OUTOFPAPUA database: Lexicons of the West Papuan language area

Visser (2020): Kalamang

Original citation: Visser, Eline. 2020. Kalamang dictionary. Dictionaria 13. 1-2737. URL: https://dictionaria.clld.org/contributions/kalamang
Notes on this source: Reproduced here with permission of Eline Visser.

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Headword IPA Glosses
=aa

Grammatical marker. ‘[focus]’; ‘[fokus]’

aa

Interjection. ‘[filler]’; ‘[kata pengisi]’

aa

Interjection. ‘[interjection]’; ‘[kata seru]’

a'aaʔa

Interjection. ‘[agreement interjection], yes’; ‘[kata seru persetujuan], iya’

adatadat

Noun. ‘tradition’; ‘adat’

adeade

Interjection. ‘[interjection expressing contempt or dissatisfaction]’; ‘[aduh, adeh]’

adiadi

Interjection. ‘[interjection expressing pain or discomfort]’; ‘adih’

aduaˈdu

Interjection. ‘[interjection for sudden pain or surprise]’; ‘[kata seru], aduh’

afukatafuˈkat

Noun. ‘avocado’; ‘alpukat’

ahataˈhat

Noun. ‘Sunday’; ‘hari minggu’

-ahutakaˈhutak

Grammatical marker. ‘[quantifying pronoun suffix], alone’; ‘sendiri’

ajaraɟar

1. Verb. ‘teach’; ‘ajar’

2. Verb. ‘continue’; ‘ajar’

akak

Noun. ‘sea-side (when at sea, when the vessel follows the coastline)’; ‘sebelah laut’

akalakal

Noun. ‘sense’; ‘akal’

aknarakˈnar

Noun. ‘chest’; ‘dada’

aknar kangunakˈnar ˌkaŋun

Noun. ‘collarbone, breastbone’; ‘tulang selangka, tulang dada’

akpisakˈpis

Noun. ‘convex side’; ‘bagian keluar’

-alˈal

Classifier. ‘[classifier for strings or strips]’; ‘[penggolong untuk tali], tali (pakai dengan nomor)’

-alˈal

Noun. ‘string, vine, grass’; ‘tali, tumbuhan merambat, padi-padian’

alanganalaŋan

Verb. ‘unable to do’; ‘berhalangan’

alanganrepalaŋanrep

Verb. ‘look for trouble’; ‘bikin halangan’

alarˈalar

Noun. ‘kind of small fish’; ‘ikan kepala batu’

alkonalkon

Quantifier. ‘one string’; ‘satu tali’

Almaheraalmaˈhera

Noun. ‘Halmahera’; ‘Halmahera’

amam

Noun. ‘breast, breast milk’; ‘susu’

am belunam ˈbelun

Noun. ‘nipple, teat’; ‘puting susu, ujung susu’

am perunam ˈperun

Noun. ‘breast milk’; ‘air susu’

amdirˈamdir

Noun. ‘garden’; ‘kebun’

amdir komarukamˈdir koˈmaruk

Verb. ‘clear land’; ‘bakar kebun’

amkeitamˈkeit

Verb. ‘give birth’; ‘melahirkan’

-anan

Grammatical marker. ‘[first person singular possessive pronoun], my’; ‘saya punya’

anan

Pronoun. ‘[first person singular pronoun], I’; ‘saya’

anahutakanaˈhutak

Pronoun. ‘[first person quantified pronoun], I alone’; ‘saya sendiri’

andainanˈdain

Pronoun. ‘[first person restrictive focus pronoun], I alone’; ‘saya sendiri’

Andanˈandan

Noun. ‘Banda Islands’; ‘Kepulauan Banda’

ang

Noun. ‘turban shell’; ‘keong, ciput laga kecil.’

anggasˈaŋɡas

Noun. ‘door’; ‘pintu’

anggas padenunaŋɡas padenun

Noun. ‘doorpost’; ‘tiang pintu’

anggonaŋˈɡon

Pronoun. ‘[first person singular possessive], my’; ‘saya punya’

ankaanka

Noun. ‘number’; ‘anka’

antianti

Noun. ‘antidote, resistant’; ‘anti’

antingˈantiŋ

Noun. ‘earrings’; ‘anting’

aoao

Interjection. ‘[interjection]’; ‘[kata seru]’

apap

Quantifier. ‘five’; ‘lima’

-ar-ar

Classifier. ‘[classifier for plants, trees, string, rope, houses and poles]’; ‘[penggolung untuk batang, pohon, rumah dan tiang], batang, pohon (pakai sama nomor)’

-ar-ar

Noun. ‘stem (of a tree or plant), tree’; ‘batang, pohon’

arar

Verb. ‘dive’; ‘menyelam’

arar

Verb. ‘expel an animal’; ‘usir hewan’

arar

Verb. ‘make a sound (inanimate)’; ‘bunyi’

arar

Noun. ‘sound’; ‘bunyi’

Arabirarabir

Noun. ‘Arabir, place on Karas, also known as Baki Tanggiun’; ‘Arabir, tempat di Karas, same dengan Baki Tanggiun’

aragadiarăˈɡadi

Noun. ‘saw’; ‘gergaji’

aratarat

Noun. ‘seam of a boat’; ‘nat perahu’

arekmangarekˈmaŋ

Intransitive verb. ‘startled by pain and utter a sound, mad or show utter contempt or dissatisfaction’; ‘kaget (kenal barang tajam), bicara marah’

aremunaˈremun

Intransitive verb. ‘big (of a tree or house)’; ‘besar (kayu atau rumah)’

arepaˈrep

Noun. ‘pond, enclosed bay, sometimes used to refer to Arepner, the bay in Mas’; ‘kolam, teluk’

arepnerarepˈner

Noun. ‘name of the basin in Mas, lit. "in the pond"’; ‘kolam di kampung Mas’

areraraarerara

Interjection. ‘[interjection expressing anger]’; ‘[kata seru kalo marah]’

ariemunaˈriemun

Noun. ‘Friday’; ‘jumat’

arunˈarun

Noun. ‘stem’; ‘batang, pohon’

arwaarwa

Noun. ‘spirit’; ‘arwah’

