘Casuarina equisetifolia’
*aru		‘many, much’
*asam		‘kind of fern’
*asaŋ		‘gills’
*asaŋ-i		‘gills of’
*asaq		‘sharpen, rub, grate’
*asaq-i		transitive. ‘sharpen’
*asio		‘sneeze’
*asok		‘plant in holes in the ground’
*asu		‘fetch water, scoop up water’
*ata		‘1pl. incl. possessive pronoun: our’
*atas		‘high, tall’
*atas-ña		‘its top’
*atay		‘death’
*ati		‘negative marker’
*atu		‘away from speaker’
*au		‘dew’
*au		‘yes’
*aura		‘type of wind’
*awa		‘exclamation of surprise’
*awe		‘wave’
*aya		‘exclamation of annoyance, surprise, etc.’
*aya		‘father’s sister, father’s sister’s husband’
*ba		‘down, under’
*ba		‘or, because, but, perhaps’
*baba		‘father’
*babak		‘break, chip off’
*babak		‘peel off bark’
*babak		‘strike, chip stone’
*baban		‘board, plank, side of canoe’
*babaŋ		‘fish sp.’
*babaŋ		‘hole, cavern’
*babaR		‘side of the face, cheek, side planks of a canoe’
*bak		‘strike against’
*baka		‘conjunction: despite, nonetheless’
*baka		‘kind of banyan tree’; ‘Ficus sp.’
*bakewak		‘shark’
*baki		‘break off with the hand’
*baku		‘scab, crust’
*bakul		‘fish: triggerfish sp.(?)’
*balai		‘fish sp.’
*balai		‘wild yam’; ‘Dioscorea sp.’
*balalan		‘slant, lean over (as a tree)’
*balaŋ		‘side, part’
*balaŋi		‘fish sp.’
*balapaq		‘mid-rib of coconut leaf’
*balaR		‘pale, albino’
*bali		‘answer, oppose, opposite side or part, partner, friend, enemy’
*bali		‘fish sp.’
*bali		‘repay, replace, take revenge’
*baliw		‘cluster (c) == don mourning apparel, mourn for a deceased spouse’
*baluc		‘dove sp.’
*balut		‘mix’
*banaRu		‘Indian tulip tree’; ‘Thespesia populnea’
*baŋi		‘bait’
*banic		‘wing’
*baniŋ		‘bait’
*baqoRu		‘new, recent, young, fresh’
*baRa		‘fence, animal pen, fortification’
*bara		‘fence, animal pen, fortification’
*baRa baRa		‘crosswise’
*barabara		‘crosspiece’
*baraŋ		‘marker of indefiniteness: if, perhaps, hopefully, or, any’
*baRat		‘crosswise beam or shelf’
*bari		‘nibble at, gnaw at something hard’
*baRoq		‘boil’
*basu		‘anger, angry’
*bataŋ		‘tree trunk, fallen tree, fallen log, stem of a plant, body, corpse, self, bridge of the nose, most important or preeminent thing, main course of a river, mushroom or bracket fungus that grows on tree trunks or decaying logs’
*bati		‘canine tooth (?)’
*batu		‘kidney’
*batu		‘throw’
*batu-batu		‘stony, gravel’
*batuk		‘head’
*bayan		‘bait’
*bebe		‘butterfly, butterfly fish’; ‘Chaetodon spp.’
*beka		‘split, crack open’
*bekas		‘defecate’
*bekeR		‘defecate’
*bele		‘shrub sp., kind of shrub’
*belu		‘bend, curve’
*beŋaŋ		‘disconcert, confuse’
*benu		‘coconut husk’
*beRŋi-na		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*beta		‘breadfruit’
*bia		‘sandy soil (?)’
*bia-bia		‘limestone sediment (?)’
*bibi		‘bivalve mollusk sp., lucine clam’
*bibit		‘pinch, squeeze’
*bikit		‘attached to’
*biko		‘bent, twisted’
*bila		‘lightning’
*bilac		‘exposed to the sun’
*bilak		‘special talent’
*bilu-bilu		‘large marine fish, jackfish or trevally’
*binam		‘bird, hornbill’
*binaR		‘flash of light’
*biŋa		‘kind of shellfish’
*binit		‘carry’
*bio		‘type of shell, possibly nautilus’
*biRas		‘semen, smegma, grease’
*birat		‘scar’
*bisik		‘splash, spatter, splatter’
*bitiq		‘small, few’
*bobo		‘foolish, fool’
*boboc		‘bundle (of firewood, etc.)’
*boboŋ		‘butterfly’
*boboŋ		‘overcrowd’
*boboŋ		‘shut off’
*boi		‘call, summon’
*boi		‘divide, share, portion (as of food)’
*bolo bolo		‘small dark surgeonfish’; ‘possibly Ctenochaetus’
*boma		‘kind of seaweed used to paint canoes’
*bona		‘pigeon sp.’
*bona		‘smell, odor, scent’
*boŋa		‘speak sharply or in anger’
*boŋi-a		‘overcome by night, benighted’
*boŋol		‘mute, unable to speak’
*bonor		‘stopped up, plugged’
*bonor		‘true, correct, upright’
*bonot		‘closed, dammed up’
*boñu		‘hidden from view’
*boRok		‘pig’
*bosuR		‘satisfied from having eaten enough, satiated’
*boto		‘short’
*botu		‘explode’
*bou		‘smell, odor’
*bou roŋoR		‘smell’
*(bp)ala		‘dried out’
*(bp)ala		‘fight’
*(bp)ala(bp)ala		‘fish sp.’
*(bp)alu		‘tree sp.’
*(bp)una		‘plant used as fish poison’
*bua		‘flower, blossom’
*bua bua		‘species of climber used for decorative purposes’
*bual bual		‘species of palm used for making spears and bows, palm-wood spear or bow’
*buaq		‘areca nut and palm, heart’
*buaq na batu		‘round stone (?)’
*buaq ni bities		‘calf of the leg’
*buat		‘make, create, invent’
*buat-an		‘made, created’
*bubu		‘constellation: The Southern Cross’
*bubu		‘grandparent/grandchild (reciprocal term of address)’
*bubu		‘plant used for perfuming the body’
*bubu		‘rub on’
*bubu		‘trigger fish’; ‘Balistes sp.’
*bubuni		‘smear, paint over’
*bubuR		‘drive pigs into a net’
*buburu		‘grass, grow densely (as grass)’
*bubu₈		‘sing, song’
*bukal		‘bubble up (as spring water)’
*bukbuk-an		‘attacked by wood worms’
*buku		‘node (as in bamboo or sugarcane), joint, knuckle, knot in wood, knot in string or rope’; ‘Mons veneris’
*buku ni lima		‘wrist bone’
*buku ni waqay		‘ankle bone’
*buku-an		‘have joints, have protuberances’
*buku-buku		‘node, joint, knuckle, swelling under the skin’
*bula		‘kindle, light a fire, set ablaze’
*bulat		‘open the eyes wide, stare with round eyes’
*buli buli		‘fish sp.’
*buliŋ		‘turn over, roll over, transform, upside down’
*buliq		‘cowrie shell’; ‘Cypraea mauritiana’
*bulit		‘caulk, fill up a hole or crack with viscous material’
*bulos		‘turn around, turn back’
*bu(lR)i		‘roll on the ground, wallow’
*bulu ni babuy		‘pig bristles, type of sea urchin with thin black spines’
*buluŋ		‘dark green, dark blue’
*buluq		‘type of slender bamboo’; ‘Schizostachyum spp.’
*bulut		‘birdlime’
*bulut		‘hairy filaments of certain plants, husk’
*buna		‘fish sp.’
*bunaR		‘batfish’; ‘Platax spp.’
*bune		‘fruit dove’; ‘probably Treron spp.’
*bune bune		‘greenish fruit dove’
*buŋa		‘kind of porous, white, round and flat coral growth’
*buŋi		‘night, darkness’
*buntu buntu		‘small hill, knoll’
*buntut		‘rear end of an animal’
*bunut		‘coconut husk, coir’
*buqi		‘pour water on, douse (as a fire)’
*bura		‘discharge of pus’
*buraq		‘foam, bubbles, bubble up’
*buRat		‘tree with sweet-smelling flowers’; ‘Fagraea berteroana’
*buRiq		‘wash (as the hands)’
*burit		‘hind part, rear, back’
*buRu		‘blow’
*burul		‘blunt, dull’
*busa		‘container for solid objects, package’
*busa		‘foam, suds’
*buta		‘affliction of the eyes’
*buta		‘hole, opening, vagina’
*butaq		‘earth, soil’
*buto		‘navel’
*butul		‘break, cut’
*buu		‘conch shell trumpet’
*buu		‘corner’
*buu		‘cough’
*bwara		‘shell, peeling, skin’
*bweka		‘fruit bat, flying fox’
*bwisi		‘finger (?)’
*Cenek		‘thorn’
*cupcup		‘sip, suck’
*-da		‘1pl. incl. nominative and hortative pronoun’
*-da		‘1pl. incl. possessive suffix’
*da		‘1pl. incl. subject prefix and possessive suffix, we (incl.), our (incl.)’
*dabuk		‘pound, beat’
*damwa		‘forehead’
*daŋdaŋ		‘warm oneself or something near a fire, heat or dry near a fire’
*daŋkeq		‘branch, twig’
*daReq		‘soil, probably clay’
*daRi		‘fish’; ‘Scomberoides sp.’
*datu		‘lineage priest (?)’
*daula		‘frigate bird’
*diqaq		‘good’
*drali		‘slitgong’
*d(r)amut		‘lime spatula’
*draŋi		‘day’
*draRaq		‘blood’
*drolom		‘dark’
*droŋan		‘with, in conjunction with, companion’
*drulas		‘slip or slide’
*druru		‘owl’
*e boŋi		‘it is getting dark, night is coming on’
*eŋap		‘gasp for breath’
*gama		‘morning star?’
*ga-pica		‘how much?, how many?’
*garus		‘scratch’
*gem		‘hold in the fist’
*gerit		‘sound of scraping or scratching’
*gomol		‘squeeze, hold tight, clutch’
*gomuR		‘hold liquid in the mouth, gargle’
*-gu		‘1sg possessive pronoun, my’
*gurat		‘tree with roots that furnish a red dye’; ‘Morinda citrifolia’
*guru		‘noise, tumult’
*guRuŋ		‘deep rumbling sound, thunder’
*h<um>una		‘do or go first’
*habaRat		‘southwest monsoon’
*hawak		‘waist, back of the waist’
*hebun		‘group, pile’
*hedaw		‘stop, cease (of rain)’
*heŋak		‘out of breath’
*hesi		‘flesh, meat’
*hi-		‘originate from, come from’
*-i		‘local transitive suffix’
*i		‘exclamation of wonder, disgust, etc.’
*i		‘generic marker of location in space or time’
*i		‘numeral prefix’
*i		‘personal article’
*i-		‘verbal prefix marking instrumental or benefactive voice’
*i papo		‘above, on the top’
*i rarom		‘below, beneath, inside’
*-ia		‘transitive and imperative suffix’
*ia		‘3sg. personal pronoun: he, she, him, her, it’
*ia		‘this, here, that, there’
*i-aku		‘1sg., I, me’
*ia-ni		‘this, here’
*iaqi		‘demonstrative marker of uncertain meaning’
*ias		‘particle of doubt or interrogation’
*iba iba		‘remainder, surplus’
*ibe		‘mat’
*ibo		‘edible sea worm’; ‘Sipunculus spp.’
*ibu		‘container for liquids’
*ican		‘when?’
*ihi		‘exclamation of surprise, etc.’
*ika-lima		‘fifth (ordinal numeral)’
*ikan		‘fish’
*ika-onom		‘sixth’
*ika-pitu		‘seventh’
*ika-siwa		‘ninth’
*ika-tolu		‘third’
*ika-walu		‘eighth (ordinal)’
*ike		‘mallet for beating bark into bark cloth’
*ikuR		‘tail’
*ikuR ikuR		‘trailing behind’
*ilap		‘flicker (of flames)’
*i-laur		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*ili		‘thwarts of a canoe’
*i-lima		‘five’
*iliŋ		‘pour’
*ilo		‘inside, interior, thoughts, emotions, memories’
*ilo		‘look at’
*ima		‘kind of pandanus with leaves useful for plaiting’
*imi		‘2p. pl. pronoun: you’
*i-na		‘that, there’
*ina		‘mother, mother's sister, female animal, largest member of a set’
*ina ama		‘parents’
*inap		‘sneer, laugh in derision’
*iŋaR		‘loud (of the voice), voice’
*i-ni		‘this, here’
*inum		‘act of drinking’
*inum-ia		‘drink it! (imper.)’
*inum-inum		‘drink (repetitive, frequentative, etc.)’
*i-palu		‘make war on’
*ipaR-		‘sibling-in-law of the same sex’
*ipi		‘blow’
*ipi		‘the ‘Tahitian chestnut’’; ‘Inocarpus fagiferus or I. edulis’
*ipoR		‘saliva in the mouth, drool, desire, crave, lust for’
*ipos		‘cockroach’
*ipu-		‘hair, feather’
*ipun		‘cover with earth’
*iput		‘pull out, uproot’
*iqi		‘exclamation of surprise, pain, etc.’
*iri		‘that, there’
*iRimo		‘tree’; ‘probably Octomeles spp.’
*iriŋ		‘follow, accompany’
*irir		‘fan’
*iro iro		‘reflect, shine’
*iRup		‘sip (as soup)’
*isa		‘name’
*isa		‘one’
*i-sai		‘who?’
*isi		‘hiss’
*isi		‘peel, strip off’
*isi		‘scrape (as coconut meat from a shell), grate (as coconut meat)’
*isop		‘suck, inhale’
*isud		‘budge, shift, move’
*isug		‘clean oneself by scrubbing’
*ita		‘we (incl.)’
*iti		‘there, that’
*iu		‘bathe’
*iu		‘spear’
*jalan		‘path, road, way’
*jama		‘mate, companion, like, similar to’
*jaot		‘spear, harpoon’
*jaRu		‘choral singing, blend voices in song’
*jila		‘yardarm, sheet of a sail, sticks used to turn the sail’
*jiŋana		‘whitebait’
*jiwaŋ		‘gap, open space’
*joŋjoŋ		‘cork, stopper, plug’
*jukul		‘cornered, unable to escape’
*jukul		‘measure vertically’
*k<in>an		‘food, meat’
*ka		‘2sg. subject pronoun’
*ka		conjunctive particle. ‘and’
*ka		‘conditional, if’
*ka-		‘past participle/achieved state’
*ka-		‘prefix for ordinal numerals’
*kabak		‘beat, flap the wings’
*kaba-kabak		‘flap the wings repeatedly’
*kabat		‘canoes joined together lengthwise (?)’
*kabe		‘jointed creeper which yields fiber used to make cordage and fishnets’
*kabe		‘wing’
*kabi		‘catch (as in a trap)’
*kabit		‘adhere, stick to’
*kaboRa		‘catfish’
*kabuŋ		‘stomach of an animal’
*kada		‘stalk or cluster of fruit’
*kadapuR		‘rain cloud’
*kadik		‘large black ant with painful sting, probably bulldog ant’
*kadoRa		‘cuscus, phalanger’
*kadro		‘neck’
*kadrut		‘scratch an itch’
*kaen		‘eat’
*ka-epat		‘fourth’
*kai		‘(human) member of a category’
*ka-ica		‘when?’
*kak		‘sound of a cackle, loud laugh, etc.’
*kaka		‘elder sibling of the same sex’
*kaka		‘fibrous integument at the base of coconut fronds’
*kaka		‘flaky skin disease’
*kakakₐ		‘cackle’
*kakap		‘stammer, stutter’
*kakaq		‘split’
*kakar-i		‘scratch up the earth (as a fowl)’
*kakas		‘scrape, scratch’
*kakas(-i)		‘split’
*kakas-i		‘scrape, abrade’
*kakat-i		‘chew or bite off’
*kakawa		‘goby, blenny’
*kalapo		‘rat, mouse’
*kalaqabusi		‘shrub’; ‘Acalypha sp.’
*kali ~ keli		‘dig’
*kalia		‘large fish, probably grouper’
*kalik		‘wooden headrest’
*kalika		‘rock cod, grouper’
*kalo		‘neck’
*kalu		‘stir, mix’
*kamaliR		‘bachelor’s house, men’s house’
*kamami		‘1p. excl., we’
*kamaRi		‘fish, rainbow runner’; ‘Elagatis bipinnulata’
*kamatu		‘double-headed parrotfish’
*kamay		‘hand’
*kambuR		‘sprinkle, scatter (seed, etc.)’
*k-ami		‘1pl. excl. nominative pronoun, we (exclusive)’
*kamisu		‘spittle, spit’
*kamit		‘scratch’
*ka(m)pet		‘plugged, stopped, blocked’
*kamu		‘2pl. nominative, you all’
*kamu		‘sheath of a coconut?’
*kamwa-kamwa		‘Ficus sp.’
*kana		‘enemy’
*kana-		‘classifier for edible possession’
*kana-kana		‘think, ponder’
*kanam		‘sing, song’
*kanan		‘food’
*kanap		‘creep, crawl’
*kanari		‘tree with edible nut, Canarium almond’; ‘Canarium commune’
*kanarum		‘tree sp.’
*kanase		‘fish, mullet’
*kanawa		‘tree’; ‘Cordia spp.’
*kanawe		‘kind of white sea bird, probably gull sp.’
*kaŋ		‘animal sound’
*kaŋa		‘open (as the mouth)’
*kaŋaRi		‘tree with edible nut, Canarium almond’; ‘Canarium commune’
*kaŋkaŋ		‘resounding sound’
*kani		‘eat’
*kani kani		‘eat, keep on eating’
*kani-a		‘eat it’
*kani-kani		‘scruffiness of the skin, dirt, dregs’
*kanisu		‘spit at (as an insult?)’
*kanon		‘flesh, kernel’
*kanoŋ		‘flesh, meat, coconut flesh’
*kanoŋ qi mata		‘eyeball’
*kañu-kañu		‘shake (as a house in an earthquake)’
*kañul		‘shake (as the earth in an earthquake)’
*kañul-kañul		‘shake repeatedly’
*kanus		‘spittle, spit’
*kao		‘heron’; ‘probably Egretta sp.’
*kape		‘crab taxon, probably a rock crab’; ‘Grapsidae’
*kape		‘flutter the wings’
*kapiku		‘Malay apple’; ‘Syzygium malaccense’
*kapit		‘pinch, press between, fasten thatch together with slats in roofing a house’
*ka-pitu		‘seven times’
*kapuq		‘ladle, dipper, scoop, cup’
*kapuru		‘soot’
*kaput		‘fog, haze, mist’
*kaput		‘tie or clasp together, button’
*kapwa		‘belly’
*kaq(e)pi		‘brace, splint’
*kaqit		‘hold or pull with a hook’
*kaRa		‘male Eclectus Parrot’; ‘Eclectus roratus’
*ka-Rabiqi		‘evening (?)’
*karagwam		‘seaweed, seagrass’
*karak		‘ringworm’
*karak		‘strong southeast trade wind’
*kaRaka		‘crawl’
*kaRakap		‘crab sp.’
*kara-karawa		‘blue-green’
*karamea		‘tongue’
*karaŋi		‘near’
*karasi		‘scrape off, peel off’
*karat		‘small stinging plant’; ‘perhaps Laportea interrupta’
*kaRati		‘bite’
*karawina		‘blue-green’
*kaRi		‘bivalve species used as a scraper’
*kari		‘scratch, scrape’
*karis		‘scratch, scrape’
*kaRo		‘scratch’
*kaRu		‘say, tell, speak’
*kaRu		‘swim’
*ka-rua		‘second’
*kaRud		‘scrape, grate, rasp’
*kaRuki		‘sand crab’
*kaRus		‘scrape’
*karut		‘coconut growth stage 6: green drinking coconut’
*kasaw		‘rafter, diagonal bamboo poles to which thatch panels are lashed’
*kasi		‘scrape, scraper or grater made from circular bivalve shell’; ‘Asaphis spp.’
*kasika		‘fish, large emperor’; ‘Lethrinus sp.’
*kaso		‘coconut leaf basket’
*kaso		‘reed’
*kasupe		‘rat’
*kasusu		‘coconut crab’
*katae		‘free side of canoe, opposite the outrigger’
*kataman		‘door, doorway’
*katapa		‘frigate bird’
*katapaŋ		‘tree sp.’
*katawan		‘fish sp.’
*kati		‘bite’
*katiR		‘(small) outrigger canoe or canoe hull’
*katita		‘putty nut’; ‘Parinari laurinum’
*ka-tolu		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*katou		‘kind of hermit crab’
*katuk		‘knock’
*kau		‘catch (as with a hook)’
*kau		‘lime, coral limestone’
*kaubebe		‘butterfly’
*kauŋ		‘reverberate (of a sound)’
*kauRi		‘left side’
*kauru		‘bamboo sp.’
*kawa-kawa		‘rock cod, grouper sp.’