-as-as

Noun. ‘edge’; ‘cela’

asalasal

Conjunction. ‘as long as’; ‘asal’

asarˈasar

Noun. ‘time of the Asr prayer, the Islamic afternoon daily prayer, around 15:30’; ‘ashar’

asaskonasaskon

Intransitive verb. ‘loose, not dense, with holes’; ‘jarang-jarang, longgar-longgar, tidak padat’

asokmangaˈsokmaŋ

Verb. ‘short of breath’; ‘napas pendek, hosa, sesak napas’

asunˈasun

Noun. ‘edge’; ‘cela’

=atat

Grammatical marker. ‘[object case marker]’; ‘[infleksi untuk objek dalam kalimat transitif]’

atauatau

Conjunction. ‘or’; ‘atau’

atorˈator

Verb. ‘arrange’; ‘ator, atur’

auau

Noun. ‘infant’; ‘anak kecil’

=baba

Grammatical marker. ‘[focus marker on question words, proper names and pronouns]’; ‘[fokus]’

bakbak

Noun. ‘container (typically for bathing water)’; ‘bak’

Baki Tanggiunbaki taŋɡiun

Noun. ‘Baki Tanggiun, place on biggest Karas island’; ‘Baki Tanggiun, nama tempat di Karas’

balbal

Noun. ‘dog’; ‘anjing’

balakbaˈlak

Noun. ‘ceiling joists and other beams in a roof construction’; ‘ring balok’

balamabalaˈma

Verb. ‘heat leaves in the fire (to put them on a sore spot later)’; ‘rau’

balaokbalaok

Verb. ‘show’; ‘tunjuk’

balikawuokbaˈlikaˌwuok

Noun. ‘green bean’; ‘kacang hijau’

Baliwawa Anggasunbaliwawa aŋɡasun

Noun. ‘Baliwawa Anggasun, place on biggest Karas island’; ‘Baliwawa Anggasun, nama tempat di Karas’

balkawuokbalˈkawuok

Noun. ‘plant with bean-like seeds’; ‘kacang anjing’

balukubaˈluku

Noun. ‘freshwater eel’; ‘ikan belut tawar’

bankuˈbaŋku

Noun. ‘bench’; ‘bangku’

barabaˈra

Verb. ‘descend, move down’; ‘turun’

barahalabaraˈhala

Verb. ‘lazy’; ‘pamalas, pu malas, ganggur’

=barakˈbarak

Adverbial modifier. ‘too, any, event’; ‘juga, lagi, pun’

baralabaˈrala

Noun. ‘certain group of illnesses, possibly those that disappear by themselves, such as food poisoning. Excluded are illnesses inflicted upon us by others by means of a spell, as well as malaria.’; ‘penyakit badan’

barangbaˈraŋ

Noun. ‘turmeric’; ‘kunyit, kuning’

baranggapbaraŋˈɡap

Intransitive verb. ‘yellow’; ‘kuning’

barotmabaˈrotma

Transitive verb. ‘turn over, to turn around’; ‘putar, peru’

barubaru

Conjunction. ‘then, so, only then, new’; ‘baru’

batakubaˈtaku

Noun. ‘brick’; ‘batako’

bawang iriskaptenˈbawaŋ iˈriskapten

Noun. ‘garlic’; ‘bawang putih’

bawang kerkaptenˈbawaŋ kerkapˈten

Noun. ‘red onion’; ‘bawang merah’

bayambaˈjam

Noun. ‘spinach’; ‘sayur bayam’

bayasˈbajas

Noun. ‘sand that is uncovered by low tide’; ‘pasir laut’

bebakˈbebak

Noun. ‘duck’; ‘bebek’

bekiemˈbekiem

Noun. ‘shoulder’; ‘bahu’

bekiemkangbeˈkiemkaŋ

Noun. ‘shoulderblade’; ‘tulang belikat’

Beladarbə̆ˈladar

Noun. ‘The Netherlands’; ‘Belanda’

belajarbeˈlaɟar

Verb. ‘learn, study’; ‘belajar’

belbelˈbelbel

Intransitive verb. ‘(of a tip) to be sharp’; ‘tajam’

belekbelek

Noun. ‘can (food container)’; ‘kaleng’

belenbə̆ˈlen

Noun. ‘tongue’; ‘lidah’

-bes-bes

Grammatical marker. ‘[quantity inflection on demonstratives], this/that much/many’; ‘[infleksi quantitatif di demonstrative], banyak begini/begitu’

besbes

Intransitive verb. ‘good’; ‘baik, bagus’

betbet

Noun. ‘goal (football)’; ‘gawang’

biarbiar

Conjunction. ‘even if’; ‘biar’

biasabiasa

Verb. ‘normal, used to’; ‘biasa’

biawasˈbiawas

Noun. ‘medicinal plant whose leaf is used to treat stomach ache’; ‘pohon biawas’

bintangbinˈtaŋ

Noun. ‘washtub’; ‘parteng’

bintulakbinˈtulak

Noun. ‘tilefish’; ‘sejenis ikan kecil’; ‘Malacanthus?’

birbir

Noun. ‘beer’; ‘bir’

birbirbirˈbir

Noun. ‘small black-and-white striped or clear blue fish living in hard coral close to the shore, possibly including ring-tailed cardinalfish’; ‘ikan kawan’; ‘maybe Apogon aureus’

bisaˈbisa

Verb. ‘can, possible’; ‘bisa’

bitkobitˈko

Verb. ‘carry on the back or shoulder(s) (inanimate things)’; ‘pikul’

bobo

1. Verb. ‘go’; ‘pergi’

2. Verb. ‘until’; ‘sampai’

bodaˈboda

Intransitive verb. ‘stupid’; ‘bodoh’

bolbol

Noun. ‘mouth, rim’; ‘mulut, pinggir (perahu, ember)’

bolaˈbola

Noun. ‘ball’; ‘bola’

bolkoyalbolˈkojal

Verb. ‘eat’; ‘makan’

bolkulbolˈkul

Noun. ‘lip’; ‘bibir’

bolodakbolodak

Adverbial modifier. ‘just a little’; ‘sedikit saja’

bolonbŏˈlon

Quantifier. ‘little’; ‘sedikit’