*kawar		‘crawl’
*kawe		‘carry, carry away’
*kawe		‘tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc., rays of the sun’
*kawe		‘tentacles of octopus, squid, jellyfish, etc., rays of the sun’
*kawil		‘fishhook’
*kawit		‘hook’
*kayajo		‘outrigger boom’
*kayu		‘wood, strong, stiff, penis (colloquial)’
*kayu kayu		‘strong, tough, inflexible’
*kayu-kayu		‘forest, wooded area’
*keja		‘intense green or blue-green’
*keju		‘back of the head’
*kek		‘squawk’
*keke		‘coil, bend’
*keke		‘crunch, sound of crunching’
*kekekeke		‘kind of plover and its cry’
*ke(k)kek		‘cluck’
*kelaq		‘crack, split’
*kelas		‘peel, skin off’
*keleŋ		‘cut into pieces’
*keli		‘dig up’
*ke(m)pal		‘lump, clod (as of earth)’
*ke(m)pus		‘come to an end’
*keŋ		‘hollow, resounding sound’
*keŋkeŋ		‘hollow, resounding sound’
*keŋkeŋ		‘shrink’
*kepik		‘dent’
*keRa		‘hawksbill turtle’; ‘Chelonia imbricata’
*keRaŋ		‘deep reverberating sound’
*kerap		‘shine, sparkle, twinkle’
*keRe		‘vulva, vagina’
*ke(R)lap		‘flash, shine’
*keRteŋ		‘kind of striped or spotted marine fish, grouper’; ‘Epinephelus spp.’
*keRut		‘gnaw, sound of gnawing on something’
*kese		‘keep to oneself, different, alone’
*kese-kese		‘varied, different (?)’
*keteŋ		‘straighten out (of a limb, etc.)’
*ketil		‘pinch off’
*ki		‘allative marker: to, toward’
*kiajo		‘outrigger boom’
*kiak		‘squawk (as a frightened chicken)’
*kiaw		‘puling sound of a bird’
*kibit		‘narrow’
*kidik		‘tap or beat lightly on’
*kidiq		‘tickle’
*kiki		‘kingfisher’; ‘Halcyon spp.’
*kiki		‘small, stunted’
*kikik		‘squeak (as a mouse), giggle’
*kikir		‘file, rasp’
*kikit		‘small, trifling’
*kila		‘wild, skittish (as animals)’
*kila-kila		‘wild, untamed’
*kila-kilat		‘shine, flash repeatedly’
*kilala		‘know (a person), recognize, acquainted with, feel, perceive’
*kilat		‘lightning’
*kilat		‘open the eyes wide’
*kilep		‘glance, glimpse’
*kili		‘turn over, dig by turning over (as rocks)’
*kilik		‘tickle’
*kilo		‘corner of the eye’
*kiluŋ		‘curved, bay’
*kiluq		‘bend, curve, bent, curved, crooked’
*kima		‘giant clamor’; ‘Tridacna gigas’
*kimet		‘blink, flash’
*kinit		‘pinch, nip, pluck’
*kipau		‘Bismarck scrub fowl’; ‘Megapodius eremita’
*kiRa		‘bird, tern sp.’
*kiRak		‘parrot sp.’; ‘possibly Eclectus parrot’
*kiRam		‘axe or adze’
*kiras		‘scar’
*kiRe		‘pandanus, mat made from the leaves of this plant’; ‘Pandanus odoratissimus’
*kiRe-kiRe		‘pandanus sp.’
*kiri		‘tickle’
*kirik		‘tickle’
*kisog		‘twist spasmodically, wriggle’
*k-ita		‘we (incl.)’
*kita		‘see’
*kitik		‘tick, make a ticking or light knocking sound’
*kitoŋ		‘Rabbitfish’; ‘Siganus punctatus (family Siganidae)’
*kiuk		‘peep, cheep’
*kiur		‘movement in coitus’
*kiwiwi		‘shore bird: sandpiper, Pacific Golden Plover’
*kiₐ		‘oblique case marker for singular personal nouns’
*ko		‘2sg., you’
*koba		‘hermit crab’
*kobit		‘press together, pressed together’
*kobit		‘touch’
*kobot		‘tie by binding’
*kobuŋ		‘swollen’
*kodos		‘go straight, straighten’
*koe		‘2sg., you’
*koi		‘coconut shell’
*kojom		‘sharp pointed stick used in planting crops and in husking coconuts, digging stick, coconut husking stick’
*kojom-i		‘dig with a digging stick, husk coconuts with a husking stick’
*koka		‘tree’; ‘Macaranga spp., Euphorbiaceae’
*koki		‘lame, limp’
*koko		‘kind of house spider’
*kokok		‘animal sound’
*kokom		‘fist, hold in the fist’
*kokom-i		‘clasp firmly’
*kokop		‘enclose, shut in’
*kokos		‘scratch, scrape’
*komi		‘suckerfish, remora’
*komos		‘grip, compress, close in on’
*koŋa		‘kind of marine fish’
*koŋe		‘squeal (as in excitement)’
*kop-i		‘hold close’
*kopu		‘low cloud, mist, fog’
*kopuR		‘agitated, of water’
*koRa		‘wild mango’; ‘Mangifera minor’
*koran		‘ember, glowing coal’
*koRaŋ		‘dried up, scorched, shrivelled’
*koraŋa		‘fish, small emperor’
*kori		‘scrape, shave’
*korit		‘scrape, grate (as coconut preparatory to cooking)’
*koRo		‘pubic hair’
*koro		‘2dl. pronoun’
*koro		‘fortified place, village’
*koron		‘lie, tell a lie’
*kororo		‘honeybee’
*koRot		‘cut off’
*korot		‘notch, carve’
*kosa		‘kind of parrotfish’
*koso		‘cough’
*koti		‘cut, cut off’
*kotik		‘spotted’
*koto		‘obsidian spear point (?)’
*kotos		‘snap, break off (as a twig)’
*kua kua		‘kind of bird: pheasant-dove?’
*kuak		‘deep cry, bird with deep cry’
*kubut		‘maimed, amputated (of a limb)’
*kuca		‘how?’
*kude		‘hourglass drum’
*kudem		‘darkened by clouds, overcast’
*kuden		‘clay cooking pot’
*kuk		‘sound of sob, croak, etc.’
*kuka		‘crab (generic)’
*kukuh		‘claw, talon, fingernail’
*kukup		‘clutch, hold tightly’
*kukup-i		‘cover something’
*kukuq		‘stick to, adhere firmly’
*kukur		‘mussel sp. or spp. used as food grater or scraper’
*kukut		‘hang, suspend’
*kulabo		‘fish’; ‘Lethrinidae spp.’
*kuli-kulit		‘skin disease’
*kuliliŋ		‘round about, around, in one’s surroundings, go around’
*kulit		‘skin, bark, peel, shell’
*kulu		‘coconut growth stage 9: ripe, flesh hardened’
*kuluR		‘breadfruit’
*kumaŋ		‘hermit crab’
*kumis		‘moustache, beard’
*kumuR		‘gargle, rinse the mouth’
*kumʷi		‘beard’
*kuŋ		‘sound of cooing or barking’
*kuŋkuŋ		‘shrink’
*kunji		‘rub’
*kunkun		‘shrink’
*kunu		‘it is said, people say.....’
*kunu		‘jealous’
*kunut		‘pinch’
*kupuk		‘emit smoke or steam’
*kupuR		‘pigeon or dove sp.’
*kupwena		‘kind of long rectangular fishing net’
*kuRapu		‘fish, sea perch, giant rock cod, giant grouper’; ‘Epinephelus spp.’
*kurat		‘dye produced from the Morinda citrifolia’
*kuriap		‘dolphin’
*kuRita		‘octopus’
*kuRo		‘marine fish sp.’
*kurom		‘overcast, darkened (as the sun)’
*kurukuru		‘kind of dove or pigeon’
*kuRun		‘sword grass’; ‘Imperata cylindrica’
*kuruq		‘noise, clamor’
*kururu		‘owl sp.’
*kururu		‘thunder’
*kurut		‘curly-haired’
*kusu		‘spit’
*kusupe		‘rat’
*kuta		‘staple food (?)’
*kutu		‘break, cut off, sever’
*kutu		‘head louse, sparks from a fire, water striker (insect that walks on water)’
*kwarara		‘shark sp.’
*lababa		‘flat-topped coral head’
*lagas		‘quick, energetic, strong’
*lajam		‘familiar with, accustomed to’
*laje		‘branching coral, coral limestone’
*laji		‘dolphinfish’
*laji		‘tree with poisonous sap’; ‘probably Antiaris toxicaria’
*laka		‘basket’
*laka		‘up, above’
*lakar-lakar		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*lakas		‘stride, take a step’
*lake		‘sore, dermal irritation, wound’
*lako		‘go’
*lako lako		‘walking around’
*lalak		‘trochus shell’
*la-latoŋ		‘stinging nettle’; ‘Laportea spp.’
*la-lima		‘five (in counting people)’
*laliŋ		‘ankle bone (?)’
*lama		‘lie on a surface (of water)’
*lama		‘type of coconut’
*laman		‘deep, of the sea, deep sea beyond the reef’
*la(m)bak		‘slam something down’
*lambeg		‘throw, cast’
*lambuk		‘knock, pound, beat’
*lamu		‘body hair, feather’
*lamuR		‘dew’
*laŋi		‘beach’
*laŋi		‘up, above’
*laŋit		‘sky’
*laŋkaq		‘step, stride, omit or skip over’
*la(ŋ)kas		‘spirited, energetic’
*la(ŋ)ket		‘stick, adhere to, sticky, viscous’
*laŋo		‘housefly’
*laŋon		‘rollers for beaching a canoe’
*lapa		‘fish sp.’
*lapa		‘skin disease: ringworm’
*LapaR		‘flash of lightning’
*lapar		‘broad and flat’
*lapat		‘big, great, large’
*lapuk		‘decayed, rotten, moldy, mildewed (of wood)’
*laqia		‘ginger’
*lasa		‘coconut shell drinking cup’
*lasa		‘tame, accustomed, used to’
*lasoR		‘testicles’
*lasuq		‘penis’
*latoŋ		‘stinging nettle’; ‘Laportea spp.’
*lau		‘fish, banded sweetlips’; ‘Plectorhinchus spp.’
*laur		‘downriver, toward the sea’
*lawa		‘wide’
*lawan		‘kind of long fishnet’
*lawaq		‘dip net, scoop net’
*lawaq		‘spider, spiderweb’
*lawaq-lawaq		‘spider, spiderweb’
*lawi		‘long tail feathers of bird or rooster’
*layaR		‘sail’
*lecit		‘squeeze out, squirt out’
*leku		‘bend, fold, folding part of the body, curl up on the ground (of an animal’
*le(ŋ)kaq		‘split open’
*lepak		‘break, crack off’
*leput		‘blow out, force out’
*leqo		‘voice’
*lian		‘change appearance’
*liaŋ		‘cave, cavern’
*lidruR		‘earthquake’
*liki		‘little, small in size or amount’
*liko		‘commit suicide by hanging’
*liko		‘curve, bend, meander’
*likos		‘wrap firmly around, encircle tightly’
*lilim		‘run amuck’
*liliŋ		‘askew, in a slanting direction’
*liliŋ		‘go in a circle’
*li-liu		‘turn around, change direction’
*liloq		‘whirlpool’
*lima		‘five’
*lima ŋa puluq		‘fifty’
*lima-lima		‘five by five, in groups of five’
*limas		‘bail out a canoe’
*liŋ		‘word, speech’
*liŋi		‘pour’
*liŋi-liŋi		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*li(n)tik		‘snap off, snapping or clicking sound’
*lio-lio		‘brown triggerfish’; ‘Pseudobalistes fuscus’
*lipon		‘tooth’
*liq(e)pit		‘press between two flat surfaces’
*liqo		‘voice’
*liqoR		‘neck’
*lisa		‘nit, egg of a louse’
*liso		‘shiny, dazzling’
*liu		‘surpass, exceed’
*liuS		‘circumambulate, circumvent’
*liut		‘twist (as a limb)’
*loan		‘endure, last a long time’
*lobi		‘fold’
*loguŋ		‘bend’
*loki		‘bend, crooked’
*lokuq		‘bending part’
*lolop		‘overflow, inundated’
*lolos		‘wringing, squeezing’
*lolos-i		trans. ‘wring, squeeze out’
*lom		‘in, on, at’
*loma		‘flood, of sea’
*lomiq		‘press, knead’
*lomos		‘submerge, go under water’
*lopoŋ		‘bury’
*lopu		‘fish with poisonous dorsal spines’
*loRo		‘large red tree ant’
*loso-loso		‘bathe, swim’
*loto		‘boil, abscess’
*loto		‘inner self, feelings, mind’
*luab		‘swell up (as boiling rice), boil over’
*lua-ki		‘spit something out, vomit something’
*luaŋ		‘hole in the ground’
*luaq		‘spit out (food, substances alien to the body), spew’
*lujan		‘cargo, load a canoe’
*lukun		‘bend (as an arm or leg)’
*luluk		‘shake something in the water’
*lulun		‘roll up (as a mat)’
*lulus		‘slip off’
*luma		‘forelegs of an animal’
*lumbar		‘set free’
*lumiq		‘fold, hem’
*lumu		‘oil, grease’
*lumu		‘soft, tender, gentle’
*lumuk		‘oily (as the hair or skin)’
*lumut		‘moss, algae, seaweed’
*lumut-an		‘covered with moss’
*lumut-lumut		‘moss’
*luŋan		‘rollers for beaching a canoe’
*lu(ŋ)kas		‘remove, loosen, untie’
*lupit		‘press down, crush’
*luqaR		‘outside, wide open spaces, loose’
*luqemit		‘fold, press’
*lusa		‘shoot at, throw a spear at’
*lutur		‘knee’
*m<in>ate		‘one who has died, dead person’
*ma-		‘stative prefix’
*ma-buRuk		‘rotten (as meat), addled (as eggs), bad (of character)’
*mabusuk		‘rotten, stinking’
*ma-dajam		‘accustomed to, tame’
*ma-dalit		‘smooth, slippery’
*madrali		‘slippery (as wet rocks by the shore)’
*madrar		‘ripe’
*maga		‘stone, slingshot’
*ma-heyaq		‘shy, embarrassed, ashamed’
*mai		‘and’
*maja		‘dry up, evaporate’
*ma-kaen		‘will eat (?)’
*makaka		‘pry open slightly’
*ma-kiluq		‘bent, crooked, twisted’
*malala		‘village square, dancing ground’
*malaŋ		‘misfortune, bad luck’
*malaqe		‘public space in village’
*malaw		1. ‘paper mulberry tree, used to make bark cloth’ 2. ‘men’s loincloth made from this material’
*malem		‘night, darkness’
*mali-mali		‘plant’; ‘Leea spp.’
*mali-malip		‘laughing, smiling’
*ma-lino		‘calm, still (of the surface of water)’
*malip		‘laugh, smile’
*malon		‘core of a breadfruit’
*malua		‘soft, pliable’
*ma-lumu		‘soft, tender, gentle’
*maluRu		‘shade’
*maluRu maluRu		‘shady, shaded, sheltered (?)’
*mama		‘young child’s term for father’
*ma-maja		‘dry up’
*mamaq		‘chew without intending to swallow (as betel nut), premasticate food to give to an infant, premasticated food’
*mamata		‘awake, watchful, alert’
*ma-mate		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*ma-mawap		‘yawn’
*ma-mayaq		‘shy, embarrassed, ashamed’
*m-ami		‘1pl. excl. genitive, our’
*mamin		‘chew, taste’
*mamin		‘fish: wrasse spp.’
*mamis		‘sweet, fresh (of water)’
*mana		‘conjunction: and’
*mana		‘power in natural phenomena, thunder, storm wind’
*ma-nacam		‘tame, docile’
*mana-mana		‘have spiritual power’
*mañawa		‘breathe, rest, take a ‘breather’’
*maŋa		‘prenominal marker of plurality’
*maŋan		‘eat’
*maŋaq		‘slit, crevice’
*maŋa-ua		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*maŋiŋi		‘sour, spoiled (liquid)’
*maŋsit		‘sour, rancid’
*maŋsit		‘vile smell’
*manipi-nipis		‘very thin’
*ma-nipis		‘thin (of materals)’
*manoŋi		‘fragrant, sweet-smelling’
*mantalaq		‘morning (evening) star: Venus’
*manuk		‘bird, any flying creature’
*ma-nuka		‘wounded’
*manuka		‘sea eagle’
*manu-manuk		‘insect’
*mañur mañur		‘float, adrift’
*ma-nuRuq		‘lucky’
*ma-panas		‘warm, hot’
*ma-panas-panas		‘warm, hot’
*ma-paqit		‘bitter’
*mapat		‘heavy, weighty, important’
*mapo		‘heal (as a wound)’
*ma-posaq		‘broken’
*mapu		‘taro variety’
*mapu		‘unpleasant odor’
*mapua		‘tomorrow’
*maqañur		‘floating, adrift’
*maqasin		‘salty, brackish’
*ma-qasiq		‘pity, have mercy on, feel compassion for’
*maqati		‘ebb tide, dry reef’
*ma-qetaq		‘raw, unripe, green (fruit), uncooked’
*ma-qeti		‘low, of the tide’
*ma-qetom		‘black’
*ma-qosak		‘ripe, cooked, ready to eat’
*ma-qudip		‘living, alive, grow, flourish, fresh, heal, cure, revive, recover, vital principle, soul, spirit, flame’
*maRai		‘withered, faded’
*maralis		‘slippery’
*ma-ralom		‘deep’
*ma-ramaR		‘shine, shining, bright’
*ma-Raŋu		‘dry’
*marapu		‘calm, still, windless’
*ma-Rapun		‘misty, hazy, dim’
*marau		‘southeast trade winds’
*maRi		‘come, hither’
*maridriŋ		‘cold’
*maRuqane		‘male’
*maS		‘and’
*masak		‘ripe, cooked’
*ma-saki-sakit		‘fall ill, become very sick’
*masakit		‘sick, painful’
*masakit-ia		‘fall ill, become sick’
*ma-saŋa		‘split, forked (as a branch or path)’
*masaŋa		‘twins’
*masauq		‘far’
*masedru		‘hiccup’
*masou		‘cinnamon’
*masuR		‘satiatiated, full (of the stomach after eating), fertile, bring forth plentifully, abundance of food’
*mata		‘eye, face, focal point, center or most prominent part, hole, aperture, doorway, window, budding part of plant, ‘eye’ of coconut, knot in wood, sun, core of a boil, blade of a knife, awaken, operculum of a snail, mesh of a net, eye of a needle, noose of a trap, hearth, direction of the wind, head of a river, spring, source, lid, cover’
*mata muri		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*mata ni aŋin		‘point of the compass, direction’
*mata ni cawa		‘channel between islands or islets’
*mata ni ikan		‘callus on the foot’
*mata ni kayu		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*mata ni panaq		‘point of an arrow’
*mata ni salan		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*mata ni susu		‘female breast’
*mata ni waiR		‘spring of water, source of a river’
*mata nu bisul		‘core of a boil’
*mata nu qalejaw		‘sun (‘eye of the day’)’
*mata qate		‘instinct’
*mata riki		‘fine, of the mesh of a fish net’
*matakut		‘fear, fearful, afraid’
*mata-mata		‘spy, scout, one who looks for possible danger ahead’
*matan V		‘sharp’
*mataq		‘raw, unripe’
*ma-taqu		‘capable, able, knowledgeable’
*ma-taqu		‘right side’
*matau		‘axe (?)’
*matay		‘money, payment, medium of commercial exchange’
*m-atay m-atay		‘die in throngs, on the verge of death’
*mate		‘die, dead’
*mate ni pulan		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*mate-a		‘kill’
*mate-an		‘death’
*mate-na		‘dead’
*mate-qaŋa		‘death’
*ma-tolu		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*matolu		‘thick’
*matolu-tolu		‘very thick, really thick’
*ma-toRas		‘hard, solid’
*matu		‘dry coconut’
*matuqa		‘old, older person, elder, old stand forest’
*maturuR		‘sleep’
*mauRi		‘left side or direction’
*mawa		‘cleft, space between two rocks’
*mawap		‘yawn, yawning’
*mawiRi		‘left side or direction’
*maya		‘tongue’
*ma-zaqat		‘bad, evil’
*mekmek		‘broken to bits’
*meme		‘premasticated food for infants’
*meme		‘tongue’
*meRaq		‘reddish brown’
*meRaq meRaq		‘red, reddish’
*mimiq		‘urine, urinate’
*miñak		‘fat, grease, ointment’
*misik		‘sucking noise made as a signal to another person’
*misi-misi		‘make a sucking sound, smack the lips’
*miti		‘make a sucking sound, smack the lips’
*miti-miti		‘make a sucking sound, smack the lips’
*mo-kobu		‘grandchild’
*molaŋ		‘true, real, genuine’
*momos		‘squeeze’
*mona		‘canoe type’
*moñak		‘fat, sweet, tasty’
*moñak		‘pounded taro with coconut cream’
*monaki		‘cuttlefish’
*moña-moñak		‘fat, grease, sweet taste’
*moñan		‘brain’
*mo(nñ)o		‘knead, squeeze’
*mono		‘stay, dwell in a place’
*motus		‘broken off, islet, detached reef’
*-mu		‘2sg. possessor and agent of passive verb’
*muku		‘gargle’
*m-ule		‘return home’
*mumuni		‘hide’
*mu-mutaq		‘vomit’
*muno		‘caterpillar’
*muqa		‘first, foremost, precede’
*muquŋ		‘fish sp.’