=bonbon

Grammatical marker. ‘[comitative case marker], with, and’; ‘[kasus komitatif], sama, dengan’

bonbon

Verb. ‘bring’; ‘bawa’

bonarasbonaras

Verb. ‘angry (with child)’; ‘marah sama anak’

bonasaubonasaˈu

Verb. ‘do a (repetitive, difficult, annoying) task, try’; ‘bikinbikin kerja, berusaha’

boncisˈboncis

Noun. ‘green beans’; ‘boncis’

borbor

Verb. ‘drill’; ‘bor’

borbor

Noun. ‘drill’; ‘bor’

boraraboˈrara

Verb. ‘go first, in the front’; ‘kamuka, di depan’

bormaˈborma

Transitive verb. ‘open (of one's limbs)’; ‘buka tangan atau kaki’

borunˈborun

Noun. ‘road, way, route’; ‘(per)jalanan’

botbot

Noun. ‘journey’; ‘perjalanan’

botalbotal

Noun. ‘bottle’; ‘botol’

bouboubouˈbou

Verb. ‘bathe a small child’; ‘mandi anak kecil’

boukboukboukˈbouk

Verb. ‘bark’; ‘gonggong’

bubirbubir

Noun. ‘porridge’; ‘bubur’

bugarˈbuɡar

Noun. ‘kind of fish’; ‘sejenis bubara’

bukbuk

Noun. ‘book’; ‘buku’

bulabula

Noun. ‘kind of fish’; ‘ikan nabula’

bungabuŋa

Noun. ‘flower’; ‘bunga’

bunga arunbuŋɡa ˈarun

Noun. ‘blossom’; ‘bunga pohon’

bunga kupukupuˈbuŋa ˌkupuˈkupu

Noun. ‘bastard valerian’; ‘bunga kupukupu’

bunga rampiˈbuŋa ˈrampi

Noun. ‘pandanus leaf’; ‘daun pandan’

bungbungˈbuŋbuŋ

Intransitive verb. ‘in a big heap’; ‘tumpuk tinggi’

buokbuok

Noun. ‘betel palm, areca palm, betel nut, areca nut’; ‘pohon pinang, pinang’

buok teunbuok ˈteun

Noun. ‘betel nut, areca nut’; ‘buah pinang’

buokbuokˈbuokbuok

Verb. ‘chew betel’; ‘makan pinang’

buokcebuokce

Noun. ‘your (PL) betel’; ‘kamong pu pinang’

buokpebuokpe

Noun. ‘our betel’; ‘kitong pu pinang’

buoksarunbuoksarun

Noun. ‘offering with betel’; ‘pamali pinang’

burburburˈbur

Verb. ‘hit, e.g. fish with a stick to get them into a net, or a bird that shakes fruit out of a tree by moving around’; ‘pukul-pukul’

Burewunburewun

Noun. ‘Burewun, shoal in narr20’; ‘Burewun, nama sikaru di cerita Pulau Kasuari & Pulau Anjing’

busbusˈbusbus

Noun. ‘small parrots (e.g. fig parrot)’; ‘sejenis burung hijau kecil, bentuknya seperti burung nuri’

bustangˈbustaŋ

Noun. ‘nose’; ‘hidung’

bustang posunbustaŋ ˈposun

Noun. ‘nostril’; ‘lubang hidung’

butbut

Noun. ‘stairs’; ‘tanggatangga’

-caca

Grammatical marker. ‘[second person possessive], your’; ‘kamu punya’

-caca

Grammatical marker. ‘man, suffixed to geographical names’; ‘lakilaki dari...’

-camcam

Grammatical marker. ‘man’; ‘laki-laki’

camcam

Noun. ‘kind of tree’; ‘kayu kema’

camcam

Verb. ‘take care of in a traditional medical way’; ‘dukun, bikin obat’

campurcampur

Verb. ‘mix’; ‘campur’

canamˈcanam

Noun. ‘man, male’; ‘seorang lakilaki, lakilaki’

cangkirˈcaŋkir

Noun. ‘cup’; ‘cangkir’

catcat

Verb. ‘paint’; ‘cat’

cauncaˈun

Noun. ‘small’; ‘kecil’

-cece

Grammatical marker. ‘[second person plural possessive], your’; ‘kamorang punya’

cekcek

Verb. ‘check’; ‘cek’

cengkiˈceŋki

Noun. ‘clove tree’; ‘pohon cengkeh’

ceritacerita

Noun. ‘story’; ‘cerita’

ceritacerita

Verb. ‘tell, tell a story’; ‘cerita’

cicauncicaun

Noun. ‘small one’; ‘kecil’

cicauncicaˈun

Intransitive verb. ‘small’; ‘kecil’

cicicici

Noun. ‘drop’; ‘titik’

cigiciɡi

Noun. ‘double or treble fish hook’; ‘mata kail cigi’

cobacoba

Verb. ‘try’; ‘coba’

cokcok

Noun. ‘sugar palm, palm wine’; ‘pohon enau, tuak’

dadirdaˈdir

Noun. ‘kind of striped fish, possibly bluestripe snapper (Lutjanus kasmira) or oriental sweetlips (Plectorhinchus vittatus)’; ‘sejenis ikan mulut kuning, istrep hitam-putih, besar (50cm)’; ‘Lutjanus kasmira? Plectorhinchus vittatus?’

dagimˈdaɡim

Noun. ‘meat, animal’; ‘daging, binatang’

dakdakdakˈdak

Verb. ‘do a repetitive kind of cutting or chopping’; ‘cincang-cincang, potong-potong’

daladalaˌdalaˈdala

Noun. ‘kind of shell’; ‘japing-japing’

dalangdaˈlaŋ

Verb. ‘jump’; ‘lompat’

dalangdalangˌdalaŋˈdalaŋ

Verb. ‘bounce’; ‘lompat-lompat’

daluangdaluaŋ

Noun. ‘kind of bamboo’; ‘sejenis bambu’

damar lelakˈdamar ˈlelak

Noun. ‘Callophyllum, tree used as eye medicine and to make oil for lamps’; ‘pohon bintangur’; ‘Calophyllum inophyllum?’