*mura		‘young (of fruits)’
*muri		‘after, behind, outside of an object, stern of a canoe’
*m-uri qaqe		‘heel’
*muru		‘back, posterior part’
*mutaq		‘vomit’
*mutu		‘broken off, cut off’
*mutu		‘damsel fish’
*mwajor		‘bandicoot’
*mwaloq		‘submerged rock or coral reef’
*mwamwaki		‘large cuttlefish and squid’
*mwaña		‘pandanus sp.’; ‘probably Pandanus conoideus’
*mwanene		‘straight’
*mwanoRe		‘unicorn fish’; ‘Naso unicornis’
*mwapo		‘taro’
*mwaRi		‘roast, burn’
*mwasasi		‘goatfish sp.’
*mwata		‘snake’
*-na		‘that, there, then’
*-ña		‘3sg. possessor of inalienable possessed nouns’
*na		‘already’
*na		‘common noun article’
*na		‘conjunction: and’
*na		‘genitive of plural personal names’
*na qutin		‘penis’
*na topu		‘sugarcane’
*ñabi		‘taste’
*nadi		‘hard stone used to make tools’
*nago		‘face, front, prow of canoe’
*nai		‘woman’s grass skirt’
*ñakot		‘sticky, gluey’
*naku		‘1sg., I, me’
*ñaman-na		‘tasty, sweet’
*ñamit		‘taste’
*namo		‘lagoon’
*ñamu		‘chew’
*ñamuk		‘mosquito’
*ñamuR		‘dew’
*nana		‘that, those’
*ñañam		‘tasty, delicious’
*nanaq		‘pus’
*ñañuk		‘speak indistinctly, mumble’
*napok		‘breakers, surf, waves’
*naRah		‘tree’; ‘Pterocarpus indica’
*ñaRo		‘widow(er)’
*nasuk		‘cook by boiling’
*natar		‘space outside the village’
*nati		‘young of animals’
*natu		‘child, offspring’
*natuq		‘ovary of an an oviparous animal’
*ñatuq		‘hardwood tree with edible fruit and valuable timber’; ‘Palaquium spp.’
*ŋa		‘linker for multiples of ten’
*ŋacan		‘name’
*ŋadasₐ		‘gums’
*ŋa-ijan		‘when?’
*ŋak		‘raucous sound’
*ŋali-ŋali		‘move about in restless anger’
*ŋalu		‘wave, breaker (?)’
*ŋaŋ		‘inarticulate sound’
*ŋaŋa		‘bitter, poisonous’
*ŋaŋak		‘raucous sound’
*ŋaŋaŋ		‘inarticulate sound’
*ŋaŋas		‘chew something tough (as sugarcane)’
*ŋapa		‘fathom’
*ŋapa		‘lime gourd (for betel chew)’
*ŋapa		‘long’
*ŋara		‘complain loudly’
*ŋaraŋara		‘swim’
*ŋaRaq		‘wild duck’
*ŋata		‘hole, hollow’
*ŋau		‘1sg.: I’
*ŋau		‘chew, chew off’
*ŋau		‘hit, strike’
*ŋau-ŋau		‘chew’
*ŋeŋe		‘shout, argue with’
*ŋik		‘squeal, screech, shriek, etc.’
*ŋikŋik		‘squeal, screech, shriek, etc.’
*ŋiŋik		‘high-pitched cry’
*ŋiŋiŋ		‘buzz, hum’
*ŋiŋis		‘grin, show the teeth’
*ŋiŋit-i		‘husk a coconut with the teeth’
*ŋipon		‘tooth’
*ŋisa		‘name’
*ŋisi		‘grin, show the teeth’
*ŋodro		‘grunt, snore’
*ŋok		‘grunt’
*ŋoŋok		‘breath loudly, snore’
*ŋoŋoŋ		‘hoot (as an owl)’
*ŋoŋop		‘panting, gasping for breath’
*ŋoŋot-i		‘gnaw, nibble’
*ŋoni		‘beg, ask for’
*ŋoRo		‘snore, grunt, etc.’
*ŋoti		‘gnaw, nibble’
*ŋuk		‘grunt, moan, etc.’
*ŋuŋ		‘buzz, hum’
*ŋuŋuk		‘grunt, moan’
*ŋuŋul		‘arthritic or rheumatic pain’
*ŋuŋuŋ		‘buzz, hum’
*ŋuŋut		‘gnaw, chew at’
*ŋuŋut		‘painful, pain’
*ŋuru		‘growl (as a dog)’
*ŋuRuR		‘moan, groan, grunt’
*ŋusuq		‘nasal area, snout’
*ŋutu		‘louse’
*-ni		‘this, here, now’
*ni		‘genitive case marker for singular personal names and pronouns, marker of possession, part-to-whole relationships, and agency of a non-actor voice verb’
*ni-a		‘3sg. agent/possessor’
*ni-ia		‘3sg. genitive, his, her’
*ñikut		‘nest, lair’
*nimas		‘bailer, bail water from a canoe’
*nini		‘shake, tremble, rock’
*ñiñik		‘tiny biting insect’
*niniq		‘plant sp. (used as material for making baskets)’; ‘Donax canniformis’
*nipaq		‘swamp palm’; ‘Nipa fruticans’
*nipe		‘snake’
*nipi		‘dream’
*nipis		‘thinness (of materials)’
*nipon		‘tooth’
*niuR		‘coconut’
*nofo		‘sit, stay or stop moving, reside’
*noku		‘bend, fold’
*nonok		‘gnat, sandfly’
*nonom		‘think’
*ñoñop		‘suck’
*ñoñu		‘tree with inedible white fruit and root that yields a useful dye’; ‘Morinda citrifolia L.’
*nopo-nopo		‘fear, intimidated by’
*ñopuq		‘stonefish’
*ñoRap		‘yesterday’
*ñoro		‘rough (of a turbulent sea)’
*ñui		‘growth stage of squid’
*numi		‘fold’
*nunu		‘earthquake’
*nunu		‘female breast’
*nunu		‘slough, shed the skin (as a snake)’
*nunuk		‘tree: the banyan or strangler fig’
*nu-nunu		‘earthquake’
*nusa		‘island’
*nuse		‘smaller types of reef squid’
*nuso		‘smaller types of reef squid’
*o		‘on, onto, in, into’
*o		‘possessive marker used with inalienable pronouns’
*oe		‘interjection or exclamation to call attention or answer a call’
*oka		‘fog, mist’
*oka		‘house beam’
*oka oka		‘scavenger fish’; ‘Lethrinus spp.’
*oke		‘fog, mist’
*okop		‘cover with something (?)’
*oliq		‘return’
*oliq oliq		‘and fro’
*omuR		‘hold in the mouth’
*ona		‘hit with a spear’
*ona		‘spear, sharpened pitfall stake’
*one one		intr. ‘mend a net’
*one-a		tran. ‘mend a net’
*oŋkol		‘bend, stoop over’
*oŋkom		‘hold in the mouth’
*onom		‘six’
*onom ŋa puluq		‘sixty’
*onom onom		‘six by six, six at a time’
*opi		‘brood, sit on eggs’
*opoŋ		‘block, obstruct’
*opus		‘finish something’
*oqo		‘yes’
*ori		‘scrape, with motion away from body’
*orit		‘scratch, scrape, peel’
*oRo		‘go, come’
*oro		‘mountain, hill’
*oRoŋ		‘roar, shout’
*osir		‘moan, groan’
*osok		‘crowded, crowd together’
*oto		‘straight’
*otok		‘cut, sever’
*otoŋ		‘stare at’
*p<in>aŋan		‘food, feed, nourish’
*pa		‘at, on, in, to’
*pa		‘get, take, bring’
*pa		‘go’
*pa		‘interjection, startle’
*pa-		‘causative prefix’
*pa-		‘numeral prefix, divide into x (x = numeral)’
*pa-abu		‘grandfather’
*pa-añud		‘set adrift’
*padran		‘pandanus’
*pagaq		‘split’
*pa-i		‘get, bring, take’
*pai		‘weave, plait (as a basket, door, fence)’
*pai		‘where?’
*pail		‘plant’; ‘Falcataria Moluccana’
*pai-p<in>ai		‘woman, female’
*pait		‘do, make’
*pajale		‘walk about, take a walk’
*paju		‘eyebrow’
*paka-		‘causative prefix’
*pa(ka)-ajan		‘name, give a name to’
*pa(ka)-amax		‘treat like a father’
*paka-aŋin		‘cause the wind to blow’
*paka-aŋin-aŋin		‘refresh oneself, go out for some fresh air’
*pa-kaen		‘feed’
*paka-lima		‘five times’
*paka-maluRu		‘shelter, give shelter to’
*paka-mate		‘kill, commit suicide’
*paka-mate-ia		‘kill’
*paka-onom		‘six times’
*paka-pat		‘four times’
*paka-pica		‘how many times?’
*paka-pitu		‘seven times’
*pakaq		‘non-native canoe’
*pa(ka)-qasu		‘smoke, fumigate’
*paka-qudip		‘save, spare the life of’
*paka-Rapiqi		‘afternoon, evening’
*paka-roŋoR		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*paka-rua		‘twice, do something twice’
*pakas		‘strong, energetic’
*pa(ka)-salaq		‘blame, accuse of error or fault, punish’
*paka-saŋa		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*paka-sipo		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*paka-siwa		‘nine times’
*paka-tabu		‘forbid, make taboo’
*paka-takut		‘frighten, cause to fear’
*paka-taŋis		‘make someone cry, let someone cry’
*paka-tolu		‘triple, multiply by three’
*paka-tupuq		‘make something grow’
*paka-uliq		‘return something to someone’
*paka-usuri		‘teach’
*paka-walu		‘eight times’
*pa-kilala		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*pakum		‘Pandanus dubius’
*pakuŋ		‘kind of pandanus’
*pakut		‘bind together’
*pala		‘platform’
*palaj		‘palm of hand, sole of foot’
*palaja		‘rabbitfish’; ‘Siganus sp.’
*palala		‘bald, bald person’
*palaŋ		‘thwart, crosspiece’
*palaŋa		‘potsherd used as a frying pan’
*palata		‘fish sp.’
*pa-laur		‘go to sea, make a sea voyage’
*pa-layaR		‘sail’
*pale		‘canoe shed, storehouse’
*pali		‘side, half’
*pali		‘taboo’
*paliaRua		‘vine’; ‘Merremia peltata’
*palici		‘grass’
*palisi		‘grass’
*palo		‘steer a boat’
*palo		‘wither, wilt’
*palos		‘perfect, complete something’
*palu		‘hammer, hit with a hard implement’
*palu		‘make war on, fight with’
*palu		‘some, some more’
*paluca		‘paddle’
*palu-palu		‘hammer, mallet, instrument for pounding or hammering’
*paluq		‘mourn the dead’
*palus		‘scratch, scrape’
*pana		‘go, move’
*panako		‘steal’
*panapa		‘needlefish sp.’
*panaq		‘throw something at a target, shoot with bow and arrow’
*pañaRu		‘give birth’
*panas		‘warm, hot’
*panas-i		‘heat up, warm up’
*panas-panas		‘somewhat warm (?), very warm (?)’