Damartimtimdamartimtim

Noun. ‘Damartimtim, place in Karas district’; ‘Damartimtim, nama tempat di Karas’

dandan

Verb. ‘bury’; ‘kubur’

dandangˈdandaŋ

Noun. ‘kind of pan (boiler)’; ‘dandang’

daredaˈre

Verb. ‘sink’; ‘tenggelam’

dareokdaˈreok

Verb. ‘swallow’; ‘menelan’

dariˈdari

Noun. ‘net, usually for fishing’; ‘jala’

dariadaria

Noun. ‘kind of shell’; ‘sejenis ciput kecil’

darudaru

Noun. ‘west’; ‘barat’

daruadaˈrua

Verb. ‘pull out, to unplug’; ‘cabut’

daruondaruon

Adverbial modifier. ‘around midday’; ‘siang’

daukdauk

Noun. ‘brother/sister-in-law’; ‘ipar’

daun salamdaun ˈsalam

Noun. ‘Indonesian bay-leaf’; ‘daun salam’; ‘Eugenia polyantha Wight.’

dedesideˈdesi

Noun. ‘noose’; ‘jerat’

deirdeir

Verb. ‘push, bring’; ‘dorong, antar’

dekdek

Verb. ‘move (involuntarily), to dangle’; ‘bergerak, goyang’

delepdelepdeˌlepˈdelep

Verb. ‘blink, shimmer, shine’; ‘kilau-kilau, silau’

desilˈdesil

Verb. ‘plane wood (with a handheld hammer-like device)’; ‘desil’

desilˈdesil

Noun. ‘planing tool’; ‘alat desil’

di=di

Grammatical marker. ‘[causative]’; ‘[causatif]’

didirˈdidir

Noun. ‘fireplace’; ‘tungku, tempat api’

didirasdiˈdiras

Noun. ‘kitchen’; ‘dapur’

diguarˈdiɡuar

Noun. ‘smoke’; ‘asap’

dikolkodiˈkolko

Verb. ‘move out, move to the side’; ‘pisa, kasih keluar, kasih pindah’

dilurpakdilurpak

Noun. ‘month corresponding to the fourth Islamic month, Rabi al-Akhir’; ‘bulan maulud/maulid, bulan rabul akhir’

dindin

Noun. ‘fire’; ‘api’

din parasdin paˈras

Noun. ‘flames’; ‘kobaran api’

din songsongdin soŋˈsoŋ

Noun. ‘embers’; ‘bara’

dinandiˈnan

Verb. ‘burn’; ‘terbakar’

Distrikˈdistrik

Noun. ‘district, a common name for the village Malakuli, the capital of Karas district, on the mainland opposite of Mas village’; ‘distrik, perusahan, Malakuli’

diwadiwalˌdiwaˈdiwal

Noun. ‘kind of pandanus with short leaves’; ‘sejenis daun tikar’

doadoa

Noun. ‘prayer’; ‘do'a’

Dobuˈdobu

Noun. ‘Aru islands’; ‘Kepulauan Aru’

dodonˈdodon

Noun. ‘things, clothes’; ‘barang, pakaian’

-dok-dok

Grammatical marker. ‘side’; ‘bagian’

dokaˈdoka

Noun. ‘big herons, egrets’; ‘burung bangau’

dokaˈdoka

Verb. ‘sit and do nothing’; ‘duduk saja’

dokadokadoˈkadoˌka

Noun. ‘kind of shell’; ‘siput bangau’

Dolokdolok

Noun. ‘Dolok, name of the dog in the narrative Cassowary and Dog (narr20)’; ‘Dolok, nama anjing di cerita pulau Kasuari dan pulau Anjing’

dondon

Noun. ‘thing’; ‘barang’

don iriskapdon iˈriskap

Noun. ‘sugar (used when speakers want to conceal that there is no sugar when there are guests in the house), lit. white cloth or white stuff, also used as such’; ‘gula (bahasa halus), kain putih, barang putih’

don konkondon konkon

Noun. ‘anything’; ‘apa-apa’

don konkonindon konˈkonin

Phrase. ‘it doesn't matter, it's okay’; ‘tidak apa-apa’

don penpendon ˈpenpen

Noun. ‘sugar (polite form)’; ‘gula (bahasa halus)’

don pernanandon perˈnanan

Noun. ‘glass, mug (polite)’; ‘gelas, mok (bahasa halus)’

don yuolyuoldon ˈjuoljuol

Noun. ‘lamp (polite)’; ‘lampu (bahasa halus)’

donenetdoˈnenet

Noun. ‘black ant’; ‘semut hitam’

dongdoŋ

Intransitive verb. ‘chewy, tense, stretched (of a rope or elastic band)’; ‘tarei (makanan), tarei (tali atau karet)’

dongdoŋ

Intransitive verb. ‘in a group (of living beings following each other, e.g. a flock of birds)’; ‘kawan’

donseletdonsəˈlet

Noun. ‘cloth, rag’; ‘barang sepanggal, baju sobek’

dorcieˈdorcie

Intransitive verb. ‘pulled out’; ‘tercabut’

dormaˈdorma

Transitive verb. ‘pull out’; ‘cabut’

doromdŏˈrom

Noun. ‘barrel’; ‘drem’

dowidoˈwi

Noun. ‘seed’; ‘bibit’

Duanduan

Noun. ‘Duan, name of a parrotfish in a story (narr21)’; ‘Duan, namanya ikan kakatua di satu cerita (narr21)’

dudandudan

Noun. ‘parallel cousin of the opposite sex’; ‘saudara kandung’

dudinˈdudin

Noun. ‘cockroach’; ‘kecoak’

dukduk

Noun. ‘edge’; ‘ujung’

dukduk

Verb. ‘hit something (by accident)’; ‘tatoki’

dumangduˈmaŋ

Verb. ‘explode, make an explosive sound, e.g. a clap of hands, a balloon that explodes, or a pistolshot’; ‘bunyi, meledak’

-dunˈdun

Noun. ‘opposite-sex sibling’; ‘adik atau kakak’

duranˈduran

Noun. ‘durian’; ‘durian’

duran walandaduran walanda

Noun. ‘soursop’; ‘sirsak’

durcieˈdurcie

Intransitive verb. ‘perforated, pierced, with a hole in it’; ‘berlubang’

durmaˈdurma

Transitive verb. ‘perforate, pierce, make a hole’; ‘bikin lubang’

ee

Interjection. ‘[interjection used as a filler]’; ‘[kata pengisi]’

ebaˈeba

1. Conjunction. ‘so that’; ‘supaya’

2. Conjunction. ‘then’; ‘kemudian, terus, baru’

eba metkoeba metko

Conjunction. ‘and then’; ‘baru’

ecuaˈecua

Verb. ‘cry’; ‘menangis’

eheh

Interjection. ‘[interjection that introduces a quote]’; ‘[kata seru di awal kutipan]’

-ei-ei

Grammatical marker. ‘[imperative suffix for movement verbs in -a]’; ‘[sufiks imperatif untuk verba dengan -a]’

eireir

Quantifier. ‘two’; ‘dua’

eirukˈeiruk

Verb. ‘bend down, kneel’; ‘tunduk, berlutut’

eiseis

Verb. ‘expel an animal’; ‘usir hewan’

eksuetˈeksuet

Verb. ‘steal’; ‘curi’

eksuetˈeksuet

Noun. ‘thief’; ‘tukang pencuri’

elel

Noun. ‘kind of coarse woven mat’; ‘kobakoba, sejenis tikar lebar’

-elak-elak

Noun. ‘bottom, underside’; ‘bawa’

elamelam

Noun. ‘firefly’; ‘kunang-kunang’

elaoeˈlao

Noun. ‘under, below, at the bottom’; ‘di bawah’

elauneˈlaun

Noun. ‘bottom, underside’; ‘bawa’

elkinelkin

Noun. ‘ballsack’; ‘kolot’

elkin narunelkin narun

Noun. ‘testicles’; ‘biji kolot’

Elkoromelkorom

Noun. ‘Elkorom, place on biggest Karas island’; ‘Elkorom’

emaˈema

Interjection. ‘[interjection expressing surprise or contempt]’; ‘[kata seru, mama!]’

emaˈema

Noun. ‘mother, aunt, mother's sister, adult woman’; ‘mama, ibu, mama (ibu punya saudara perempuan), perempuan dewasa, mace’

ema caunˈema caˈun

Noun. ‘aunt, mother's younger sister’; ‘mama adik’

ema temunˈema ˈtemun

Noun. ‘aunt, mother's elder sister’; ‘mama tua’

emgokukemˈɡokuk

Noun. ‘bird that looks like the helmeted friarbird, lit. puke bird’; ‘burung muntah’

emgukˈemɡuk

Noun. ‘vomit’; ‘muntah’

emgukˈemɡuk

Verb. ‘vomit’; ‘muntah’

emnemˈemnem

Noun. ‘older or respected woman, grandmother’; ‘nenek, tata perempuan’

emsanemˈsan

Intransitive verb. ‘half-dry (typically of sun-dried things, such as clothes, mace, fish)’; ‘setenga kering’

emunemun

Noun. ‘sap’; ‘air’

enemtumuneˈnemtuˌmun

Noun. ‘female infant’; ‘anak kecil perempuan’

-ep-ep

Classifier. ‘[classifier for a group of animals or people]’; ‘[penggolong untuk kawan, kelompok], kawan, kelompok (pakai sama nomor)’

-epep

Noun. ‘backside, back’; ‘belakang’

epkadokepˈkadok

Noun. ‘backside, last in a row’; ‘di belakang’

epkoˈepko

Noun. ‘behind, (in the) back’; ‘di belakang’

epkonepkon

Quantifier. ‘one (group of living beings)’; ‘satu kawan’

eraˈera

Verb. ‘move up diagonally, e.g. stairs or a hill’; ‘naik (di gunung atau tangga-tangga)’

eranuneˈranun

Verb. ‘not be possible, cannot’; ‘tidak bisa’

ereneˈren

Noun. ‘body’; ‘badan’

ertengˈerteŋ

Noun. ‘kind of small tree snake’; ‘sejenis ular kecil yang tinggal di dalam pohon’

eruapeˈruap

Verb. ‘cry’; ‘menanggis’

eses

Noun. ‘ice (frozen water)’; ‘es’

esaˈesa

Noun. ‘father, adult man, father's brother’; ‘ayah, lakilaki dewasa, bapak (bapak punya saudara lakilaki), pace’

esa caunˈesa caˈun

Noun. ‘uncle, father's younger brother’; ‘bapak adik, bapak kecil’

Esa Tanggiunesa taŋɡiun

Noun. ‘Esa Tanggiun, place on biggest Karas island’; ‘Esa Tanggiun, nama tempat di Karas’

esa temunˈesa ˈtemun

Noun. ‘uncle, father's elder brother’; ‘bapak tua’

esieˈesie

Interjection. ‘yes’; ‘iyo’

eskopᵊˈskop

Noun. ‘shovel’; ‘skop, sekop’

esnemˈesnem

Noun. ‘grandfather, older or respected man’; ‘tete, tata lakilaki, lakilaki tua atau dihormati’

esnemtumunesˈnemtuˌmun

Noun. ‘male infant’; ‘anak kecil lakilaki’

-et-et

Classifier. ‘[classifier for animals, including birds and fish]’; ‘[penggolok untuk semua binatang], ekor (pakai dengan nomor)’

-etet

Grammatical marker. ‘person, [agentive nominaliser, not productive]’; ‘orang’

=etet

Grammatical marker. ‘[irrealis], also used as [conditional]’; ‘[irrealis], juga [kondisionalis]’

etet

Noun. ‘canoe with or without outboard motor, small fibre boat with outboard motor’; ‘perahu’

etamanetaman

Quantifier. ‘few (animates)’; ‘sedikit ekor’

etkonetkon

Quantifier. ‘one (animate)’; ‘satu ekor’

eunˈeun

Noun. ‘nest, hive’; ‘sarang’

ewaˈewa

Verb. ‘speak’; ‘bicara’

ewaromeˈwarom

Noun. ‘drool’; ‘gember, air liur’