*panaw		‘fungus infection which produces light patches on the skin’; ‘Tinea flava or <i>Pityriasis’
*panek		‘climb’
*paŋ		‘bang! loud popping sound’
*paŋa		‘fork of a branch, any forked structure, bifurcation’
*paŋa		‘gape, open’
*paŋa		‘wide open’
*paŋan		‘food, feed’
*paŋaŋap		‘gape, open the mouth wide’
*paŋan-i		‘pet animal, animal that is tamed by humans feeding it’
*paŋoda		‘hunt for shellfish on the reef’
*paŋun		‘wake up, rouse someone from sleep’
*paŋun-ia		‘awaken, wake someone up’
*paŋusi		‘blow the nose’
*pani		‘apply oil or paint to the body’
*pani		‘give’
*panid		‘wing’
*pano		‘go’
*paño		‘wash the hands’
*pa(n)tar		‘shelf, bed frame of wooden or bamboo laths’
*pa(n)tuk		‘knock, strike against’
*panua		‘village’
*paoq (ʔ)		‘tree’; ‘Ochrosia oppositifolia’
*papa		‘carry piggyback’
*papa		‘father’
*papaba		‘slipper lobster, crayfish’
*papak-i		‘slap’
*pa-panas		‘heat’
*papaq		‘below, beneath, under’
*papaq		‘frond of a palm’
*papaq		‘mouth’
*papi		‘cook in an earth oven’
*papian		‘firewood, what is used to make a fire’
*papine		‘woman, female, sister (male speaker)’
*pa-pitu		‘seven (of humans)’
*papo		‘above, outside’
*papo		‘coral reef’
*papo		‘weed’
*pa-ponuq		‘fill, cause to become full’
*pāq		‘flood’
*paqa		‘stalk or stem of a plant’
*paqa		‘thigh’
*paqaRok		‘snatch, seize, rob’
*paqas		‘split lengthwise’
*paqo		‘plant’; ‘Heliconia spp.’
*paqot		‘wood-working tool: chisel’
*paqpaq		‘midrib of coconut frond’
*paqus		‘tie, bind’
*paRa		‘hand’
*paRa		‘storage shelf above the hearth’
*paRa-		‘reciprocal prefix’
*para		‘coconut embryo’
*paRak		‘hoarse’
*paRane		‘brave, bold’
*paRaŋ		‘molar tooth’
*paRaq		‘lung’
*paRaq		‘swell, boil’
*paraqu		‘boat’
*paRara		‘handle of an axe or adze’
*parara		‘thunder’
*paRas		‘step, tread on something’
*paRi		‘cut or lop off branches’
*paRi		‘stingray’
*paRi-		‘prefix of reciprocal or collective action’
*pari		‘divide, share out (as an inheritance?)’
*pari		‘scrape, grate’
*paRih manuk		‘large rayfish, probably manta or eagle ray’
*paRi-tama		‘relationship of father and children’
*paRo		‘drill through, pierce, perforate’
*paRo		‘snatch, seize, rob’
*paro		‘scrape’
*pa-roŋoR		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*paRu		‘tree the bark of which provides a fiber much used in making cordage, lash, tie, bind’; ‘Hibiscus tiliaceus’
*paRut		‘pluck, uproot’
*pasa		‘swamp’
*pa-sakit		‘hurt someone, make someone sick’
*pasaŋ		‘pair, matching set’
*pasar		‘woody plant or tree’; ‘Vitex cofassus’
*pasi		‘plant yams’
*pasok		‘plant (crops)’
*pasoq		‘wash clothes’
*pasu		‘forehead, eyebrow’
*pasu		‘give birth to, have a child’
*pa-susu		‘give the breast to, nurse a child’
*pat		‘four’
*pataR		‘shelf’
*pat-i		‘four’
*pati		‘break off, snap off’
*pati pati		‘four at a time’
*pa-tolu		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*patoto		‘sticks that connect the float to the booms of an outrigger canoe’
*patu		‘hard, firm’
*patu		‘joint, node’
*patu		‘stone’
*patuR		‘plait, weave’
*patuRu		‘cycad’; ‘Cycas rumphii’
*pau		‘plant’; ‘Kleinhovia hospita’
*pa-uliq		‘return, send back’
*paya		‘kind of small fish, probably sardine or anchovy’
*pe-		‘mother’
*pea		‘where?’
*peka		‘separate, disconnect’
*pekaŋ		‘stretch open or apart’
*pekuq		‘bend, curve’
*pela pela		‘shout, exclaim’
*penako		‘steal’
*pened		‘stopped up, plugged’
*periŋ		‘bamboo sp.’
*pesi		‘coastal tree’; ‘perhaps Pongamia pinnata’
*peta		‘shatter, break’
*pia		‘goodness’
*pia		‘where?’
*piak		‘baby chick, peeping of chick’
*pian		‘want, desire, wish or long for’
*pica		‘how much?, how many?’
*pica pica		‘few, several (?)’
*picak		‘crush, press in’
*picik		‘splash, spray, sprinkle’
*picit		‘squeeze out’
*pidak		‘break, split’
*pidik		‘fillip, flick with the finger’
*pijir		‘braid, twist together’
*pijo		‘kind of reed or cane’; ‘including Saccharum spontaneum’
*pika		‘sand, sandbank’
*piko		‘bent, crooked’
*pikuq		‘bend, curve, bent, curved’
*pilak		‘flash (of lightning)’
*pilat		‘open the eyes wide’
*pilat		‘scar’
*pilaɁ		‘scar’
*piliŋ		‘roll’
*piliq		‘choose, select, pick out’
*piliq piliq		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*piliq-an		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*piliq-i		‘choose it!’
*pilit		‘intertwine, twist and turn’
*pilit		‘paste, stick to’
*pilit		‘peel by hand’
*pilolo		‘curved, crooked’
*piloR		‘blind’
*pilu		‘large marine fish, jackfish or trevally’
*pilul		‘curly, of the hair’
*pilu-pilu		‘small trevally varieties’
*piluq		‘fold’
*pina		‘shellfish sp.’
*pine		‘female’
*pi(ŋ)keR		‘bend, turn’
*pi(ŋ)kuk		‘bend, curve’
*piŋkuk		‘curved, bent’
*pi(n)tak		‘split’
*pi(n)tik		‘throb, beat’
*pintik		‘snare, noose trap, spring up suddenly, jerk up (as a fishing line or noose trap)’
*pinu		‘fold over’
*pinuan		‘tree’; ‘Macaranga spp.’
*pinut		‘skin, bark’
*piok		‘peep, cheep’
*pipik		‘beat lightly’
*pipiR		‘lip’
*pipirua		‘whirlwind, waterspout’
*pipis		‘sprinkle water on something’
*pipis		‘squeeze’
*piRa		‘roe, eggs of fish or crustacean’
*piRa		‘sailfin tang’; ‘Zebrasoma veliferum’
*piRaq		‘wild taro, elephant-ear or itching taro’; ‘Alocasia spp.’
*piras		‘immature stage of coconut or areca nut (?)’
*piras		‘scar’
*piri		‘pithy ball inside sprouted coconut, coconut endosperm’
*piRiŋ		‘dark hue, possibly dark red’
*piriŋ		‘side, edge’
*piriŋ		‘stone, throw a stone at’
*piri-piri		‘twine round and round, thing made by braiding’
*piro		‘twist together’
*piro-a		‘twist together’
*piRu		‘fan palm’; ‘Licuala Rumphii’
*piRu-piRu		‘sailfish’; ‘Istiophoridae’
*pisak		‘split’
*pisaw		‘kind of knife or machete’
*pisi		‘entangle, snarl, tie up, wind around, wrap’
*pisi		‘fart’
*pisi ni mata		‘eyelash’
*pisik		‘peel’
*pisiko		‘flesh, lean part of meat, grain of wood’
*piso		‘kind of wild cane with edible flower head’
*piso		‘navel’
*pitak		‘mud’
*pitak		‘split’
*pitaquR		‘shore tree’; ‘Calophyllum inophyllum’
*pite		‘squeeze to extract juice’
*piti		‘crack’
*pitik		‘lightning’
*pitik-pitik		‘jump repeatedly, knock or fillip repeatedly’
*pitolon		‘hungry’
*pitu		‘seven’
*pitu		‘sword grass’; ‘Imperata cylindrica’
*pitu ŋa puluq		‘seventy’
*pitu pitu		‘seven by seven, seven at a time’
*pituŋ		‘bamboo sp.’
*pituqun		‘star’
*poipoi		‘pandanus sp.’
*pokaŋ		‘spread apart (as the legs or an unbent fishhook)’
*pokaq		‘divide, separate things that are joined’
*poki		‘clear the ground for a garden site’
*pokos		‘wrap up, bundle, bundle of firewood’
*poku		‘round object, young coconut’
*pokut		‘hunch over, curl up (body)’
*polac		‘spread’
*polaq		‘split in two’
*polat		‘fish corral’
*poli		‘value, price, marriage prestations, brideprice, purchase’
*poli poli		‘barter, trade’
*poli-a		‘barter, purchase by exchange’
*polit		‘twist around’
*polok		‘grow (of plants)’
*polon		‘swallow’
*polos		‘cut across’
*polos		‘stripes, striped’
*poŋap		‘amazed’
*poŋkaR		‘burst open, split open’
*ponor		‘formal gathering (as of chiefs, with possible connections to announcing temporary taboos)’
*poñu		‘green turtle’; ‘Chelonia mydas’
*ponuq		‘full (of a container)’
*ponuq sake		‘full to the top’
*popok		‘rot, rotten’
*popol		‘hydropoesia, bodily swelling caused by water retention’
*popos		‘squeeze out’
*poro poro		‘shatter’
*poRos		‘squeeze out juice, extract liquid by squeezing’
*posaq		‘break into several large pieces, hatch (of an egg’
*pose		‘canoe paddle, paddle a canoe’
*pose pose		‘paddle repeatedly, paddle about’
*posit		‘squeeze, squirt out’
*poso		‘hold’
*posuk		‘have a hole, perforated’
*potak		‘split, cleave, divide’
*potas		‘tear, rip open, cut open’
*potok		‘pufferfish, porcupinefish’
*potok		‘thorn, spur, barb, stinger of stingray’
*potu		‘appear, come into view’
*potu		‘bulge, swelling’
*potuŋ		‘type of very large bamboo’
*pout		‘or feel cold’
*pua		‘carry on the shoulder’
*pua		‘only’
*puaq		‘fruit, seed, blossom, egg, nut, testicle, numeral classifier for roundish objects, bear fruit, show first signs of pregnancy, swell (of the sea)’
*puaq ni kayu		‘fruit (of a tree)’
*puaq puaq		‘bearing fruit, fruitful’
*puaR		‘break, crush, smash’
*puat		‘for the purpose of, in order to’
*puat		‘harvest fruits’
*puat		‘lift, carry, bring, emerge, appear, begin, take a spouse’
*puat-an		‘crop, load of fruit’
*puat-an		‘lift, carry’
*pucoq pucoq		‘foam, bubbles, foaming, bubbling’
*pucut		‘spurt out’
*pudi		‘banana’
*pui		‘bunch, cluster (as of fruit)’
*pui		‘turn over, rock back and forth, swing’
*pui pui		‘turn over, rock back and forth, swing’
*puis		‘back and forth movement’
*puk		‘pop!, plop!, splash!’