Ewarongewaroŋ

Noun. ‘Ewarong, place on biggest Karas island’; ‘Ewarong, nama tempat di Karas’

ewawaewawa

Verb. ‘speak’; ‘bicara’

ewuneˈwun

Noun. ‘(base of a) tree trunk or plant, base of a woven product’; ‘batang pohon, di bawa pohon, pohon anyaman (seperti karanjang)’

fakuratfakuˈrat

Verb. ‘destroy’; ‘kasih rusak’

fakuratfakurat

Verb. ‘much’; ‘banyak’

famfam

Noun. ‘family name’; ‘nama marga, fam’

farlakfarˈlak

Noun. ‘tarpaulin’; ‘tarapal’

ferfer

Noun. ‘kind of fish trap’; ‘seru (pakai kayu dengan jala)’

fiberfiber

Noun. ‘fibre boat’; ‘fiber’

fikfikafikˈfika

Noun. ‘palm cockatoo’; ‘kakatua raja’

filoitfiˈloit

Verb. ‘whistle’; ‘peluit, filuit’

fotofoto

Verb. ‘film, take a photograph’; ‘ambil gambar, foto’

gadingˈɡadiŋ

Noun. ‘frame of a canoe, parts on the inside strengthening the canoe’; ‘gading’

gaim(ŋ)ɡaim

Verb. ‘sew leaves, weave’; ‘jahit atap, tenun’

gain(ŋ)ɡain

Noun. ‘mangosteen’; ‘buah manggi-manggi pendek yang bisa dimakan’

galaɡăˈla

Noun. ‘spear’; ‘tombak’

galipɡaˈlip

Noun. ‘bud’; ‘tukar daun’

gambarɡambar

Noun. ‘picture’; ‘gambar’

gampangˈɡampaŋ

Noun. ‘happy, satisfied’; ‘senang saja’

-gan-ɡan

Grammatical marker. ‘all’; ‘semua’

gangɡaŋ

Verb. ‘hang’; ‘gantung’

ganggangˈ(ŋ)ɡaŋɡaŋ

Verb. ‘hang’; ‘gantung’

ganggieˈɡaŋɡie

Verb. ‘lift (and move)’; ‘angkat (pindah)’

gantorɡanˈtor

Noun. ‘office’; ‘kantor’

garawiɡaˈrawi

Noun. ‘kind of coconut tree’; ‘kelapa raja’

gare(ŋ)ɡaˈre

Verb. ‘crawl (including the movement of babies, rats and turtles), slither (including the movement of snakes and lizards)’; ‘merayap, merangkap’

gareorɡaˈreor

Verb. ‘pour, dump, throw away, spill’; ‘saling, tumpah, buang’

garosɡaros

Intransitive verb. ‘low (of tide)’; ‘kering (meti)’

garumbangɡaˈrumbaŋ

Noun. ‘tent or cover on a canoe’; ‘tenda perahu’

garung(ŋ)ɡaˈruŋ

Verb. ‘talk together’; ‘cerita’

gawarɡaˈwar

1. Noun. ‘kind of fish trap in the shape of lungs, also used for simpler fish containers’; ‘bubu, karantina ikan’

2. Noun. ‘lungs’; ‘paru-paru’

gawarɡaˈwar

Verb. ‘smell, fragrant, rotten’; ‘cium, bau’

gawar(ŋ)ɡaˈwar

Noun. ‘smell, odour, fragrance’; ‘bau, harum, wangi’

gawawiɡaˈwawi

Noun. ‘chiton’; ‘kuku delapan’

gayamɡaˈjam

Noun. ‘Tahitian chestnut’; ‘gayang’; ‘Inocarpus fagifer’

ge(ŋ)ɡe

Adverbial modifier. ‘not, no’; ‘tidak’

ge meraɡe ˈmera

Phrase. ‘(I'm doing) nothing’; ‘tarada, tidak bikin apa saja’

gedungɡeduŋ

Noun. ‘village building’; ‘gedung kampung’

geigarɡeiɡar

Verb. ‘heave-ho (to indicate when force should be used when performing group activities)’; ‘hura-hura’

gelasɡelas

Verb. ‘clear’; ‘gelas’

gelasɡelas

Noun. ‘glass’; ‘gelas’

gelemɡə̆ˈlem

Verb. ‘yawn’; ‘menguap’

gelembungɡelemˈbuŋ

Noun. ‘bubble’; ‘gelembung’

gelemunɡeˈlemun

Noun. ‘tusk’; ‘gading, taring’

gen(ŋ)ɡen

Interjection. ‘maybe’; ‘mungkin’

genggalongɡeŋˈɡaloŋ

Verb. ‘make noise’; ‘ribut’

gengguengɡeŋˈɡueŋ

Verb. ‘scream’; ‘teriak’

geries emunɡeˈries eˈmun

Noun. ‘scrubfowl’; ‘burung gosong’

gerketˈ(ŋ)ɡerket

Verb. ‘ask’; ‘tanya’

get(ŋ)ɡet

Conjunction. ‘[conditional], (if) not’; ‘[kondisionalis], (kalo) tidak’

get meˈ(ŋ)ɡet me

Conjunction. ‘[conditional], if not’; ‘[kondisionalis], kalo tidak’

giarˈɡiar

Intransitive verb. ‘new’; ‘baru’

giarun(ŋ)ɡiaˈrun

Adverbial modifier. ‘first’; ‘pertama’

gierɡier

Noun. ‘teeth’; ‘gigi’

gierkawerɡierˈkawer

Noun. ‘gums’; ‘gusi’

gigiwangɡiˈɡiwaŋ

Noun. ‘earrings’; ‘anting’

ginanaɡiˈnana

Noun. ‘glass, diving mask’; ‘kaca, kaca mata mengelam’

ginggirˈɡiŋɡir

Noun. ‘late afternoon, early evening’; ‘sore’

girawarɡiˈrawar

Noun. ‘kind of tree, used as a blood medicine’; ‘pohon waru’

girgirˈɡirɡir

Verb. ‘run away with a woman, when her parents don't consent to the marriage’; ‘bawa lari perempuan’

giringginingɡiˈriŋɡiˌniŋ

Noun. ‘bee-eater’; ‘kirik-kirik’

goɡo

1. Noun. ‘(weather or environmental) condition’; ‘keadanan’

2. Noun. ‘place’; ‘tempat’

go dung(ŋ)ɡoˈduŋ

Phrase. ‘early morning’; ‘pagi’