*puk		‘sound of a dull thud’
*puka		‘fall’
*puke		‘open, uncover’
*puki		‘vulva, vagina’
*puko		‘morning, tomorrow’
*pukot		‘dragnet’
*pukpuk		‘hammer, pound, beat’
*pukuR		‘cough’
*pula		‘sea cucumber, sea slug’
*pula		‘strand creeper, convolvulus’
*pula		‘swell, become turgid’
*pulan		‘kind of shellfish’
*pulan		‘moon, month’
*pulaR		‘cataract of the eye, hazy or blurred vision’
*pulaR		‘unnaturally white, albino’
*puliR		‘bunch, cluster of fruit’
*pulu		‘body hair, fur, feathers, floss on plants’
*pulu		‘wash the hands’
*pulu ni manuk		‘feathers’
*pulu pulu		‘hairy’
*pulu qi mata		‘eyelash’
*pulu-an		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*puluq		‘group of ten’
*puna		‘source, origin’
*punas		‘wipe off, wipe out’
*punat		‘plant used to stun fish’; ‘Derris elliptica’
*puŋa		‘crowded, mass of people’
*puŋa		‘flower, blossom’
*puŋao		‘affines of the first ascending or zero generation’
*puŋa-puŋa		‘hill, mountain’
*puŋun		‘bunch, cluster’
*puni		‘hide, conceal’
*puni		‘ringworm’; ‘Tinea imbricata’
*puni-puni		‘secretive’
*puntal		‘puffer fish sp.’
*puntu		‘small hill, knoll’
*punuq		‘constellation: the Pleiades’
*punuq		‘strike, beat, pierce, kill, extinguish (a fire)’
*punuq-a		‘strike, beat, kill’
*punuq-i		‘strike, beat, kill’
*pupu		‘bladder’
*pupu		‘conical bamboo basket trap for fish’
*pupuk		‘insect that infests wood and bamboo, dust produced by the boring of this insect’
*pupuk		‘sound of pounding or knocking’
*pupula		‘raised flesh over a wound’
*pu-pulan		‘white fish, tarpon’; ‘Megalops cyprinoides’
*pu-pulu		‘betel pepper’; ‘Piper betle’
*pupuŋ		‘swell up’
*pupuŋan		‘ridge of the roof’
*pupuR		‘rinse the mouth, gargle’
*pupus		‘leak, pour out, loose or crumbling, crumble and fall’
*pupus-a		‘drip or pour out’
*pupus-i		‘leak’
*puput		‘pluck (as fruit), strip off (as leaves)’
*puput-i		‘pull out, uproot (as plants), pluck (as hair or feathers)’
*puqal		‘levered up, uprooted’
*puqaya		‘crocodile’
*puqi		‘rinse, wash’
*puqi puqi		‘pour water on, douse (as a fire)’
*puqpuq		‘pick, pluck (as fruit)’
*puqulu		‘leaf of the betel pepper’
*puqun		‘base of a tree, cause, source, origin, beginning, foot of a hill or mountain, first wife, model or example (to be copied), expression for the mother’s brother’
*puqun nu kahiw		‘tree’
*puqun nu laŋit		‘horizon, stranger, foreigner’
*pura		‘arrive, appear, come into view’
*puRa-puRas		‘whale’
*puraq		‘immerse, dip in water’
*puraq		‘unnaturally white, albino’
*puraq puraq		‘foam, bubbles, bubble up’
*puRas		‘spray water from the mouth’
*puRcit		‘spurt or gush out’
*puRe		‘beach creepers’; ‘including Ipomoea grandiflora and Ipomoea pes-caprae’
*puRe		‘lifted up or deposited on the beach by tide or current’
*pure		‘navel’
*puri		‘roll, roll over’
*puro		‘foam, bubbles’
*puro		‘sponge’
*puro puro		‘foam, bubbles’
*puRu		‘jealous’
*puRuk		‘spray spittle, etc. from the mouth for magical purposes’
*pururuŋ		‘glow or flame of fire’
*-purus		‘whirlwind, whirlpool’
*pusa		‘heart’
*pusa		‘originate, related by common origin, born’
*pusa		‘rotten’
*pusi		‘blow (as the wind)’
*pusiRa		‘starling’; ‘Aplonis spp.’
*puso		‘glutton’
*puso		‘heart’
*puso		‘white’
*pusoc		‘navel, umbilicus’
*pusoq		‘foam, bubbles’
*pusuR		‘hunting bow’
*put		‘coconut husk’
*puta		‘fishnet float’
*putat		‘trees in the genus Barringtonia’
*putiR		‘wart, cyst, non-purulent skin eruption’
*putput		‘pluck, pull out’
*putu		‘group, crowd, flock, school, bunch, cluster’
*putuk		‘knock, pound, beat’
*putul		‘protuberant part’
*putul		‘small hill, knoll’
*putul putul		‘small hill, knoll’
*putun		‘shore tree’; ‘Barringtonia spp.’
*putuq		‘testicles, scrotum’
*putur		‘small hill, knoll’
*puu		‘blow’
*puuŋ		‘howl (of the wind)’
*pwajaR		‘clap hands’
*pwaka		‘come into view’
*pwalaq		‘split wood’
*pwaŋa		‘hole, cavern’
*pwano-pwano		‘plant’; ‘Guettarda speciosa’
*pwasa		‘sore on skin’
*pwasar		‘large pandanus sp.’
*pwasar		‘slap, hit’
*pwatika		‘potato yam, aerial yam’; ‘Dioscorea bulbifera’
*pwatu		‘elbow, knee, joint, node’
*pwau		‘head’
*pwipipi		‘kind of shore bird, possibly snipe’
*pwiRa		‘elephantiasis’
*pwirip		‘parrot’; ‘probably Trichoglossus sp.’
*pwosa		‘appear’
*q<in>uma		‘cultivated field, garden’
*(q)<um>una		‘do or go first, lead’
*qa		‘locative particle’
*qabatiR		‘sago grub’
*qabi		‘take hold of, grasp’
*qabin		‘hold or carry under the arm’
*qaco		‘day’
*qait		‘copulate, copulation, sexual intercourse’
*qalar		‘fence, wall’
*qalejaw-qalejaw		‘daily, every day’
*qali-		‘prefix for words with a sensitive reference to the spirit world’
*qaliliŋ		‘cateye shell’
*qalima		‘hand’
*qali-maŋu		‘mangrove crab’
*(q)alipa		‘nut tree’; ‘Canarium sp.’
*qalipan		‘centipede’
*qali-popot		‘firefly’
*qaliR		‘flow’
*qaliR-an		‘place where water flows’
*qalo		‘sun’
*qalo		‘tree with wood used to make fireplows’
*qalop		‘beckon, wave’
*qalu		‘fish: barracuda sp.’
*qalun		‘long rolling wave, swell, billow’
*qamataq		‘raw, eat something raw’
*qaŋab		‘gape, open the mouth wide’
*qaŋap		‘gape, open the mouth wide’
*qaŋeSit		‘stench, musky odor of an animal’
*qaŋet		‘anger’
*qa-ni		‘this, here’
*qani		‘proximal deictic: this’
*qanitu		‘ghost, ancestral spirit, nature spirit, corpse, owl, various plants’
*qanunu		‘shadow, reflection, soul’
*qanus		intr. ‘spittle, spit’
*qanus-i		trans. ‘spit’
*qanusi		‘spit at (as an insult?)’
*qapaliR		‘surgeonfish’; ‘Acanthurus spp.’
*qapaRa		‘shoulder, carry on the shoulder’
*qapaRa		‘topmost hand of banana stalk’
*qapator		‘sago grub’
*qapit		‘tongs, anything used to hold things together by pinching’
*qapu		‘ashes, dust’
*qapuk		‘dust’
*qapuR		‘lime, calcium’
*qaRa		‘fence, enclosure’
*qarop		‘front side, belly (of an animal?)’
*qaRuas		‘young growth stage of mullet’
*qaRus		‘current, flow’
*qasam		‘fern used for tying and binding’
*qasawa		‘spouse, husband, wife’
*qase		‘chin, jaw’
*qasi		‘no, not’
*qasiRa		‘salt’
*qaso		‘food offering’
*qasu		‘bail out water’
*qasu		‘gall, gall bladder’; ‘Octopus sepia’
*qasu		‘smoke, fumes, steam, smoke (as a fire)’
*qasu qasu		‘give off smoke continuously, pour out smoke’
*qatai		‘side of canoe opposite the outrigger’
*qatay		‘liver, seat of the emotions, inner self: core, mind, will, desire, feeling, intelligence, understanding, want or wish, hollow of the palm of the hand or sole of the foot, pith (as of bamboo)’
*qatay qatay		‘climbing plant’; ‘Wedelia biflora’
*qatay-an		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*qate qate		‘calf of the leg’
*qatimun		‘cucumber’
*qatita		‘putty nut’; ‘Parinarium laurinum’
*qatoluR		‘egg’
*qatop		‘roof, thatch’
*qatu		‘strike from above, pound’
*qatuan		‘deity’
*qatulay		‘fish: the big-eyed scad’; ‘Trachurops crumenophthalmus’
*qatun		‘fish, skipjack tuna or bonito’
*qatuR		‘stack up, in a row, lined up, order, arrange’
*qaue		‘exclamation of joy or sorrow’
*qauŋ		‘howl (of a dog)’
*qauR		‘type of large bamboo’
*qawa		‘mouth’
*qawan		‘fish sp.: the milkfish’; ‘Chanos chanos’
*qawas		‘fish sp.: mullet sp.’; ‘Neomyxus chaptalii’
*qayawan		‘banyan, strangler fig’
*qayuyu		‘coconut crab’; ‘Birgus latro’
*qenop		‘lie down to sleep’
*qi		‘exclamation of pain, fear, excitement, etc.’
*qi		‘genitive marker’
*qia		‘exclamation (probably of affirmation or confirmation)’
*qila		‘any natural mark on human skin, birthmark, freckle, mole’
*qila-qila		‘have dark blotches on the skin’
*qi(m)pun		‘heap, collection, gather, heap up’
*qina		‘exclamation of astonishment, fright, etc.’
*qinep		‘lie down to sleep’
*qiŋet		‘angry, upset’
*qiŋga		‘until (as far as), limit, boundary’
*qio		‘yes, expression of affirmation’
*qipil		‘hardwood tree’; ‘Intsia bijuga, Afzelia bijuga’
*qiro		‘see, look at, behold’
*qisaq		‘interjection of negative emotive force’
*qisep		‘sucking, soaking up, absorbing’
*qitaq		‘aggressiveness, anger’
*qiteluR		‘egg, testicle’
*qitem		‘black’
*qitik		‘small, little, few’
*qitiŋ		‘bunch of bananas’
*qo		‘yes, agree, give assent’
*qodaq		‘eat something raw’
*qokok		‘cough’
*qone		‘sand’
*qone qone		‘sandy’
*qoŋkom		‘hold something in the mouth’
*qono		‘fish, barracuda’
*qono		‘mend a net’
*qonop		‘close, shut’
*qoso		‘provisions for a journey’
*qoti		‘finished, used up’
*quban		‘gray hair’
*qubi		‘yam’; ‘Dioscorea alata Linn.’
*quciŋ		‘dark color’
*qudip		‘life, alive’
*que		‘rattan’; ‘Calamus sp.’
*quku		‘bowstring’
*qulej		‘maggot, caterpillar, larva of a metamorphosing insect’
*qulej qulej		‘lots of worms, crawling with worms, extremely wormy’
*qulej-an		‘have worms’
*qules		‘clothing, wrapping’
*quli		‘knead, mix together’
*quliŋ		‘rudder, steer (a boat)’
*qulu		‘head, top part, leader, chief, headwaters, prow of a boat, first, first-born, hair of the head’
*qulu ni panua		‘headland’
*qulu qulu		‘head-end, upper part’
*qulu tuhud		‘knee’
*qulua		‘fish sp.’
*qulun		‘rest the head on’
*quluŋ-an		‘rest the head on, wooden headrest’
*quma		‘swiddden, work a swidden’
*qumaŋ qumaŋ		‘hermit crab’
*qumata		‘snake’
*qumay		‘unicorn fish’; ‘Naso spp.’
*qumun		‘earth oven’
*qumun-a		‘bake or roast in an earth oven’
*qumun-i		‘cook in an earth oven’
*qumuR		‘fill the mouth with food or water’
*qumwaŋ		‘hermit crab’
*qunap		‘scale of fish, shell of turtle’
*qunap qunap		‘fish scales (collective?)’
*qunap-ia		‘scale a fish’
*qunep		‘scales of fish or snake’
*quŋal		‘mournful howl of a dog’
*qunus		‘move along’
*qunus qunus		‘move along’
*qupa		‘hen, egg-laying chicken’
*ququs		‘chewing on sugarcane’
*quraŋ		‘shrimp, crayfish, lobster’
*quRi		‘fruit tree’; ‘Spondias dulcis’
*quruŋ		‘gather, collect, swarm around’
*qusan		‘rain’
*qusan patu		‘hail, hailstone’
*qusan qusan		‘rain intermittently’
*qusila		‘lightning’
*qusuŋ		‘carry between two persons’
*qusur		‘push, shove’
*qutan		‘small, wild herbaceous plants, scrub-land, bush’
*quto		‘pith of a tree’
*qutok		‘brain’
*qutud		‘fish sp.’
*qutun		‘green jobfish’; ‘Aprion virescens’
*qutup		‘submerge a container to fill it’
*qutup-i		‘fill with liquid’
*qutup-ia		‘fill it (imper.), filled’
*qutut		‘flatulence, fart’
*quzan-i		‘rain on (something)’
*quzuŋ		‘mountain peak, cape of land, tip of anything’
*Rabia		‘sago palm’
*Rabi-Rabi		‘every night, happening every night’
*rabuk		‘knock, pound, beat’
*rago		‘stick, adhere’
*rakaq		‘open’
*rakat		‘walk’
*raki		‘wind from the northeast (?)’
*rakit		‘join along the length, raft’
*rakop		‘embrace’
*Rakut		‘tie together’
*ralic		‘buttress root’
*ralom		‘insides, area within, inner part of something, between, below, under, deep, mind, feelings’
*ralom qate		‘(gloss uncertain)’
*ramaR		‘light, luminosity’
*ra(m)bek		‘strike, break’
*ra(m)buk		‘knock, pound, beat’
*Ramut		‘fibrous roots (as of grass)’
*Raŋak		‘spider conch’; ‘Lambis lambis’
*RaŋaR		‘spider conch’; ‘Lambis lambis’
*Raŋaw		‘dry up, wither’
*raŋi		‘near’
*ra(ŋ)kup		‘gather in the cupped hands’
*rano		‘lake’
*ranum		‘fresh water’
*rapaR		‘flat, level, even’
*rapat		‘attack’
*Rapi		‘afternoon, evening, yesterday’
*Rapuk		‘worn out, decaying’
*Rapun		‘misty, dim’
*rapuR		‘hearth’
*Raput		‘uproot, pull out by the roots’
*raqan		‘branch, bough’
*raqan kayu		‘branch of a tree’
*raqani		‘day’
*raqe		‘forehead’
*Raqup		‘cup the hands’
*rarap		‘tree with dense clusters of red flowers, Indian coral tree’; ‘Erythrina indica’
*raRat		‘sea coast (?)’
*ra-rua		‘two (of people)’
*Rataq		‘coconut milk’
*rataR		‘flat or level land’
*Ratas		‘milk’
*rato		‘small whale sp.’
*Ratus		‘hundred’
*raun		‘leaf, head hair, classifier used in counting certain types of objects’
*raun ni taliŋa		‘auricle or shell of the ear’
*raun-raun		‘foliage, leaves’
*raya		‘upriver, toward the interior’
*rere		‘afraid of something’
*rere		‘flow, stream, move out rapidly’
*ridriŋ		‘wall of a house’
*rikiq		‘small’
*rikit		‘little, small’
*rilop		‘flash’
*ririq		‘boil, effervesce’
*riRus		‘bathe’
*Risi		‘tear, split, cut’
*robuŋ		‘plant shoot’
*rodrom		‘brood, keep still’
*rodrom		‘dark, cloudy’
*rokaq		‘open’
*roko		‘stoop, bow, bend over’
*Rokoŋ		‘shrink, contract’
*roko-roko		‘walk past in a stooping posture’
*rokot		‘stick, adhere firmly’
*roku		‘bent, curved’
*rokuk		‘bend over’
*rokuŋ		‘bend, curve’
*rolos		‘bowstring’
*roŋoR		‘hear, what is heard, news, perceive by any sense other than sight’
*ropa		‘fathom’
*Ropak		‘break something brittle’
*ropak		‘brittle, crumbly’
*ropeq		‘string a bow, set a sail, bend in a curve’
*ropeq-a		‘string a bow, set a sail, bend in a curve’
*Ropok		‘fly’
*Ropo-Ropok		‘flying’
*roRas		‘hasten’
*roRoŋ		‘roaring sound’
*roRos		‘current, flow’
*rotuk		‘hit, beat’
*rourou		‘resounding noise’
*rua		‘two’
*rua rua		‘doubt, hesitation, uncertainty, hesitate, of two minds’
*rua rua		‘two by two, two at a time’
*Ruap		‘high tide, tidal flow’
*Rucan		‘load (as cargo on a boat)’
*rukuq		‘bend over, stoop’
*Rumaq		‘house’
*Rupas		‘loosen, untie’
*Ruqa		‘neck’
*ruru		‘back water with a paddle’
*ruru		‘ripples on water’
*ruruŋ		‘sheltered (as from the weather)’
*rurut		‘pluck, pull out’
*Rusuk		‘ribcage’
*ruyuŋ		‘dugong’
*sa		‘locative marker’
*sabak		‘slap hard’
*sabakap		‘tree’; ‘Alstonia scholaris’
*sabi-sabi		‘shell disk used as ear-ring’
*sabot		‘catch (as a thing thrown)’
*sabu		‘waterfall, cascade’
*sabuR		‘sow, scatter, scattered about, splash water on something’
*sabutu		‘fish, emperor’; ‘Lethrinus spp.’
*sai		‘who?’
*sakan		‘boil food’
*sakaŋ		‘bowlegged’
*sakaRu		‘reef’
*sakau		‘small species of Malay apple’
*sakay		‘catch a ride, join a group, ride on something’
*sake		‘ascend, rise up’
*sakil		‘rest the foot on, touch or knock with the foot’
*saku		‘kind of banana’
*saku		‘needlefish, young of Istiophorus spp.’
*saku-layaR		‘sailfish, swordfish’
*sakup		‘catch’
*sakwa		‘grasshopper or stick insect’
*sala		‘sharp-pointed object, possibly sea urchin’
*salan-an		‘passageway’
*salaŋ		‘spiny sea urchin’
*salap		‘broom, sweep’
*salap-i		‘broom, sweep’
*salaq		‘wrong, in error (of behavior), miss (a target), mistake, error, fault’
*salatoŋ		‘stinging nettle’; ‘Laportea spp.’
*sale sale		‘float’
*sali		‘strip leaves from branch’
*saliR		‘flow (of water)’
*saman		‘outrigger float’
*sama-sama		‘with no difference, equally to both’
*sambak		‘hit, strike a heavy blow’
*saŋa		‘crotch, fork of the legs, span, fork of the fingers’
*sa-ŋa-puluq		‘ten’
*sa-ŋa-Ratus		‘one hundred’
*saŋa-saŋa		‘starfish’
*sa(ŋ)kit		‘tie, fasten together’
*sani		‘clearing of a garden for planting (?)’
*sanu		‘person whose name is avoided or cannot be remembered: So-and-so’
*sao		‘kind of long tom’
*sapa		‘what?’
*sape		‘abortion’
*sape		‘carry by a strap over the shoulder’
*sapu		‘wipe off or brush off, broom’
*sapuk		‘fine dust, airborne dust’
*sapulu		‘bivalve mollusc’; ‘possibly Pinna sp.’
*sa-puluq		‘ten’
*sapuR		‘strew, scatter, sprinkle’
*saput		‘pull out, uproot’
*saqat		‘bad’
*saqit		‘sew’
*saRawaki		‘sea urchin with short spines’
*saRe		‘tear, split’
*saRi		‘husk a coconut with the teeth’
*saRop		‘save, rescue’
*saRu		‘comb’
*saRu		‘wingbone of flying fox (used in tattooing process)’
*saRuk		‘step into clothing, put on a sarong’
*saruk		‘scoop up in a net, fetch water by scooping up’
*saRum		‘needle’
*saRup		‘scoop up with both hands’
*saRup		‘sing in unison’
*saRut		‘answer, reply’
*sasah		‘cut or collect palm leaves for roofing’
*sasaRi		‘midrib of a coconut frond’

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OUTOFPAPUA database: Lexicons of the West Papuan language area

Blust & Trussel (2019f): Proto-Oceanic

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