go ginggir(ŋ)ɡoˈ(ŋ)ɡiŋɡir

Phrase. ‘late afternoon, early evening’; ‘sore’

go gitɡo ɡit

Phrase. ‘it's cloudy’; ‘mendung’

go kerkapɡo kerˈkap

Phrase. ‘dusk’; ‘senja’

go saerakɡo saˈerak

Phrase. ‘empty place’; ‘tempat kosong’

go saunɡoˈsaun

Phrase. ‘(at) night’; ‘(di) malam’

go sirɡo sir

Phrase. ‘clear weather, cleared spot’; ‘terang’

go yuolɡoˈjuol

Phrase. ‘day’; ‘siang’

gobukbukɡoˈbukbuk

Transitive verb. ‘bark at’; ‘menggonggong’

gocieˈɡocie

Verb. ‘live, stay’; ‘tinggal’

godarungɡodaˈruŋ

Noun. ‘thunder’; ‘guntur’

godelepɡodeˈlep

Noun. ‘lightning’; ‘kilat’

gogitˈɡoɡit

Noun. ‘medicinal plant used after giving birth and for the kidneys’; ‘daun silemut, daun mengkudu’

gokabaraɡoˈkabara

Intransitive verb. ‘sweep’; ‘menyapu’

golɡol

Noun. ‘ball’; ‘bola’

golipɡolip

Noun. ‘kind of fish’; ‘sejenis ikan tefar’

golmaˈɡolma

Transitive verb. ‘twist, wring’; ‘putar pata’

gongginˈɡoŋɡin

Verb. ‘know’; ‘tahu’

gonggungˈɡoŋɡuŋ

Verb. ‘call someone (by their name), call out’; ‘panggil, teriak’

goniˈɡoni

Noun. ‘sack’; ‘karung’

gopararɡopaˈrar

Noun. ‘wall’; ‘dinding’

-gor-ɡor

Noun. ‘stalk’; ‘tangkai’

goraruoɡoˈraruo

Verb. ‘in the light’; ‘di terang’

goras(ŋ)ɡoˈras

Noun. ‘crow-like birds, e.g. crow, coucal and raven’; ‘burung gaga’

gorasɡoˈras

Noun. ‘periwinkle shell’; ‘ciput hitam’

Goras Panuanɡoras panuan

Noun. ‘Goras Panuan, place in Karas district’; ‘Goras Panuan, nama tempat di Karas’

goripˈɡorip

Noun. ‘kind of fish’; ‘tefar laut’

gorunˈɡorun

Noun. ‘stalk’; ‘tangkai’

gos(ŋ)ɡos

Noun. ‘medicinal plant used for people who have fallen’; ‘gufasal pantai’

Gos Ketkeinɡos ketkein

Noun. ‘Gos Ketkein, point on southern tip of biggest Karas island (mentioned in narr20)’; ‘Gos Ketkein, di bagian seletan di pulau Karas besar’

gosominɡoˈsomin

Verb. ‘disappeared’; ‘hilang’

gousɡous

Noun. ‘kind of bamboo used for weaving’; ‘bambu untuk bikin keranjang’

Gowienˈɡowien

Noun. ‘Tana Besar’; ‘Tana Besar’

gowienkierɡoˈwienkier

Noun. ‘wasp nest, beehive’; ‘sarang tawon/tewan, sarang lebah’

goyasˈɡojas

Noun. ‘kind of small fish’; ‘sejenis ikan garis-garis’

guadangɡuadaŋ

Verb. ‘crawl’; ‘merayap’

gualɡual

Noun. ‘kind of fish’; ‘ikan kulit minyak tanah garis-garis’

guanggarienɡuaŋɡaˈrien

Verb. ‘look around, search for’; ‘melihat sekeliling, cari-cari’

guapɡuap

Noun. ‘kind of sea cucumber’; ‘tripang kapuk’

guartenɡuˈarten

Noun. ‘white person, light-skinned person’; ‘buleh, orang kulit putih’

gulasˈɡulas

Noun. ‘kind of eel’; ‘sejenis ikan belut’

gulasiɡuˈlasi

Noun. ‘galangal root’; ‘langkuas, cendawan’

guntingˈɡuntiŋ

Noun. ‘roof rafter’; ‘gunting’

guruˈɡuru

Noun. ‘teacher’; ‘guru’

gusiɡuˈsi

Noun. ‘vase’; ‘buci, tempayang’

hahaː

Interjection. ‘[interjection of hesitation]’; ‘[kata seru keraguan]’

haha

Interjection. ‘[interjection used when asking for clarification], what’; ‘[kata seru, "ha"], apa’

habishabis

Conjunction. ‘because, after all’; ‘habis’

habishabis

Verb. ‘finished’; ‘habis’

haidakˈhaidak

Adverbial modifier. ‘true’; ‘betul’

hajiwakhaɟiwak

Noun. ‘name of the 12th Islamic month, Dhu al-Hijjah’; ‘bulan haji, zul hijja’

halarˈhalar

Noun. ‘marriage’; ‘perkawinan’

halarˈhalar

Verb. ‘marry, get married’; ‘nika’

halushalus

Verb. ‘soft, fine’; ‘halus’

handukhanduk

Noun. ‘towel’; ‘handuk’

hanyahaɲa

Adverbial modifier. ‘only’; ‘hanya’

harihari

Noun. ‘day’; ‘hari’

hari mingguhari miŋɡu

Noun. ‘Sunday’; ‘hari minggu’

harusharus

Adverbial modifier. ‘must’; ‘harus’

hihi

Interjection. ‘[interjection of enjoyment]’; ‘[kata seru senang]’

hidupˈhidup

Noun. ‘life, way of living’; ‘hidup, kehidupan’

hidupˈhidup

Verb. ‘live, alive’; ‘hidup’

holangˈholaŋ

Noun. ‘dish made with dried and fried root vegetables’; ‘holang, makanan ubi kayu goreng’

hukatˈhukat

Noun. ‘rectangle-shaped fish net with floaters at the top and sinkers at the bottom’; ‘jaring’

hukat narunˈhukat naˈrun

Noun. ‘drivers on a fish net’; ‘pelompong jaring, pelampung jaring’

-ii

Grammatical marker. ‘[quantifier object, marking quantifiers modifying a noun in object position]’; ‘[objek quantifier]’

=ii

Grammatical marker. ‘[predicate linker, linking verbal elements in the predicate]’; ‘[predicate linker]’

i-i-

Grammatical marker. ‘[demonstrative prefix]’; ‘[prefiks demonstratif]’

iarˈiar

Noun. ‘cave’; ‘gua’

iarˈiar

Verb. ‘hold’; ‘angkat’

iarˈiar

Verb. ‘transport, move a lot of things, e.g. cans of oil, sacks of sand or rice (but not limited to non-count)’; ‘orang angkat banyak barang bawa’

ibanˈiban

Noun. ‘worm, white, about a finger's length’; ‘cacing putih’

iemˈiem

Noun. ‘gallbladder’; ‘kandung empedu’

-ierier

Grammatical marker. ‘[dual]’; ‘[dual]’

ihih

Interjection. ‘[confirmation-seeking tag]’; ‘[kata seru, "ih"]’

ikonˈikon

Quantifier. ‘some’; ‘bebepara, separuh, sebagian’

imim

Noun. ‘banana’; ‘pisang’

im pawanim paˈwan

Noun. ‘kind of banana’; ‘pisang papan/gabagaba, sejenis pisang’

im polunim poˈlun

Noun. ‘banana sap’; ‘tewer-tewer pisang’

im sarawuarim saraˈwuar

Noun. ‘kind of banana’; ‘pisang meja, sejenis pisang’

im selenim seˈlen

Noun. ‘kind of banana’; ‘pisang seleng, sejenis pisang’

im sepatuim sᵊˈpatu

Noun. ‘kind of banana’; ‘pisang sepatu, sejenis pisang’

im sontumim ˈsontum

Noun. ‘kind of banana’; ‘pisang raja, sejenis pisang’

im yuol putkansuorim juol putˈkansuor

Noun. ‘kind of banana’; ‘pisang empat puluh hari’

imananaiˈmanana

Noun. ‘giant trevally’; ‘sejenis ikan bubara’; ‘Caranx ignobilis’

imbuangˈimbuaŋ

Intransitive verb. ‘many’; ‘banyak’

imeime

Demonstrative. ‘[distal demonstrative, long form], that’; ‘DIST’

imeneimeˈne

Demonstrative. ‘[distal demonstrative, long form], that’; ‘itu’

imolˈimol

Noun. ‘banana leaf’; ‘daun pisang’

=inin

Grammatical marker. ‘[prohibitive]’; ‘[prohibitif], jangan’

inin

Pronoun. ‘[first person plural exclusive], we (but not you)’; ‘kita, kami (bah. Indonesia)’

inin

Noun. ‘name’; ‘nama’

inamurininamurin

Noun. ‘kind of illness that makes small children's bodies contract like prawns’; ‘istep’

inaningganˌinaˈniŋɡan

Pronoun. ‘we all’; ‘kami semua’

indaininˈdain

Pronoun. ‘we alone’; ‘kami sendiri’

ingataniŋatan

Noun. ‘memory’; ‘memory’

inggoniŋˈɡon

Pronoun. ‘[first person plural exclusive possessive], our’; ‘kami punya’

Inggrismangiŋˈɡrismaŋ

Noun. ‘English (language)’; ‘Bahasa Inggris’

inhutakinˈhutak

Pronoun. ‘we alone’; ‘kami sendiri’

inierinˈier

Pronoun. ‘[first person dual exclusive], we two’; ‘kami dua’

inyeiɲe

Interjection. ‘[interjection expressing contempt or dissatisfaction]’; ‘[kata seru, "inye"]’

irarˈirar

Noun. ‘finely woven mat with strips of about 1cm’; ‘tikar halus’

irausiiˈrausi

Noun. ‘trevally species, possibly golden trevally’; ‘sejenis ikan bubara’; ‘Gnathanodon speciosus’

irenˈiren

Intransitive verb. ‘ripe, light-skinned (person)’; ‘masak, (orang) putih’

irieiˈrie

Quantifier. ‘eight’; ‘delapan’

iriskapiˈriskap

Intransitive verb. ‘white’; ‘putih’

irongiroŋ

Noun. ‘kind of lizard, green’; ‘soasoa’

isaˈisa

Noun. ‘time of the Isha prayer, the Islamic nighttime daily prayer, around 8 PM’; ‘isha’

isakiˈsak

Noun. ‘eastern koel’; ‘burung belarotang’

isisisˈis

Noun. ‘Kuhl's stingray’; ‘sejenis ikan pari’

iskapiskap

Verb. ‘plane’; ‘iskap’

istirahatistirahat

Verb. ‘rest’; ‘istirahat’

istopistop

Verb. ‘stop’; ‘berhenti’

istratiˈstrat

Noun. ‘street’; ‘jalan, istrat’

istrepiˈstrep

Noun. ‘stripe’; ‘garis, istrep’

istupisˈtup

Noun. ‘terrace’; ‘teras’

iunˈiun

Noun. ‘seedling’; ‘bibit’

iwalaiˈwala

Noun. ‘tree fern’; ‘benalu’

iwangiˈwaŋ

Verb. ‘move round something’; ‘muncul, balik dari belakang’

iworaiwoˈra

Noun. ‘monitor lizard’; ‘biawak’

jabulˈɟabul

Intransitive verb. ‘lazy’; ‘pamalas’

jadiɟadi

Verb. ‘become’; ‘menjadi’

jadiɟadi

Conjunction. ‘so’; ‘jadi’

jagaˈɟaɡa

Verb. ‘keep watch’; ‘jaga’

jamɟam

Noun. ‘hour, o'clock’; ‘jam’

jangkutˈɟaŋkut

Noun. ‘beard’; ‘jenggot’

janjiɟanɟi

Verb. ‘promise’; ‘janji’

jarutuɟaˈrutu

Verb. ‘fish with a light sinker such as feathers or coconut leaf with a stone, such that the hook "swims" through the water’; ‘pancing pakai bulu ayam dengan batu, atau daun kelapa dengan batu’

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